Yana da wahala ka yi tunanin mataimakan mutane sun fi dawakai kwalliya. Zasu iya daukar mutane da kayayyaki, taimakawa taimakawa gona da girbi, bada nama da madara, fata da ulu. Mutum ya fara yin ba tare da dawakai ba ne kawai a cikin rabin karnin da ya gabata, ya musanya abokai masu ƙafa huɗu da motocin da ba sa buƙatar ko dawa ko kaunar mai shi.
Doki wani nau'in halitta ne mai karancin shekaru, kuma wannan dabbar tana rayuwa da mutum kwanan nan. Duk da haka, dawakai sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban ɗan adam. Mutane sun kara fito da sabbin ayyuka da nauyi a kansu, kuma dawakai sun jure su daidai.
An jaddada rawar doki a cikin rayuwar mutane ta ambaton al'adu. Dawakai haruffa ne a cikin zane-zane da ayyukan adabi. Sunaye da yawa na dawakai sun zama sunaye na gida, kamar yadda suke da kalmomin gama gari da yawa kamar "workhorse" ko "lafiyayyen bitug". Akwai karin magana da maganganu game da dawakai. Kuma har yanzu, idan kuna da sha'awa, koyaushe kuna iya koyon wani abu wanda ba a san shi sosai game da dawakai ba.
1. Inda kuma yaushe dawakai suka fara zama dabbobi ba'a sani ba. Tabbas, babu wani daga cikin masana kimiyya da zai iya amsa wannan magana kai tsaye. Binciken zamani ta hanyar amfani da nasarorin burbushin halittu, binciken DNA da dubunnan burbushin halittu na kakanni da samfurin dawakai bai tabbatar da komai ba. Analogs na dawakai na zamani, wataƙila sun rayu a Amurka kuma sun yi ƙaura zuwa Eurasia a ƙetaren mashigar, wanda yanzu ya raba Bering Strait. Amma akasin haka ma yana iya yiwuwa - huskies sun ƙaura daga Eurasia zuwa Amurka, me yasa dawakai suka fi muni? Ko irin wannan bayanin: “An mallaki dawakai ko dai shekaru dubu 5 ko 6 da suka wuce. Ya faru a wani wuri tsakanin Dniester da Altai ”. Idan ka kalli taswira, to "tsakanin Dniester da Altai" akwai rabin nahiya tare da kewayen yanayi da yanayi daban-daban. Wato, a kimiyance, ana iya hawan doki da daidaito daidai a cikin tsaunuka, stepes, hamada, rabin hamada, gauraye dazuzzuka da taiga. Amma binciken kimiyya bashi da mahimmanci don irin wannan bayanin.
2. Aikin farko da ya rage akan dawakai, kiwonsu da kula dasu - "Yarjejeniyar Kikkuli". An lakafta shi ne bayan marubucin kuma an samo shi a farkon ƙarni na 20 akan yankin ƙasar Turkiya ta zamani. Rubutun akan allunan laka an rubuta shi da rubutun Hittite, ma'ana, ana iya kwanan shi zuwa 1800 - 1200 BC. e. Yin la'akari da rubutu, Kikkuli gogaggen mai kiwon dawaki ne. Ba wai kawai ya bayyana ainihin horar da dawakai bane, har ma da irin abincin da suke ci, yadda ake shafa su, da kayan aikin bargo da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi kwalliya. Hittiyawa sun ji daɗin rubutun - an haɗa shi a cikin ɗakin karatu na masarauta. 'Yar dokin Australiya Anne Nyland ta gwada hanyar horas da dawakai ta Kikkuli kuma ta yi tasiri ga dawakan dawakai.
