Big Ben a gefe, ana iya ɗaukar Stonehenge a matsayin babban alama ta gani ta Ingila. Kowa ya ga zoben tsoffin manyan slabs tsaye a kan wani karamin tudun kan wata koren lawn. Tun daga nesa, har ma da kusa, Stonehenge yana da ban sha'awa, yana mai ban tsoro ga ranakun da mutanen Atlanta suka yi rayuwa kamar Duniya.
Tambayar tambaya ta farko wacce ta taso daga mutane da yawa a kallon farko da aka yi a Stonehenge - me yasa? Me yasa aka tsara wadannan tubalin manyan dutsen? Waɗanne shagulgulan biki ne suka faru a cikin wannan zobe na tubalin duwatsu da aka doke lokaci-lokaci?
Game da hanyoyin isar da duwatsu da ginin Stonehenge, to akwai ƙananan zaɓuɓɓuka saboda iyakance (idan ba la'akari da baƙi da telekinesis) yawan hanyoyin. Hakanan ya shafi mutanen da suka gina megalith - a cikin Ingilishi na lokacin babu sarakuna ko bayi, don haka an gina Stonehenge, yana jagorantar kawai da dalilai na ruhaniya. Lokaci lokacin da tambaya: "Shin kuna son shiga cikin mafi girman aikin gini a duk duniya?" amsa "Menene albashin?" to har yanzu basu zo ba.
1. An gina Stonehenge tsawon ƙarni, daga misalin 3000 zuwa 2100 BC. e. Bugu da ƙari, tuni ya kusan kusan farkon karni na 1 BC. sun manta da shi. Ko Romawa, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari sosai game da komai, ba su ambaci ko kalma ɗaya game da megalith wanda ya dace da dala na Masar. Stonehenge ya sake bayyana kawai a cikin 1130 a cikin aikin Heinrich Huntingdon "Tarihin mutanen Ingilishi". Ya tattara jerin abubuwan ban mamaki hudu na Ingila, kuma kawai Stonehenge a cikin wannan aikin aikin mutum ne.
2. Mafi yawan al'ada, ana iya rarraba ginin Stonehenge zuwa matakai uku. Da farko dai, an zubo katanga kuma an haka rami a tsakanin su. Sannan megalith an gina shi da itace. A mataki na uku, an sauya fasalin katako da na dutse.
3. Stonehenge ya ƙunshi ramuka biyu tare da danshi a tsakanin su, Dutse na Altar, 4 duwatsu a tsaye (2 ya tsira, kuma an motsa su), zobba uku na ramuka, 30 duwatsun sarsen na tsaye na shinge na waje, waɗanda masu tsalle suka haɗa (17 da 5 masu tsalle sun tsira) , 59 ko 61 duwatsu masu shuɗi (9 ya tsira), da ƙarin triliths 5 (tsarin U-mai siffa) a cikin da'irar ciki (3 ya tsira). Kalmar "tsira" na nufin "ya tsaya a tsaye" - wasu duwatsu suna kwance, kuma saboda wasu dalilai ba a taɓa su ba yayin sake ginawa, kodayake wasu duwatsun da ke tsaye sun motsa. Na dabam, a wajen da'irar, ana tsaye da Dutsen diddige. A saman sa ne Rana ke fitowa a ranar bazara. Stonehenge yana da ƙofofi biyu: ƙarami, da dai sauransu. Hanyar hanya hanya ce ta waje wacce aka daure ta da tarkacen ƙasa.
4. Tarihin hukuma na Stonehenge ya ba da rahoton cewa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, Stonehenge ya zo irin wannan yanayin cewa dole ne a sake gina shi. Tuni bayan fasalin farko na sake ginawa (1901), lokacin da dutse ɗaya kawai aka ɗaga kuma ana zargin an ɗora shi daidai a wurin, guguwar suka ta tashi. Nan da nan bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, aka sake yin sabon gini. Af, Jamusawa sun sami nasarar jefa bama-bamai a Landan da wasu biranen Ingila a yakin duniya na farko, don haka akwai abin da za a maido a can. Amma sun yanke shawarar mayar da tarin matattun duwatsu a matsayin abin fifiko. Waɗannan ayyukan sun fi girma, amma bayan yaƙin zubar da jini jama'a ba su yi zanga-zanga ba. A ƙarshe, mafi mahimmancin lokaci na sake ginawa ya faru a cikin 1958-1964. Anan an riga anyi amfani da kayan aiki masu nauyi, siminti, na'urorin hangen nesa, theodolites, da dai sauransu. Kuma kai tsaye bayan ƙarshen, an buga littafin Gerald Hawkins "The Solution to the Secret of Stonehenge", wanda a cikin sa ya yi da'awar da'awar cewa Stonehenge ma'aikaci ne. Masu ra'ayin makirci sun sami wadataccen abinci don tunani da zargi. Amma littattafan Hawkins sun sayar sosai kuma sun ba Stonehenge shahararren shahara.
