A cikin 1893, Swami Vivekananda, wani yogi mai yawo, wanda ya inganta koyarwarsa da addinin Hindu gabaɗaya, yayi magana a Majalisar Duniya ta Addini a Chicago. Ba za a iya cewa Yamma kafin Vivekananda ba ta saba da imanin Indiya ba. Labarai game da fakirs da yogis da ke aiki na gaske mu'ujizai an san su a cikin Yammacin duniya tun shekaru 200. Kuma tuni ya kasance akwai ra'ayi game da addinin Hindu da yoga - har ma Arthur Schopenhauer ya yi rubutu game da su. Koyaya, kafin Vivekananda, yogis an bi da su azaman nesa da baƙon fahimta.
Bayyananniyar yaduwar yoga ta fara da Vivekananda. Yanzu miliyoyin mutane a duniya suna tsunduma a ciki. Yoga ana ɗaukarsa duka kayan aikin kula da jiki da kuma koyarwa wanda zai iya taimaka muku zuwa matsayi na ruhaniya wanda ba a taɓa gani ba. Yoga har ma ya shiga cikin Soviet Union kafin yakin, yana da alama an kulle shi sosai don kowane jakadancin yaudara na addini. Misali, a cikin littafin littafin Ilf da E. Petrov "kujeru 12" babban halayyar Ostap Bender yana da fosta na Yogi dan Indiya a cikin rumbun makaman zamba. Bender da kansa, da ya zama mai arziki, ya halarci yoga, yana rangadin Tarayyar Soviet a Moscow - Bender yana son sanin ma'anar rayuwa.
Bangaren ruhaniya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka yoga. Duk wani wasan gargajiya ko ilimin motsa jiki, banda wasu keɓaɓɓu, a zahiri ya zama kamar aiki ne mara tunani. Bari mu tuna ƙwallon ƙafa tare da sadaka “maza 22 da ke gudu bayan ƙwallo ɗaya”, dambe, dambe, har ma da gudu - wannan aiki ne na ɓacin rai ga masu wauta. A cikin yoga, ko da mahimmancin girmamawa game da kwance, kazalika da yunƙurin ɗaukar matsayi tsaye jingina kawai a goshi, mataki ne na wayewa, zuwa samun iko na ruhaniya.
A zahiri, yoga na zamani ba komai bane face saiti na motsa jiki, kodayake wani lokacin mawuyacin yanayi ne, wanda ke kawo malamai da masu makarantar samun kuɗi mai kyau. Kuma ba a san ko ta kasance wani abu a da ba. Yankuna sun ɓace, gadon ya tafi, takaddun ba su tsira ba. Akwai tatsuniyoyi game da yogis waɗanda suka rayu matasa tun ɗaruruwan shekaru, kwatancin asanas a cikin fassarar gurus na zamani. Ba wai kawai wannan ba, bayan lokaci ya zama cewa azuzuwan yoga na iya zama rashin aminci.
1. Masu bincike suna kwanan wata shaidar farko ta yoga 2,500 BC. e. Abota ta samo asali ne daga zane wanda a ciki "wani ƙaho mai ƙaho, wanda dabbobi kewaye da shi, ke zaune a cikin yanayin haɗin kai." Gaskiya ne, wasu masu binciken suna sukar irin wannan fassarar kuma suna danganta ranar bayyanar yoga kusa da zamaninmu. A karni na III BC. an rubuta Shvetashvatara Upanishad. Wannan littafin ya riga yayi aiki da sarrafa iska, maida hankali, falsafa, da sauransu. Duk da haka, duk wannan tsufa zai kasance a kan yankin ƙasashen Indiya, in ba don fashewar sha'awar yoga biyu ba.
Wannan matsayi, idan baku fahimta ba tukuna, aji ne na yoga shekaru dubbai da suka gabata.
2. Hawan farko na sha'awar yoga ya girgiza Turai a ƙarni na 19 lokacin da Schopenhauer ya ambata shi. Turawan Burtaniya, da suka fahimci cewa sun rasa nasu mulkin mallaka, suka ruga don yin binciken yoga a Indiya, suna zaɓar maɓuɓɓugan duwatsu da gurus ɗin titin datti. La'akari da cewa a wannan karnin a Indiya ya kai matsayin mafi wayewa - ya mutu saboda yunwa - kimanin mutane miliyan 40, sha'awar masanan Biritaniya game da yoga a matsayin salon rayuwa mai kyau yana da kyau musamman. Hanya ɗaya ko wata, kalmomin “asana”, “prana” da “chakra” sun zama gama gari a Turai.
