Tarayyar Soviet, tabbas, ƙasa ce mai yawan rikici da bambancin ra'ayi. Bugu da ƙari, wannan jihar ta ci gaba sosai ta yadda har ma masana tarihin da ba su son zuciya ba, har ma da waɗanda suka rubuta tarihin, suna iya yin rikodin wannan ko wancan na yanzu a cikin ayyukansu. Bugu da ƙari, yayin nazarin tushe daban-daban, da alama suna bayyana ba kawai zamanai daban-daban ba, amma duniyoyi daban-daban. Jaruman, alal misali, na labarin Yuri Trifonov na "House on the Embankment" da kuma haruffan littafin Mikhail Sholokhov na "Virginasar Uasar da ba ta ptiya" sun rayu (tare da wani zato) a kusan lokaci guda. amma kwata-kwata babu wata alaka a tsakanin su. Sai dai, wataƙila, haɗarin halaka a kowane lokaci.
Abubuwan tunawa da mutanen da suka zauna a cikin USSR kamar yadda ba su da tabbas. Wani ya tuna da zuwa bankin ajiyar kuɗi don biyan abubuwan amfani - mahaifiyata ta ba da ruble uku kuma ta ba su damar kashe canjin yadda suka ga dama. An tilasta wa wani ya tsaya layi don sayan gwangwani na madara da gwangwani na kirim mai tsami. Ba a buga littattafan wani tsawon shekaru saboda raunin akidar, kuma wani ya sha mai ɗaci saboda an sake keta masa lambar Lenin.
USSR, a matsayin ƙasa, tuni ta kasance ta tarihi. Kowa na iya yin imanin cewa wannan farin cikin zai dawo ko kuma cewa wannan abin firgita ba zai sake faruwa ba. Amma wata hanya, Tarayyar Soviet, tare da duk fa'idodi da rashin fa'ida, zai kasance wani ɓangare na abubuwan da muka gabata.
- Daga 1947 zuwa 1954, an rage farashin kowace shekara (a bazara) a Tarayyar Soviet. An buga sanarwar gwamnatin da ta dace game da sanarwa a cikin latsa tare da cikakken shimfidawa kan wane kaya da kuma kashi nawa za a rage farashin. An kuma ƙididdige yawan fa'idar da jama'a za su samu. Misali, a kan farashin da aka yanke a cikin 1953, yawan mutanen Tarayyar Soviet “sun amfana” da dala biliyan 50, kuma raguwa ta gaba ta kashe jihar biliyan 20. Har ila yau, gwamnati ta yi la’akari da irin tarin abubuwa: faduwar farashi a kasuwancin jihar kusan kai tsaye ya haifar da faduwar farashin a kasuwannin gonakin gama gari. Ganin cewa farashin kasuwancin jihar ya ragu sau 2.3 a cikin shekaru bakwai, farashin a kasuwannin gonakin gama-gari ya ragu da sau 4.
- Wakar Vladimir Vysotsky mai suna "Shari'a a Ma'adanar" ta soki lamirin al'adar ƙaruwa mara ƙima a cikin yawan kayayyakin da ake samarwa a kusan kowane samfurin, wanda ya bazu tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1950. Mawakan waƙar sun ƙi ceton abokin aiki daga tarkacen, wanda "Zai fara cika ƙa'idodi uku / Zai fara ba da gawayi ga ƙasar - kuma mu khan!" Har zuwa 1955, akwai tsarin biyan kuɗi na ci gaba, bisa ga abin da aka biya samar da overari fiye da yadda aka tsara. Ya bambanta a cikin masana'antun daban-daban, amma jigon abu ɗaya ne: kun samar da ƙarin tsari - kuna samun ƙarin ruwa. Misali, an biya mai juyo don abubuwan da aka tsara na sassa 250 a wata a 5 rubles. An biya cikakkun bayanan da aka tsara har zuwa 50 don 7.5 rubles, na gaba 50 - don 9 rubles, da sauransu. Sannan wannan aikin ya kasance a takaice, amma an maye gurbinsa da ƙarin ƙaruwa na ci gaba a cikin ƙididdigar yayin ci gaba da girman albashin. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa da farko ma'aikata sun fara cikin natsuwa ba tare da hanzarin cika ka'idojin da ke akwai ba, suna wuce su sau ɗaya a shekara da kashi da yawa. Kuma a cikin shekarun 1980, ƙa'ida, musamman a kamfanonin da ke samar da kayayyakin masarufi, yawancin samfuran da aka tsara an samar da su ne a cikin mawuyacin hali a ƙarshen lokacin rahoton (wata, kwata ko shekara). Masu amfani da sauri sun fahimci ainihin, kuma, alal misali, kayan aikin gida da aka saki a ƙarshen shekara na iya kwance a cikin shaguna tsawon shekaru - kusan an tabbatar da aure.
