Kafin fara tattaunawa game da gina jiki azaman ci gaban jiki na tsokoki na jikin mutum, ba shi yiwuwa a yi ba tare da wani bayani game da wannan ra'ayi ba. Kusan kowane ɗan wasa na iya yin aiki don haɓaka tsokoki. Keɓaɓɓu, kamar su 'yan wasan chess ko masu wasan karta, suna yin ƙaramin ɗari.
Yawancin 'yan wasa suna haɓaka tsoffin kansu bisa ga manufar da aka nufa su. Tabbas, ana aiwatar da aikin ta cikakkiyar hanya, amma koyaushe akwai tsokoki masu mahimmanci, da tsokoki na taimako. Misali, yin ƙafa yana da matukar mahimmanci a wasan dambe, amma har yanzu harbi yana kawo nasara a wannan wasan. Akwai wasanni da yawa waɗanda takamaiman abubuwan da aka maimaita ke ba ku damar zana fasalin kyawawan wasannin ba tare da amfani da fasahohi na musamman ba. Waɗannan su ne wasan motsa jiki, iyo, wasan tanis, da wasu nau'ikan. Amma gabaɗaya, wasannin motsa jiki suna haɓaka da tsarin jiki tare da girmamawa akan tsokoki waɗanda ke mabuɗin wannan wasanni.
Tattaunawar za ta mai da hankali ne kan gina jiki a matsayin fasaha saboda fasaha, lokacin da tsokoki suka bunkasa da nufin nunawa, ko dai su cikin madubi, ko kuma 'yan mata da ke bakin rairayin bakin teku, ko kuma ga manyan alkalai a gasar zakarun jiki. Ya bayyana a sarari cewa wannan kuma zai haɗa da zaɓuɓɓuka kamar "tsotsa kan kanka" ko "kuna buƙatar tsabtace ciki."
A dabi'ance, masu akidar gina jiki da masana tarihi basa yin irin wannan banbancin. Sun fara magana game da Milo na Croton, ɗauke da sa, da sauran 'yan wasa na zamanin da. A lokaci guda, a bayan al'amuran, gaskiyar ta kasance cewa Milon da sauran wakilan tsoffin wasanni sunyi tunani game da kyawawan siffa a ƙarshen ƙarshe, kodayake Helenawa suna da bautar ƙungiyar motsa jiki. Haka Milon, bisa ga kimantawa, mai tsayin 170 cm, ya auna kusan kilogram 130. Burin ‘yan wasan da suka taka rawa a wasanni shi ne lashe gasar wasannin Olympics. Irin wannan nasarar nan da nan ba kawai ta kawo ɗaukaka da wadata ga mutum ba, amma kuma ta ɗaga shi matakan matakan zamantakewar jama'a. Kusan al'adun guda daya sun wanzu har zuwa shekarun 1960 a Amurka. Bayan haka, gabatar da mutum kafin jawabi ga jama'a, babu shakka an ambata cewa shi zakaran tseren Olympic ne, wanda ya ci lambobin wasannin Olympic har ma memba na ƙungiyar Olympic ta Amurka, ba tare da la'akari da wasanni ba. Tare da tallata shirin Olympics da fitowar dubban 'yan Olympia, wannan al'ada ta ɓace. A cikin tsohuwar Girka, ana iya zaɓar Olympian zuwa manyan mukamai. Amma ba don kyawun jiki ba, amma saboda ruhun faɗa, hankali da ƙarfin zuciya, wanda in ba tare da hakan ba ba za ku iya cin gasar ta Olympics ba.