5. Tuni zuwa 1900, masana kimiyya, masu bincike, injiniyoyi da masu sha'awar kawai suka gabatar da ka'idoji 947 game da manufar Stonehenge (wanda ɗan Austrian Walter Musse ya lissafa). Irin waɗannan maganganu masu yawa, ba shakka, an bayyana su ba kawai ta hanyar tunanin da ba za a iya hanawa ba daga mawallafin su, amma kuma ta hanyar ingantacciyar hanyar bincike ta zamanin da. A wancan zamanin ana ɗaukarsa cikakkiyar al'ada cewa zaka iya karatun kowane kimiyya ba tare da barin ofishinka ba. Yin nazarin samfuran da shaidun da ake da su kawai, isa fahimtar su da kuma yanke hukuncin da ya dace. Kuma a kan ƙananan lithograph na zane-zane na fensir da kwatancin waɗanda suka ziyarci Stonehenge da kaina, mutum na iya gabatar da yawan maganganu marasa iyaka.
6. ambaton farko na ilimin taurari da yanayin kasa na Stonehenge na William Stukeley ne. A cikin aikinsa na 1740 Stonehenge: Haikalin Da Aka Koma ga Druids na Burtaniya, ya rubuta cewa megalith yana fuskantar arewa maso gabas kuma yana nuna lokacin bazara. Wannan yana haifar da girmamawa ga masanin kimiyya da mai bincike - kamar yadda ake iya gani koda daga taken littafinsa, Stukeley ya gamsu sosai cewa Stonehenge shine mafakar Druids. Amma a lokaci guda kuma ya kasance ƙwararren mai bincike a fagen, ya mai da hankali ga yanayin tsarin, kuma bai yi shiru ba game da lurarsa. Bugu da kari, Stukeley yayi rami da yawa kuma ya lura da muhimman bayanai da yawa.
7. Tuni a cikin karni na 19, Stonehenge ya kasance sanannen wuri don yawon buɗe ido na ƙasa da kuma wasan motsa jiki. Sir Edmund Antrobus, wanda ya mallaki ƙasar a kusa da megalith, an tilasta shi yin hayar, a cikin lafazin yau, masu gadi don kiyaye oda. Dangane da dokar Ingilishi, ba shi da ikon hana izinin zuwa Stonehenge daga waje (tuna yadda Jerome K. Jerome ya yi ba'a alamun da ke hana izinin ko'ina a cikin labarin Maza Uku a cikin Jirgin ruwa, Ba tare da Kare ba). Kuma masu gadin ba su taimaka sosai ba. Sun yi ƙoƙari don shawo kan masu sauraro don kar su ƙone gobara, ba zubar da datti ba kuma yankan manyan abubuwa daga duwatsu. An hukunta masu laifi sosai ta hanyar rubuta suna da adireshinsu. Maimakon haka, suna da adireshin da suka kira - babu batun katin shaida a lokacin. A cikin 1898, Sir Edmund I ya mutu, kuma ya gaji ƙasar ta Sir Edmund II, ɗan wa ga mamacin. Matashi Antrobus ya killace Stonehenge dama daga jemage kuma ya cajin kuɗin shiga. Masu sauraro sun yi takaici, amma druids sun shiga tsakani, suna la'akari da Stonehenge Wuri Mai Tsarki. Har ilayau, bisa ga dokoki, babu wanda ke da ikon hana masa damar zuwa wuraren ibada. Wato, wani saurayi da ya zo Stonehenge tare da wata yarinya a hannunsa da kwandon yawon buɗe ido, don samun izinin shiga kyauta, ya isa ya bayyana wa minista cewa shi duru ne. Cikin matsanancin rashi, Antrobus ya ba gwamnati damar siyan Stonehenge da hekta 12 na ƙasa a kusa da fam dubu 50 - akwai filin jirgin sama da filin kera bindigogi kusa da su, me zai hana a faɗaɗa su? Gwamnati ta ki amincewa da irin wannan yarjejeniyar. Antrobus Jr. ya tafi Yaƙin Duniya na andaya kuma ya mutu a can, bai bar magada ba.