- Kusan a farkon farawa na perestroika wanda ya lalata USSR, an magance matsalar talauci a cikin ƙasar. Ita, a fahimtar hukumomi, ta wanzu tun zamanin yaƙi, kuma babu wanda ya yi musun kasancewar talauci. Kididdigar hukuma ta bayyana cewa a cikin 1960, kashi 4% na 'yan ƙasa ne kawai ke samun kuɗin shigar mutum sama da 100 rubles a wata. A cikin 1980, akwai 60% na irin waɗannan 'yan ƙasa (ana samun su a cikin matsakaicin matsakaicin kuɗin shigar kowace mace cikin iyalai). A zahiri, a gaban idanun ƙarni ɗaya, akwai tsalle mai tsada a cikin kuɗin shigar jama'a. Amma wannan kyakkyawan tsari gabaɗaya ma yana da mummunan sakamako. Yayinda kudaden shiga ke bunkasa, haka bukatun mutane suka karu, wanda jihar ba zata iya biyan su akan lokaci ba.
- Ruble na Soviet ya kasance "katako". Ba kamar sauran ba, "zinariya" ago, ba za a iya musayar ta da yardar kaina ba. A ka'ida, akwai kasuwar musaya ta inuwar waje, amma manyan dillalai masu nasara, mafi kyau, sun sami shekaru 15 a kurkuku, ko ma sun tsaya har zuwa layin harbe-harben. Kudin canji a cikin wannan kasuwar ya kai kimanin 3-4 a kowace dalar Amurka. Mutane sun san da wannan, kuma da yawa suna ɗaukar farashin Soviet na ciki ba daidai ba - Jeans na Amurka sun kashe dala 5-10 a ƙasashen waje, a kasuwancin jihar farashin su ya kai 100 rubles, yayin da masu yin hasashe na iya cin kuɗi 250. Wannan ya haifar da rashin gamsuwa, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da durkushewar USSR - mafiya rinjaye na yawan jama'ar ƙasar sun gamsu da cewa tattalin arzikin kasuwa ƙarancin farashi ne da nau'ikan kaya. Mutane kalilan ne suka yi tunanin cewa a cikin tattalin arzikin Soviet ba na kasuwa ba, kopecks 5 sun yi daidai da aƙalla $ 1.5 yayin kwatanta tafiya a cikin metro na Moscow da New York. Kuma idan muka kwatanta farashin don abubuwan amfani - don dangin Soviet suna da tsada na 4 - 5 rubles - to, yawan canjin canjin gaba ɗaya ya tashi zuwa tsawan sama.
- Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa kusan ƙarshen shekarun 1970, abin da ake kira “stagnation” ya fara a cikin tattalin arzikin Tarayyar Soviet. Ba shi yiwuwa a bayyana wannan ci baya a cikin lambobi - tattalin arzikin kasar ya bunkasa da kashi 3-4 cikin 100 a kowace shekara, kuma wadannan ba kaso-kaso na yanzu ba ne a cikin kudaden kudi, amma hakikanin abin da ake samu. Amma rashin ci gaba ya kasance a cikin tunanin shugabancin Soviet. Dangane da adadi mai yawa, sun ga cewa a cikin biyan buƙatu na yau da kullun - amfani da abinci, gidaje, samar da kayayyakin masarufi na yau da kullun - Tarayyar Soviet tana gab da ko ma wuce manyan ƙasashen yamma. Koyaya, shugabannin siyasa na Babban Kwamitin CPSU sun ba da hankali sosai ga canjin halayyar da ya faru a zukatan jama'a. Dattawan Kremlin, wadanda suka yi alfahari (kuma daidai ne) cewa a lokacin rayuwarsu mutane sun ƙaura daga rami zuwa gidaje masu kyau kuma sun fara cin abinci na yau da kullun, sun fahimci latti cewa mutane sun fara yin la'akari da gamsuwa na bukatun yau da kullun abin da ba za a iya raba shi ba.