1. Tarihin ginin jiki zai iya farawa da Königsberg, inda a shekarar 1867 aka haifi wani yaro mai rauni da rashin lafiya mai suna Friedrich Müller. Ko dai a dabi'ance yana da dabi'ar baƙin ƙarfe, ko kuma takwarorinsa sun sami abin da ba zai misaltu ba, ko kuma abubuwan biyu sun yi aiki, amma tuni ya girma lokacin da yake matashi Frederick ya fara aiki kan ci gaban kansa kuma ya sami nasara da yawa a cikin wannan. Da farko, ya zama dan kokawa da ba a iya cin nasara a cikin circus. Bayan haka, lokacin da abokan hamayyar suka ƙare, sai ya fara nuna dabaru da ba a taɓa gani ba. Ya yi turawa sau 200 daga bene a cikin mintina 4, ya matse barbell mai nauyin kilogiram 122 da hannu daya, ya rike wani dandali tare da kungiyar makada ta mutane 8 a kirjinsa, da dai sauransu. A cikin 1894, Friedrich Müller, yana gabatar da sunan karyar da ake kira Evgeny Sandov (mahaifiyarsa 'yar Rasha ce), a ƙarƙashin suna Eugene Sandow ya tafi Amurka. A can ba kawai ya yi aiki tare da lambobin zanga-zanga ba, har ma ya tallata kayan wasanni, kayan aiki da lafiyayyen abinci. Da ya dawo Turai, Sandow ya zauna a Ingila, inda ya yi wa Sarki George V. A cikin 1901, a Landan, a ƙarƙashin taimakon sarki, an gudanar da gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko a duniya - samfurin wasan zakarun jiki na yanzu. Daya daga cikin alkalan shine sanannen marubuci Arthur Conan Doyle. Sandow ya inganta ginin jiki a kasashe daban-daban, bayan yawo a duniya saboda wannan, sannan kuma ya kirkiro da tsarin atisaye na sojoji na tsaron yankin Burtaniya. Ya mutu "Uba na Ginin Jiki" (kamar yadda aka rubuta shi a ɗan lokaci a kan kabarinsa) a cikin 1925. Adadinsa ba shi da rai a cikin kofin, wanda a kowace shekara ke karɓar wanda ya lashe gasar "Mr. Olympia".
2. Duk da shahararrun mashahuran mutane masu karfi a duk duniya, har ma a farkon karni na ashirin, ka'idar hanyoyin kara karfin tsoka ya kasance tun tana jaririya. Misali, Theodor Siebert ana masa kallon mai neman sauyi a tsarin horo. Juyin juya halin ya kunshi shawarwarin da a yanzu aka sani har ga masu farawa: horo na yau da kullun da maimaita motsa jiki, dosing loads, abinci mai yawan kalori mai yawan furotin, gujewa barasa da shan sigari, sutturar da ba sako don horo, karamin aikin jima'i. Daga baya, Siebert ya shiga yoga da occultism, waɗanda ba a fahimtar su sosai, kuma yanzu ra'ayoyin sa an san su da yawa daga maimaitawar sauran mawallafa ba tare da ambaton asalin ba.
3. Hawan farko da ya fara shahara a jikin mutum a Amurka yana da alaƙa da Charles Atlas. Wannan Baƙin Italianasar Italia (ainihin suna Angelo Siciliano) ya haɓaka tsarin motsa jiki na isotonic. Godiya ga wannan tsarin, a cewar Atlas, ya zama ɗan wasa daga fata mai fatar jiki. Atlas ta tallata tsarinta cikin wahala da rashin nasara har sai ta haɗu da Charles Roman, wanda yake cikin kasuwancin talla. Labarin ya jagoranci kamfen din da karfi sosai bayan wani lokaci gaba daya Amurkawa sun sami labarin Atlas. Tsarin ayyukansa bai taɓa cin nasara ba, amma mai ginin kansa da kansa ya sami kuɗi mai kyau a kan hotuna don mujallu da kwangilar talla. Kari akan haka, manyan masu sassaka zina sun gayyace shi ya yi aiki a matsayin abin kwatance. Misali, Atlas ya nuna wa Alexander Calder da Hermon McNeill lokacin da suka kirkiro abin tunawa ga George Washington, wanda aka gina a Washington Square a New York.
4. Zai yiwu farkon “mai tsarkake jiki” ya zama tauraruwa ba tare da tallata talla ba shine Clarence Ross. Tsarkake a ma'anar cewa a gabansa duk masu ginin jiki sun zo wannan siffar daga kokawar gargajiya ko dabaru na iko. Ba'amurke, a gefe guda, ya fara aikin gina jiki daidai don samun ƙarfin tsoka. Marayu an haife shi a cikin 1923, an haife shi a cikin dangin goyo. A 17, tare da tsayin 175 cm, ya auna ƙasa da kilogiram 60. An ƙi Ross lokacin da ya yanke shawarar shiga cikin Sojan Sama. Shekara ɗaya, mutumin ya sami damar biyan fam ɗin da ya dace kuma ya je ya yi aiki a Las Vegas. Bai daina ginin jiki ba. A cikin 1945 ya lashe gasar Mista America, ya zama tauraron mujallar kuma ya sami kwangilar talla da yawa. Wannan ya ba shi damar buɗe kasuwancin sa kuma baya dogara ga nasarori a gasa. Kodayake ya sami nasarar cin nasarar wasu gasa biyu.