Irin waɗannan hotunan suna da wahalar amfani don inganta yoga azaman hanyar ingantawa.
3. Fashewa na biyu na shaharar yoga ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1950 kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa yau. Tauraruwar wasan kwaikwayo ta gayyace ta, wanda daga masu izgili da buffoons ba zato ba tsammani ya zama mutane masu daraja. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, matasa ba su da tarbiyya don fahimta da fahimtar addinan gargajiya; ra'ayoyin falsafa sun wuce su saboda rashin ilimi. A sakamakon haka, ya zama, kamar yadda mai waƙar gargajiya yake raira waƙa, cewa "'yan Hindu sun ƙirƙira kyakkyawar addini." Litattafai masu kauri da bishara za su iya kwance a kan ɗakuna - guru zai bayyana duk abin da ya fi guntu kuma ya fi fahimta. Koyaswar tsawan rayuwa shima ya kasance mai yawa a cikin batun - mutane ne ingantattu sama da masu ƙarancin shekaru waɗanda ke mafarkin tsawaita rayuwa, waɗanda ke da kuɗin biyan kuɗin aji da ikon inganta yoga ga talakawa. Yoga ya fara yaduwa a cikin kasashen wayewar Yamma kamar wutar daji.
Tauraruwar taurari sun taka rawar gani a yaɗuwar yoga, farawa da Beatles
4. Babu cikakkiyar ma'anar yoga. A mafi akasari, zamu iya cewa wannan haɗuwa ne na ayyuka, na zahiri da na ruhi, da nufin ci gaba na ruhaniya da na zahiri. Akwai irin waɗannan ayyuka da yawa, kuma ba shi yiwuwa a tantance wanne ya fi kyau ko mafi daidai. Game da kowane rashin nasara, ɗalibin da kansa zai zama abin zargi, ba malamin sa ba.
5. Yoga kasuwanci ne mai matukar muhimmanci. A cikin Amurka, kudin shiga na masana'antar yoga ya wuce dala biliyan 30 a shekara. Bugu da ƙari, kamar koyaushe a cikin Amurka, ana samun riba ba kawai daga biyan kuɗi don azuzuwan ba. Kayan wasanni, takalma, kayan masarufi, har ma da adadi na mutane a cikin zane daban-daban ana samarwa ana sayarwa. A cikin Rasha, ana samun kuɗin shiga daga yoga zuwa biliyan biliyan 45-50. Irin waɗannan kuɗaɗe masu yawa suna ba mutum damar saka hannun jari sosai a farfagandar yoga. Kuma a Amurka, kamfanonin inshora suna yin kwalliya don biyan kuɗin karatun yoga. Masu bincike masu zaman kansu, ba shakka, suna nan: bisa ga bayanan su, azuzuwan yoga sun rage ziyarar asibiti da kashi 43%.
Classes a makarantar yoga a Amurka. Darasi ɗaya yana ɗaukar aƙalla $ 25
6. Dangane da alkaluman kididdiga da wasu gungun masana kimiyya da dalibai a Jami’ar Alabama suka jagoranta, wanda Rick Swain ya jagoranta, akwai masu rauni 17 a cikin masu aikin yoga 100,000 a shekara. Gabaɗaya, zaɓen ƙungiyar Swain ya gano cewa a cikin farkon shekaru 14 na ƙarni na 21, fiye da Amurkawa 30,000 waɗanda ke yin yoga sun ji rauni. Swain yana da halin girmamawa game da yoga, amma har ma ya yarda cewa yoga yana da amfani ne kawai ga masu ƙoshin lafiya. Ba shi yiwuwa a warkar da komai, balle warkewa daga rauni ko rashin lafiya, tare da taimakon atisayen yoga.