8. A cikin Stonehenge, wasan karshe na littafin tatsuniyar Thomas Hardy mai suna "Tess of the D'Urberville". Babban halayen, wanda ya aikata kisan, da mijinta Claire suna kokarin tserewa daga hannun ‘yan sanda. Sun yi yawo a kudancin Ingila, suna kwana a cikin dazuzzuka da gidaje marasa kowa. Sun yi tuntuɓe akan Dutse kusan cikin duhu, suna jin ɗayan duwatsu a cikin da'irar waje. Dukansu Tess da Claire suna ɗaukar Stonehenge a matsayin wurin sadaukarwa. Tess yana bacci akan Altarstone. Da dare, ‘yan sanda sun kewaye Tess da mijinta. Jira, bisa bukatar mijinta, Tess ta farka, suka kama ta.
9. An fito dashi a shekarar 1965, littafin "Deciphered Stonehenge" na Gerald Hawkins "a zahiri ya lalata duniyar masanan da masu binciken ma'adanan. Ya zama cewa sun kasance suna rikicewa game da tatsuniyar Stonehenge tsawon shekaru da yawa, sannan kuma ba ɗan ƙwarewa, har ma Ba'amurke, sun karɓe shi kuma sun yanke shawara komai! A halin yanzu, duk da kurakurai da yawa, Hawkins ya zo da wasu ra'ayoyin da ba za a iya musantawa ba. A cewar Hawkins, tare da taimakon duwatsu da ramuka na Stonehenge, zai yiwu a yi hasashen ba wai kawai lokacin ƙudura ba, har ma da fitowar rana da wata. Don yin wannan, ya zama dole a matsar da duwatsu tare da ramuka a cikin wani tsari. Tabbas, wasu maganganun Hawkins basu cika daidai ba, amma gabaɗaya, ka'idarsa, ta tabbatar da lissafin kwamfuta, tana da jituwa da daidaito.
10. Jajircewa da Hawkins yayi, Turawan ingila sun nemi shahararren masanin tauraron dan adam kuma, a lokaci guda, marubucin tatsuniyoyin kimiyya Fred Hoyle ya sanya matakin a wurin. Hoyle a wancan lokacin yana da babban iko na kimiyya. Shi ne ya fara amfani da kalmar "Big Bang" don bayyana asalin duniya. Hoyle, a wurin bashi, bai "cika umarni ba", amma ya rubuta nasa aikin, wanda a ciki ba kawai ya tabbatar ba, har ma ya ƙara lissafin Hawkins. A cikin "Decoded Stonehenge," Hawkins ya bayyana wata hanya ta tsinkaya kusufin watan, amma wasu kusufin ba su faɗi ƙarƙashin wannan hanyar ba. Hoyle, wanda ya dan rikita hanyar motsa duwatsu tare ramuka, ya juya cewa mutanen zamanin da zasu iya yin hasashen hatta wadannan kusufin da ba a iya gani a wannan yankin na Duniya.
11. Wataƙila Stonehenge shine kyauta mafi ɓarna a tarihi. A cikin 1915 (ee, waye yaƙin, kuma ga wa da Stonehenge), kuri'a, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "wuri mai tsarki don kiyayewa da bautar Rana" Cecil Chubb ne ya saye shi a gwanjo. An haife shi a cikin dangin marayu a wani kauye da ba shi da nisa da Stonehenge, amma ya iya, kamar yadda suke fada, ya kutsa cikin mutane, kuma ya zama lauya mai nasara. A cikin rayuwar iyali, Chubb ya yi nasara kasa da fikihu - ya je gwanjo ne bisa bukatar matar sa, wanda ta aike shi ya sayi labule ko kujeru. Na tafi dakin da ba daidai ba, na ji labarin Stonehenge, na siye shi kan, 6,600 tare da farashin farawa na 5,000. Mary Chubb ba ta da wahayi daga kyautar. Shekaru uku bayan haka, Chubb ya ba da Stonehenge ga gwamnati kyauta, amma da sharadin cewa shigar da druids zai zama kyauta, kuma Birtaniyya ba za ta biya sama da shilling 1 ba. Gwamnati ta amince kuma ta cika alkawarinta (duba tabbaci na gaba).