5. athleteswararrun ,an wasa, ba shakka, ana buƙata a silima, kuma an harbe menan ƙarfi da yawa a ƙananan matsayi. Koyaya, Steve Reeves yana da gaskiya a matsayin tauraron fim na farko tsakanin masu ginin jiki. Kai tsaye bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ɗan Amurka mai shekaru 20, wanda ya riga ya yi yaƙi a Philippines, ya ci gasa da yawa. Bayan ya ci taken "Mista Olympia" a shekarar 1950, Reeves ya yanke shawarar karbar tayin daga Hollywood. Koyaya, koda tare da bayanansa, ya ɗauki Reeves shekaru 8 don cinye duniyar silima, har ma a lokacin dole ne ya tafi Italiya. Shahararrun mutane sun sanya shi rawar Hercules a cikin fim ɗin "Abubuwan amfani da Hercules" (1958). Nasarar fim din "The Feats of Hercules: Hercules da Sarauniya Lydia", wanda aka sake shi shekara guda bayan haka, ya karfafa nasarorin. Bayan su, Reeves ya fitar da matsayin tsoffin jarumai ko almara a cikin fina-finan Italiya. Aikinsa na fim ya ninka tsawon lokacin da yakai matsayin gina jikinshi. Har zuwa bayyanar da take a fuskar Arnold Schwarzenegger, ana kiran sunan "Reeves" a cikin silima kowane ɗan damfara. Ya kasance sananne sosai a cikin Tarayyar Soviet kuma - sama da 'yan Soviet miliyan 36 masu kallon "Abubuwan Hercules".
6. Ranar da aka fara gina jiki a Amurka ta fara a shekarun 1960. Daga ɓangaren ƙungiya, brothersan uwan Wider sun ba da babbar gudummawa a gare ta. Joe da Ben Weider sun kafa buungiyar Gina Jiki kuma sun fara karɓar bakuncin gasa daban-daban, ciki har da Mista Olympia da Misis Olympia. Joe Weider shi ma babban koci ne. Arnold Schwarzenegger, Larry Scott da Franco Colombo sun yi karatu tare da shi. 'Yan uwan Wider sun kafa gidan buga littattafansu, wanda ke buga littattafai da mujallu kan ginin jiki. Shahararrun masu ginin jikinsu sun shahara sosai har basa iya tafiya kan tituna - nan da nan magoya bayan suka kewaye su. 'Yan wasa sun sami kwanciyar hankali kawai a bakin tekun California, inda mutane suka saba da taurari.
7. Sunan Joe Gold ya yi tsawa a cikin shekarun 1960s. Wannan ɗan wasan bai ci nasara ko ɗaya ba, amma ya zama ruhun al'umma masu gina jiki a California. Masarautar Zinare ta fara ne da dakin motsa jiki guda daya, sannan Gym's Gym ya fara bayyana a duk gabar tekun Pacific. A cikin dakunan Zinare, kusan duk taurarin da ke gina jikin waɗannan shekarun sun tsunduma. Kari kan haka, zauren Gold ya shahara tare da kowane irin sanannen sanannen Californian waɗanda ke kallon ƙirar su da kyau.