- Yawancin yawancin zamani, gami da na tarihi, zuriyar 'fursunonin Gulag' ne da aka gyara. Saboda haka, Nikita Khrushchev, wanda ya jagoranci Tarayyar Soviet daga 1953 zuwa 1964, galibi ana gabatar da shi a matsayin mai kunkuntar tunani, amma mai alheri da tausayi "daga mutane." Kamar dai, akwai irin wannan mutum masara mai sanƙo wanda ya buga takalminsa a kan teburin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ya la'anta masu al'adu. Amma kuma ya gyara miliyoyin mutanen da ba su da laifi kuma aka danne su. A zahiri, rawar Khrushchev a cikin lalata USSR tana daidai da ta Mikhail Gorbachev. A zahiri, Gorbachev ya kammala abin da Khrushchev ya fara. Jerin kura-kurai da zagon-kasa na wannan shugaba da gangan ba zai dace da cikakken littafi ba. Jawabin Khrushchev a Babban Taron XX na CPSU da de-Stalinization na gaba ya raba al'ummar Soviet ta yadda za a ji wannan rarrabuwa a cikin Rasha ta yau. Dariya akan dasa masara a yankin Arkhangelsk ya sa kasar ta rasa a cikin 1963 tan 372 na zinare - wannan shi ne daidai adadin karfe mai daraja da aka siyar don siyan hatsin da ya ɓace a Amurka da Kanada. Ko da sau ɗari da aka ɗaukaka na ƙasashen budurwa, wanda ya sa ƙasar ta kashe dala biliyan 44 (kuma idan duk abin da aka yi bisa ga hankali, zai ɗauki riɓi biyu), bai ba da ƙaruwa ta musamman a girbi ba - tan miliyan 10 na alkama budurwa tsakanin jimlar girbi a duk faɗin ƙasar ya dace da yanayin. jinkirin. Gangamin farfaganda na 1962 yayi kama da ainihin izgili na mutane, wanda a cikin karuwar farashin kayan naman da kashi 30% (!) An kira shi yanke shawara mai fa'ida na tattalin arziƙi wanda mutane ke goyan baya. Kuma, ba shakka, ba da izinin haramtawa Crimea zuwa Ukraine layi ne daban a cikin ayyukan ayyukan Khrushchev.
- Tun lokacin da aka kafa farkon gonaki na gama kai, ana aiwatar da aikin lada a cikinsu bisa ga abin da ake kira "ranakun aiki". Wannan rukunin yana da canji kuma ya dogara da mahimmancin aikin da ake yi. Farmersungiyoyin manoma waɗanda suka yi aikin da ke buƙatar ƙwararrun ƙwarewa na iya samun ranakun aiki na 2 da 3 kowace rana. Jaridun sun rubuta cewa manyan ma'aikata suna yin aiki ko da 100 na aiki a rana. Amma, bisa ga haka, a cikin ɗan gajeren ranar aiki ko aikin da ba a cika shi ba, mutum na iya karɓar ƙasa da ranar aiki ɗaya. Akwai daga 5 zuwa ƙungiyoyin farashi jimla. Don ranakun aiki, an biya gonar gama gari a cikin kuɗi ko cikin kuɗi. Sau da yawa zaka iya cin karo da tunanin cewa ranakun aiki ba a biya su da kyau, ko ba a biya su kwata-kwata. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa, musamman waɗanda ke zaune a Yankin Earthasashen Duniya na Baƙin Baƙin Rasha ko Arewa, gaskiya ne. A cikin shekarun yakin, an ba manoma baki daya matsakaicin nauyin kilogiram 0.8 zuwa 1.6 a kowace ranar aiki, ma’ana, mutum na iya samun nauyin kilogiram 25 na wata-wata. Koyaya, koda a cikin shekarun girbi ba na yaƙi ba, manoman gama gari sun karɓi fiye da haka - kilogram 3 na hatsi a kowace ranar aiki ana ɗaukarsa kyakkyawan biya. An adana kawai ta tattalin arzikin su. Wannan adadin kuɗin ya ba da damar sake tsara talakawa zuwa birane. Can inda ba a buƙatar irin wannan ƙaura ba, manoman gama gari sun sami ƙari da yawa. Misali, a Asiya ta Tsakiya, albashin masu noman auduga (ranakun aiki da aka canza zuwa kuɗi) duka kafin da bayan Yakin Patasa na werearshe ya fi matsakaicin masana'antu.