12. Kowace shekara a ranar 21 ga Yuni, Stonehenge na shirya bikin kide-kide don girmama lokacin bazara, wanda ke jan hankalin dubun-dubatar mutane. A cikin 1985, an hana bikin saboda halayen da bai dace ba na masu sauraro. Koyaya, sannan Gidauniyar Gado ta Burtaniya, wacce ke kula da Stonehenge, ta yanke shawarar cewa ba shi da amfani a rasa ribar. An ci gaba da bikin tare da tikitin shiga na £ 17.5 tare da £ 10 don motar bas daga biranen da ke kusa.
13. Tun daga shekara ta 2010, an gudanar da wani bincike na yau da kullun game da kusancin Stonehenge. An samo dutse 17 da gine-ginen katako, kuma an sami kaburbura da kaburbura da dama. Tare da taimakon magnetometer, kilomita daga “babban” Stonehenge, an sami ragowar ƙaramin kwafin katako. Wataƙila, waɗannan binciken sun tabbatar da zaton cewa Stonehenge shine babbar cibiyar addini, wani nau'in Vatican na Zamanin Tagulla.
14. Manyan duwatsu na katangar waje da kayan ciki - sarsens - an sanya su kusa - kilomita 30 arewa daga Stonehenge akwai babban tarin manyan duwatsu da kankara ya kawo. A can, an sassare maɓuɓɓugan da suka kamata daga cikin tubalan. An riga an goge su a wurin ginin. Yin jigilar bulokan masu nauyin tan 30 ya kasance mai wahala, musamman ma idan aka basu wurin da babu karko. Mai yiwuwa, an jawo su tare da rollers daga rajistan ayyukan da aka yi, kuma, daga rajistan ayyukan. Za a iya yin wani ɓangare na hanyar tare da Kogin Avon. Yanzu ya zama mara kyau, amma shekaru 5,000 da suka wuce, lokacin da shekarun kankara suka ja baya kwanan nan, Avon zai iya zama cikakke. Jirgin dusar ƙanƙara da kankara sun zama masu kyau, amma bincike ya nuna cewa canjin yanayi ya kasance mara kyau a lokacin.
15. Ya fi wahalar tunanin jigilar duwatsu masu shuɗi. Sun fi sauƙi - kimanin tan 7 - amma filin nasu yana kudu da Wales, kimanin kilomita 300 a cikin layin da ya dace daga Stonehenge. Hanyar mafi guntu mafi tsayi ta ƙara nisan zuwa kilomita 400 Amma a nan yawancin hanyoyin ana iya yin su ta teku da kogi. Yankin gefen hanya kilomita 40 ne kawai. Zai yuwu an kawo shudayen shudayen ne ta hanyar da ake kira Stonehenge Road daga Bluhenge, wani dadadden megalith ne wanda aka yi shi da shudayen duwatsu da aka sa a ƙasa. A wannan yanayin, kafadar isar zai kasance kilomita 14 ne kawai. Koyaya, isar da kayan gini mai yuwuwa yana buƙatar ƙarin aiki fiye da ainihin ginin Stonehenge.
16. Hanyar shigar sarsens, da alama, yayi kama da wannan. An ja dutsen zuwa ramin da aka riga aka haƙa. Yayin da aka daga dutsen da igiyoyi, sai karshensa ya zame cikin ramin. Sannan ramin an rufe shi da ƙasa da ƙananan duwatsu kuma an yi masa tamped. An daga gicciye tare da taimakon dutsen da aka yi da katako. Wannan yana buƙatar adadi mai yawa na katako, amma da wuya a ɗaga sama da yawa a lokaci guda yayin gini.