8. Ance yafi duhu kafin wayewar gari. A cikin ginin jiki ya juya wata hanya ta kusa - kwanan wata daɗewa ba da daɗewa ba ya ba da haske ga duhu. Tuni a ƙarshen 1960s, magungunan anabolic steroids da sauran abubuwa masu ɗanɗano da ƙoshin lafiya sun zo gina jiki. A cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa, ginin jikin mutum ya zama kwatancen manyan duwatsun tsoka. Har yanzu akwai sauran fina-finai akan allon tare da sa hannun Steve Reeves, wanda yayi kama da talaka, kawai mutum ne mai ƙarfi kuma babba (ƙarar biceps ba ta da faɗi 45 cm), kuma a cikin majallu masu ginin jiki sun riga sun tattauna yiwuwar ƙara ƙyallen biceps da santimita ɗaya da rabi a cikin wata kuma ƙara ƙarfin tsoka da 10 kg Wannan ba shine a faɗi cewa magungunan anabolic sababbi ne ba. Sun gwada su tare a cikin shekarun 1940. Koyaya, a cikin shekarun 1970 ne ƙwayoyi masu arha da masu sauƙi suka bayyana. 'Yan wasa a duniya suna amfani da kwayoyin cutar Anabolic a cikin wasanni masu alaƙa da motsa jiki. Amma don gina jiki, magungunan anabolic sun tabbatar sun zama cikakkun kayan yaji. Idan ƙaruwa cikin ƙwayar tsoka ta hanyar motsa jiki yana da iyakancewa, to, anabolics suna tura wannan iyaka fiye da sararin sama. Inda hanta ta ki, kuma jinin ya kaura sosai ta yadda zuciya ba za ta iya tura shi ta tasoshin ba. Yawancin cututtuka da mutuwa ba su hana kowa ba - bayan haka, Schwarzenegger da kansa ya ɗauki ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ku dube shi! An hanzarta dakatar da kwayoyin cutar cikin wasanni, kuma ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru 20 kafin a kawar da su. Kuma ginin jiki ba wasa bane kwata-kwata har sai an sanya su cikin jerin haramtattun kwayoyi, kuma a wasu wurare a cikin Code of Criminal, an dauki anabolics a bayyane. Kuma wasannin motsa jiki sun zama masu ban sha'awa ne kawai ga wasu gungun mutane masu cin kwayoyi.
9. A sikeli mai matsakaici, tare da madaidaiciyar hanyar horo da abinci mai gina jiki, gina jiki yana da alfanu mai yawa. A lokacin karatuttukan, ana horar da tsarin zuciya da bugun jini, daidaituwar bugun jini da hawan jini (horo na lalata cholesterol), tafiyar matakai na saurin sauka a tsakiyar shekaru, ma’ana, tsufan jiki yana raguwa. Ginin jiki yana da fa'ida koda daga mahangar mahaukata - tsayayye, motsa jiki na yau da kullun na iya taimakawa shawo kan bakin ciki. Motsa jiki kuma yana da sakamako mai kyau akan gabobi da kasusuwa.
10. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, an daɗe ana ɗaukan nauyin jiki kamar abin birgewa. Lokaci zuwa lokaci, ana gudanar da gasar kyau ta jiki da sunaye daban-daban. An fara irin wannan gasa a cikin Moscow a cikin 1948. Georgy Tenno, ma'aikaci ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Jiki ta Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Tsakiya (ya bayyana a cikin littafin A. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" kusan a karkashin sunansa - an yanke masa hukuncin leken asiri kuma ya yi aiki tare da wanda ya ci kyautar Nobel nan gaba) ci gaba da buga shirye-shiryen horo, abinci, da dai sauransu. A cikin 1968 Tenno ya haɓaka aikinsa a cikin littafin Athleticism. Har zuwa faduwar labulen ƙarfe, ya kasance shine kawai jagorar yaren Rasha don masu ginin jiki. Sun haɗu da ɓangarori da yawa, galibi suna aiki a ɗakunan wasanni na Fadar Al'adar ko gidajen sarauta na masana'antun masana'antu. An yi imanin cewa tsananta wa masu ginin jiki ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 1970s. A zahiri, waɗannan tsanantawan sun dawwama har zuwa lokacin da ake motsa jiki, kuɗin kayan aiki da ƙimar horarwa an ba su nau'ikan fifiko waɗanda ke kawo lambobin Olympics. Ga tsarin Soviet, yana da ma'ana - bukatun ƙasa na farko, sannan na sirri.