7. Daya daga cikin sanannun yogis, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, ya mutu sakamakon cutar sankarar makogwaro sakamakon ciwan wuya da yake ci gaba yana da shekaru 50. Sauran abubuwan daga tarihin sa ba karamin koyarwa suke ba. Tun yana yaro, ya sami farin jini a tsakanin takwarorinsa, inda ya bayyana musu cewa makaranta tana koyarwa ne kawai don neman kudi, kuma ilimin makaranta ba ya haifar da wayewa. A lokacin bikin farawar da ake kira Bikin Sanya Alfarma Mai Alfarma, Ramakrishna ya so karbar abinci daga hannun wata karamar mace, wacce ta kusan yin lalata. A lokacin da ya manyanta, malami, tare da wani ɗan'uwansa, sun shawo kan wata mata mai arziki ta gina hadadden gidan ibada. Bugu da ƙari, ɗan'uwan Ramakrishna ya zama babban firist na wannan haikalin. Ba da daɗewa ba ɗan'uwan ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani kuma ya yi ritaya. Ramakrishna Paramahamsa ya maye gurbinsa kuma bayan ɗan lokaci ya sami wayewa sosai har ya auri yarinya 'yar shekara 7, wacce ya sa mata suna Uwar Duniya. A cikin ma'aurata, kamar yadda masu rubutun tarihin suka rubuta, akwai ci gaba da dangantaka ta allahntaka.
8. Daga ra'ayin ilimin motsa jiki, yoga sana'a ce ta musamman ga cikakkun masu lafiya. Gaskiyar cewa a wani wuri wasu mutane suna da ƙoshin lafiya saboda wasu motsa jiki ba ya nufin kwata-kwata cewa a ɗaya gefen na duniya mutanen da suke maimaita wannan aikin suma zasu sami lafiyar ƙarfe. Masoyan kwatancen ana iya buga su a matsayin misali tare da enan shekaru ɗari na Caucasian. Lafiyarsu, a kallon farko, ana bayanin ta lafiyayyen abinci. Yawancin nama, ganye, gurasa marar yisti, ruwan inabi mai laushi, da sauransu. Zauna akan irin wannan abincin kuma ya rayu har zuwa shekaru ɗari. Kaico, irin wannan abincin bashi da karɓa ga mazaunin birni na zamani. Dole ne a haɗa shi da ruwa, iska, salon rayuwar gargajiya da sauran abubuwan. Hakanan, yoga ba ya ƙunsar motsa jiki kawai mai rikitarwa, har ma da ɓangaren ruhaniya da ikon kuzari yana gudana. Amma yawancin masu yin aikin suna mai da hankali ne kawai ga asanas. Kuma su, galibi suna magana, ba su da bambanci da wasannin motsa jiki na gargajiya.
9. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Ingilishi, 'yan yogis, wani lokacin ana kiran su yogis, sun kaskantar da kai daga wata kabila mai yakin da ke zaune kamar masu gadin masu safarar' yan kasuwa, zuwa cikin wadanda aka hana su daukar makamai kuma suka bayyana kan tituna tsirara. A cikin karni na 19, an hana su wata hanyar neman abin rayuwa, yogis sun cika titunan biranen Indiya, suna nuna yanayin ban mamaki da suka yi amfani da shi a cikin shiri don wahalar soja. Turawa da mafi yawancin Indiyawa sun bi da su a matsayin masu sihiri a mafi kyau, in ba a matsayin croan damfara ba.
Nudity na yogis koyaushe yana haifar da rikicewar rikicewa tsakanin Turawa
10. Yarjejeniyar "Hatha Yoga Pradipika" ta bayyana dalla-dalla irin matakan da dole ne a ɗauka kuma waɗanne matakai ne dole a shawo kan su zuwa hanyar samari madawwami da wayewar kai. A cewar marubucin rubutun, za a iya samun wayewa da samari ta hanyar haɗiye sassan jiki sannan a cire su baya, don haka a tsarkake ɓangaren kayan ciki. Bugu da kari, yana da kyau a nutsar a cikin ruwa har zuwa cibiya, bayan saka sandar gora a cikin dubura. Akwai irin wadannan "darussan" da yawa a cikin wannan da kuma irin wannan rubutun. Ya kamata mabiyan yoga na zamani suyi godiya ga ɗayan manyan masu yada farfaganda a Yamma, Krishnamacharya da almajiransa. Su ne suka kirkiro tushen yoga na Yammacin zamani, suna zaɓar daga tsofaffin rubuce-rubucen tsoffin darussan da aka yarda da su don rarraba mutane. Don haka abin dariya ne la'akari da abin da yogis ke yi yanzu a matsayin wani nau'in hikima na karni. Wannan hikimar an ƙirƙira ta mafi tsufa a tsakiyar - ƙarshen karni na XIX. Yawancin umarnin yoga sun ma fi ƙanana.