- Ofayan ɗayan manyan ayyukan gine-gine a tarihin Soviet Union shine ƙirƙirar layin Baikal-Amur (BAM). A cikin 1889, an ayyana gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta hanyar hanyar yanzu ta BAM “sam ba zai yiwu ba”. Ginin jirgin ƙasa na trans-Siberian na biyu ya fara a 1938. Ginin ya ci gaba da manyan matsaloli da katsewa. A lokacin Babban Yaƙin Patasa, an cire wani ɓangare na layukan dogo don gina hanyar gaba a cikin yankin Stalingrad. Sai kawai bayan an kira BAM da “Shock Komsomol Construction Project” a shekarar 1974, aikin ya fara da gaske duk matakin Unionungiyoyin. Matasa daga ko'ina cikin Tarayyar Soviet sun je aikin gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa. A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1984, an kafa hanyar haɗin gwal a kilomita 1602 na BAM a mahadar Balabukhta a cikin Yankin Trans-Baikal, wanda ke alamta hanyar haɗin tsakanin ɓangarorin gabas da yamma na aikin babbar hanyar. Saboda sanannun abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarshen 1980s da farkon 1990s, BAM ya kasance ba shi da amfani na dogon lokaci. Koyaya, tun daga farkon shekarun 2000, layin ya isa yadda aka tsara shi, kuma a yayin bikin cika shekaru 45 da gina shi, an sanar da shirye-shirye na zamanantar da layin dogo domin kara yawan hanyoyin da yake bi. Gabaɗaya, BAM ya zama babban aikin kayayyakin more rayuwa a tarihin USSR.
- Akwai tabbaci cewa "Duk wani Papuan da ya tashi daga bishiyar dabino kuma ya sanar da tafarkin gurguzu na ci gaba nan take ya sami taimakon miliyoyin daloli daga Tarayyar Soviet." Gaskiya ne tare da manyan koguna guda biyu - dole ne ƙasar da ke karɓar taimako ta kasance ko tana da nauyi a yankin da / ko tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Jirgin ruwan teku yana da ni'ima mai tsada ba kawai dangane da kera jiragen ruwa ba. Rashin lafiyar irin wannan rundunar ita ce tashar jirgin ruwan ta. Saboda su, ya cancanci tallafawa Cuba, Vietnam, Somalia, Ethiopia, Madagascar da sauran jihohi da yawa. Tabbas, tallafawa gwamnatoci a cikin waɗannan da wasu ƙasashe suna cin kuɗi. Amma rundunar, wacce tayi tsatsa a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Arkhangelsk da Leningrad, suma suna buƙatar kuɗi. A matsayin tushen asali, kyakkyawar mafita ita ce siyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa daga Japan, Uruguay da Chile, amma waɗannan ƙasashe, da rashin alheri, Amurka ta mallake su sosai.
- Perestroika, wanda ya lalata Tarayyar Soviet, ya fara ba a lokacin rikici ba, amma a farkon sabon tsalle a ci gaban tattalin arziki. Haƙiƙa an lura da rikicin a cikin 1981 da 1982, amma bayan mutuwar Leonid Brezhnev da canjin canjin shugabanci, ci gaban tattalin arziƙi ya ci gaba, kuma alamomin samarwa sun fara inganta. Maganar Mikhail Gorbachev game da hanzari an kafa ta da kyau, amma gyare-gyaren da ya aiwatar ba su kai ga nasarar cancanta ba, amma ga bala'i. Koyaya, gaskiyar ta kasance - kafin Gorbachev ya hau mulki, tattalin arzikin Soviet ya bunkasa fiye da tattalin arzikin ƙasashen yamma masu tafiya.