11. A cikin motsa jiki na motsa jiki, gasa, kamar yadda ake yi a damben, ana gudanar da ita ne bisa tsarin sigar kungiyoyin tarayyar duniya da yawa lokaci guda. Mafi iko shine Federationungiyar ofasa ta Duniya da Fitarfafawa (IFBB), wacce brothersan uwan Wider suka kafa. Koyaya, aƙalla ƙarin ƙungiyoyi 4 sun haɗa kan yawancin 'yan wasa kuma suna gudanar da nasu gasa, suna bayyana zakara. Kuma idan 'yan dambe lokaci-lokaci wuce abin da ake kira. yaƙe-yaƙe, lokacin da aka buga belts na zakara a lokaci ɗaya bisa ga juzu'i da yawa, to a cikin ginin babu irin wannan aikin. Akwai kuma kungiyoyin kasa da kasa guda 5, wadanda suka hada da ‘yan wasan da ke yin aikin“ tsarkakakke ”, ba tare da amfani da kwayoyin cutar ta anabolic da sauran nau’ikan shan kwayoyi ba. Sunan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi koyaushe ya ƙunshi kalmar "Halitta" - "na halitta".
12. Samun shiga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan motsa jiki, inda kudade masu yawa ke juyawa, ba abu ne mai sauki ba hatta ma ga wani babban ma'aikaci. Yawancin gasa na cancantar ƙasa da ƙasa suna buƙatar cin nasara. Daga nan ne kawai mutum zai yi iƙirarin cewa hukuma ta musamman za ta ba da Pro Card ga ɗan wasa - takaddar da za ta ba shi damar halartar manyan gasa. Idan aka yi la’akari da cewa ginin jiki cikakken horo ne na zahiri (nasara ta dogara ne ko alƙalai suna son ɗan wasa ko a’a), za a iya bayyanawa cikin kuskure cewa ba a tsammanin sababbin shiga a cikin fitattun mutane.
13. Gasar motsa jiki ana gudanar da ita a fannoni da yawa. Ga maza, wannan ginin jiki ne na musamman (tsaunukan tsokoki a jikin kututturen ninkaya) da kuma masana ilimin lissafi - tsaunukan da ba su da tsoka a cikin gajeren wando. Mata suna da ƙarin rukuni: gyaran jikin mata, motsa jiki, dacewa, bikini mai dacewa da ƙoshin lafiya. Baya ga horo, mahalarta sun kasu kashi-kashi. Na dabam, ana gudanar da gasa don 'yan mata,' yan mata, samari da samari, akwai ma fannoni daban-daban a nan. Sakamakon haka, ana gudanar da kimanin gasa 2,500 kowace shekara a karkashin kulawar IFBB.
14. Gasa mafi daukaka ga masu kera jiki ita ce gasar Mr. Olympia. An fara gudanar da gasar tun shekara ta 1965. Galibi masu cin nasara suna cin gasa da yawa a jere, nasarorin marasa nasara ba su da yawa. Misali, Arnold Schwarzenegger, ya lashe lambar Mista Olympia sau 7 tsakanin 1970 da 1980. Amma ba shi ne mai rikodin ba - Amurkawan Lee Haney da Ronnie Coleman sun lashe gasar sau 8. Schwarzenegger yana riƙe da bayanan ga mafi ƙanƙanta da nasara.
15. Mai rike da rikodin duniya don girman biceps shine Greg Valentino, wanda girkin biceps ya kai cm 71. Gaskiya ne, da yawa ba su amince da Valentino a matsayin mai rikodin rikodi ba, tunda ya karu da tsoka ta hanyar allurar synthol, wani abu da aka hada musamman don kara karfin tsoka. Synthol ya haifar da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi a cikin Valentino, wanda dole ne a bi da shi na dogon lokaci. Mafi girma "na dabi'a" biceps - 64.7 cm - mallakin dan Egypt ne Mustafa Izmail. Eric Frankhauser da Ben Pakulski suna da taken ginin jiki tare da tsoffin maraƙin maraƙi. Theajin tsokar maraƙinsu yakai cm 56. An yi imanin cewa kirjin Arnold Schwarzenegger ya fi dacewa, amma a lambobi Arnie ya fi ƙasa da mai rikodin Greg Kovacs - 145 cm a kan 187.Kovacs ya keta masu fafatawa a cikin ɗamarar hip - 89 cm - duk da haka, a cikin wannan alamar, Victor Richard ya kewaye shi. Giraurin kugu na ƙarfafan baƙin mutum (nauyinsu ya kai kilogiram 150 tare da tsayinsu ya kai 176 cm) shine 93 cm.