3. Dawakai sune 'yan acorn. Dawakai suna son ɗanɗanar 'ya'yan itacen ɓaure sosai don haka ba za su iya daina cin su ba. Kuma tannins da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin acorn suna da lahani a hanta dokin, kuma dokin ya mutu da sauri. A cikin daji, dawakin daji da itacen oak galibi ba sa rayuwa a kusa, amma masifu suna faruwa a wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa. A shekara ta 2013, a Ingila, a cikin Dajin Kasa na Sabon Daji, gwanayen kiwo da yawa kyauta suka mutu. Dalilin mutuwa shine “girbin” babban itacen oak. A cikin shekaru na al'ada, aladu na daji da ke zaune a gandun dajin ƙasar suna cin katako kuma sun hana ƙosasoshin kai musu. Amma a cikin 2013 akwai katako da yawa waɗanda, da rashin alheri, sun "isa" don rabon ƙananan dawakai.
4. Sarkin Rome Nero ya kasance "kore". A'a, bai yi yaƙi da carbon dioxide ba kuma bai kare nau'ikan dabbobi masu yawa ba. "Nero" ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar "kore" fan fan. Waɗannan magoya bayan sun kasance suna tsere don gasar tseren dawakai a kan wani katafaren hippodrome da ake kira "Circus Maximus", kuma launin ƙungiyar tufafinsu ya sanya ƙungiyar su. A hankali, mahalarta, waɗanda magoya bayan "launuka" masu launin fata suke, sun fara sanya tufafinsu na launuka masu dacewa. Da farko, kungiyoyin sun fafata a junan su a sansanin karfi da yaji, sannan suka fara juyawa zuwa wani karfi da yan siyasa zasu iya amfani dashi don biyan bukatun su.
5. Kayan doki ya dade ba cikakke ba. Misali, koda a Girka ta dā da tsohuwar Rome, ba su san abin wuya ba. Yin amfani da karkiya maimakon abin wuya ya rage “rawanin-zuwa-nauyi” na doki sau huɗu. Kuma irin wannan firamare, da alama, kayan ɗamara ne, kamar masu motsawa (ƙafafu sun tsaya akansu), sun bayyana a kusan ƙarni na 5 AD. Gaskiyar cewa farkon shaidar kasancewar fitinar ya samo asali ne daga karni na 6 miladiyya. e., yana lalata matsayin masana tarihi "na gargajiya" a tattaunawa tare da masu goyon bayan wasu juyi. Ba tare da motsawa ba, duk wanda ya gwada wannan hawan mai haɗari zai tabbatar, yana da matukar wuya a tsaya kawai a cikin sirdin. Babu batun tsalle-tsalle, yaƙe-yaƙe har ma da rikodin farko na samuwar. Sabili da haka, duk labarai game da armada na dubun dubatan dawakai masu nauyi kamar alama almara ce. Hujjar da ta haifar da rikice-rikice sun zama gama gari cewa babu wanda ya ambata su ma ba ya aiki. A cikin tsohuwar Rome, lokacin da ake gina hanyoyi, yakamata a sanya dogayen duwatsu a gefen hanya a wasu wurare - ba tare da irin wannan tallafi ba, mahayi kawai ba zai iya hawa cikin sirdin ba. Za a sami damuwa - ba za a buƙaci waɗannan duwatsu ba.
6. Destrie, hakika, hakne, palefroy da sauran sunaye da za'a iya samu a littattafai game da Zamanin Zamani ba sunaye bane na nau'in dawakai. Waɗannan sune sunayen nau'in doki bisa tsarin mulki. Wararrun masu kiwo da sauri sun ƙaddara don dalilin da dabbar za ta fi dacewa lokacin da ta girma. An yi wa Destrie kitse kuma an horar da shi a karkashin sirdin wani jarumi a fagen daga, tafarkin ya yi daidai da motocin fada na yanzu - a kansu mayakan suka isa fagen daga, kuma a can aka sauya musu wurin zuwa. Hakne dawakai ne na baƙauye, marasa ƙarfi, amma marasa wayewa. Palefroy dawakai ne masu wahala don dogon tafiya. Zaɓin gaskiya tare da kiwo na nau'in doki ya fara ne a yayin juyin juya halin masana'antu, lokacin da ake buƙatar dawakai masu ƙarfi don masana'antu, kuma girman su, rashin fa'ida da santsi na motsi ya daina taka rawa.