17. Yana da wuya fiye da mutane dubu 2 - 3 suka tsunduma cikin ginin Stonehenge a lokaci guda. Da fari dai, yawancinsu babu inda zasu juya. Abu na biyu, yawan mutanen Ingila gaba daya an kiyasta su kusan 300,000. Don isar da duwatsu, wataƙila, sun shirya gajeren tattarawa a lokacin da babu aikin filin. Gerald Hawkins ya kiyasta cewa ya ɗauki kwanaki miliyan 1.5 don gina Stonehenge. A cikin 2003, wani rukuni na mai binciken kayan tarihi Parker Pearson ya gano wani ƙauye ƙauye mai nisan kilomita 3 daga Stonehenge. Gidajen an kiyaye su sosai. Nazarin Radiocarbon ya nuna cewa an gina su ne tsakanin 2,600 da 2,500 BC. - dai dai lokacin da ake kammala ginin dutsen Stonehenge. Gidajen ba su dace da rayuwa ba - sun kasance kamar gidajen kwanan mutane, inda mutane kan zo su kwana ne kawai. A cikin duka, ƙungiyar Pearson ta haƙa kimanin gidaje 250 waɗanda za su iya ɗaukar mutane 1,200. Masanin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi da kansa ya ba da shawarar cewa zai yiwu a matse ninki biyu cikin su. Abu mafi mahimmanci shine cewa an samo ƙasusuwa tare da ragowar nama, amma babu alamun tattalin arziki: rumbuna, rumbuna, da dai sauransu. Mai yiwuwa, Parker ya gano gidan kwanan dalibai na farko a duniya.
18. Sababbin hanyoyin binciken gawarwakin mutane sun bayyana cikakken abin mamaki - mutane daga ko'ina cikin Turai sun zo Stonehenge. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga haƙoran, enamel ɗin sa, kamar yadda ya juya, ya tattara dukkanin yanayin rayuwar ɗan adam. Haka Peter Parker, bayan gano ragowar mutane biyu, ya yi mamakin sanin cewa sun fito ne daga gabar Bahar Rum. Ko bayan shekaru 3,000, irin wannan tafiyar ba mai sauƙi ba ce kuma mai haɗari. Daga baya, an gano ragowar mutanen da aka haifa a cikin ƙasar Jamus da Switzerland ta zamani. A halaye, kusan duk "baƙi" suna da munanan raunuka ko nakasa. Wataƙila a Stonehenge sun yi niyyar warkar ko sauƙaƙa wahalar da suke sha.
19. Shahararren Stonehenge ba za a iya bayyana shi a cikin kwafi, kwaikwayo da kuma abubuwan kirki ba. A Amurka, an ƙirƙiri kwafin shahararren megalith na duniya daga motoci, ɗakunan tarho, jiragen ruwa da kuma firiji. Mark Kline ne ya gina mafi kyawun kwafin. Ba wai kawai yayi kwafin duwatsu na Stonehenge ba ne daga fadada polystyrene, amma kuma ya sanya su a daidai daidai yadda aka shigar dasu a cikin asalin hadadden. Don hana tubalan iska ta kwashe su, Kline ta dasa su a kan bututun karfe da aka tono a kasa. Lokacin shigarwa, Ba'amurke ya nemi shawara tare da jagororin yawon shakatawa na asalin Stonehenge.
20. A shekarar 2012, masana ilimin kimiyyar tarihi na Burtaniya sun binciki dukkan duwatsun Stonehenge ta hanyar amfani da na'urar daukar hoto ta 3D. Yawancin ganimar su kayan zane ne na zamani - har zuwa ƙarshen 1970s, baƙi damar karɓar duwatsu, kuma a farkon karni na 20 galibi suna yin hayan ginging. Koyaya, daga cikin alamun ɓarnata a cikin hotunan, ya yiwu a ga zane-zane na dā, galibi wanda ke nuna gatari da adda, wanda yake shi ne irin fasahar dutsen wancan lokacin a duk Turai.Abin mamaki ga masu binciken kayan tarihi, ɗayan slabs ya ƙunshi rubutun mutum wanda, ba tare da yage bangon ba, ya ba da sunansa ba kawai cikin Ingilishi ba, har ma da tsarin gine-ginen duniya. Labari ne game da Sir Christopher Rene. Ya zama cewa fitaccen masanin lissafi, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, amma, sama da duka, mai tsara ginin (har ma akwai tsarin gine-gine da ake kira "Rena classicism"), babu abin da ɗan adam ma baƙonsa.