11. Daya daga cikin shahararrun mashahuran attajiran yoga, B.K.S.Iyengar, ya shirya hanyar zuwa Turai da kuma babban kasuwanci ta fitaccen mai kifin violin Yehudi Menuhin. Ya shirya wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Iyengar a Turai, bayan haka ya zama fitaccen gwani. Iyengar ya wallafa litattafai da yawa da suka zama mafi kyawun kasuwa, adadin ɗalibansa sun kai dubbai. Hakanan an san shi da karyewar kashin bayan ɗayan ɗalibansa masu himma, Viktor van Kutten, a yayin buɗe ƙofa ta sama.
B. Iyengar
12. A watan Maris na 2019, wata Ba’amurkiya Rebecca Lee, wacce ke yin yoga tun daga 1996 da yin rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo a Instagram, ta yi wani abin hannu mai wuya bayan haka ta ji ba ta da lafiya. A yayin binciken, ya bayyana cewa yayin yin atisayen, Rebecca ta lalata wata jijiya da ke bayar da jini ga kwakwalwa, kuma ta sami bugun jini. Bayan jinyar, ta ji sauki. Rebecca ta ci gaba da karatun yoga, amma yanzu tana jin ƙarar hannunta, tana fama da matsanancin ƙaura kuma ba ta iya yin magana na dogon lokaci.
Rebecca Lee ta ci gaba da yin yoga duk da bugun jini
13. Mawaki, mai sihiri, bakar sihiri kuma mai bautar Shaidan Aleister Crowley ya yi yoga a karkashin sunan Mahatma Guru Sri Paramahamsa Shivaji. A cewar wasu magoya bayan yoga, Crowley ya fahimci ainihin asalinsa sosai kuma ya san wasu 'yan asanas. Har ma ya rubuta wata makala a kan yoga da ake kira "Berashit" inda ya bayyana halinsa game da Raja Yoga.
Aleister Crowley ya fi bautar da Iblis
14. "Guru Guru" Bhagavan Shri Radnish, wanda aka fi sani da Osho, ya yi jima'i a ƙungiya ban da asanas da tunani. Dangane da koyarwarsa, ya kamata mutum ya haɗa jima'i da ruhaniya. Addinai masu sukar jima'i ba da 'yanci, Osho ya kira "abin da ake kira addinai", kuma ya kira jima'in "zurfafa tunani." Ko da likitansa na musamman bayan sallamarsa, akasin ka'idojin aikin likita, ana kiransa Osho mai kula da jima'i. Osho ya mutu a 1990 yana da shekara 58. Dalilin mutuwa shi ne gazawar zuciya. Bugu da kari, malamin jima'in ya sha wahala daga asma da ciwon sukari.
Cessara wuce haddi, gami da na jima'i, bai kawo Bhagavan Shri Radnish zuwa wani alheri ba
15. Likitoci a Amurka tuni suna amfani da ganewar ƙafa yoga. A wannan lokacin, suna kiran raunin da ya faru ga ƙafafun da aka karɓa yayin yoga. Mafi yawan lokuta wannan shine duk irin narkar da jijiyoyi da jijiyoyi, suna faruwa saboda kasancewa cikin matsayin da ba na al'ada ba. Bugu da ƙari, masu koyon aikin yoga na iya fuskantar matsalolin zagayawa a cikin kwakwalwa saboda kusurwar wuyan da ba ta dace ba da aka yi a yoga. Ba a tsara tasoshin wuya kawai don lanƙwasa zuwa kusurwa masu mahimmanci kuma ba za a iya horar da su ba. Makarantu game da irin wannan raunin sun fara bayyana a cikin litattafan likitancin Turai da Amurka a cikin shekarun 1970, amma har zuwa yanzu yoga masu ƙwarewa sun sami damar sanya raunin rauni ga gazawar kowane mai aikatawa.