7. Majalisar Iceland tana dauke da tsohuwar majalisar wakilai a kasashen Turai - an zabi farkonta a 930. Zuriya daga cikin Vikings sun zaɓi junan su, amma waɗanda suka fi kowa wadata ne kawai suka iya jigila daga Scandinavia ba kawai kayan abinci da kayan gida ba, har ma da dawakai. Don kiyaye wannan halin, Althingi ya hana shigo da dawakai a cikin 982. Dokar tana aiki har yanzu, kuma a cikin Iceland, inda zai yiwu, ana sa garkunan microhorses, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu ya girma zuwa 130 cm a busassun.
8. Duk da cewa galibi ana bayyana sha'awa ga iyawar dawakai da labarai game da alaƙa ta musamman tsakanin doki da mahayi ko doki da mai shi, kyakkyawan - a fahimtar doki - halayyar shi a tsakanin mutanen "wayewa" ba safai ba ne. Don dawakan da aka horar da su a cikin sutura, an saka “baƙin ƙarfe” a cikin bakin, tsarin ɓangarorin ƙarfe wanda ke matsawa a kan murɗa, leɓe, haƙori da harshe, tilasta su su yi wasu ayyuka. Dawakai masu tsere sun gaji da horo kuma an cika su da doping (da alama akwai faɗa tare da shi, amma wannan yaƙin ya fi na masu fafatawa fiye da lafiyar dabbobi). Koda ga waɗancan dawakai waɗanda yan koran ke tafiya, tafiyar awa ɗaya babban nauyi ne. Makomar dawakan sojoji abin fahimta ne - sun mutu cikin ɗaruruwan dubbai har ma da ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe. Amma har a lokacin zaman lafiya, ana yi wa dawakai ba'a da sha'awar da ta dace da mafi kyawun amfani. A cikin yanayin zamani don launi "a cikin apples" an ƙirƙiri waɗannan tuffa iri ɗaya tare da taimakon konewa - maimaitawa - tare da acid. Dawakai sun yanke hancin hancinsu - akwai salon ga fasali na musamman na hancin hanu, kuma an yi amannar kofofin dawakai suna iya shan iska sosai ta wannan hanyar. An inganta fasalin kunnuwa ta hanyar yanke su, kuma an ɓoye shekaru ta hanyar haƙo haƙoran da keɓaɓɓe na musamman. Kuma hoton makiyaya na alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutum da doki an bayyana ta haƙurin ban mamaki na ƙarshen. Idan doki ya nuna zafi, to wannan zafin ba zai yiwu a gare shi ba, kusan mutuwa.
9. Ra'ayin ya shahara sosai cewa irin dawakan larabawa shine mafi daraja da dadadden tarihi. Amma, misali, ba a ambaci dawakai kwata-kwata a cikin Alqurani ba. Larabawan da ke zaune a yankin Larabawa ba su da dawakai. Hatta sojojin haya na Larabawa na Sarki Xerxes sun hau rakuma. Amma tare da musuluntar da dokinsa, dabbobin da suka zo yankin Larabawa daga Tsakiya da Yammacin Asiya sun sami ci gaba sosai kuma sun cancanci samun shahara a duniya. Su ma Turawa sun ba da nasu kason. A tsakanin ƙarni na 18 - 19, Larabawa a Turai ana ɗaukarsu a kan gaba, kuma an gauraya da jininsu a cikin kowane irin. Tasirin gefen - ragin tsawo zuwa 150 cm - an lura da wuri sosai.
10. Abin da muke kira “yaƙi da bijimi” ɗayan ire-iren gasar ne tsakanin sa da mutum, fadan Spain. Kuma akwai kuma fafatawa ta Fotigal. A Fotigal, ɗan wasan bijimi yana aiki tare da sa, yana zaune a kan doki a cikin sirdi na musamman - a la zhineta. Matsayin doki a fafatawar da ake yi da Fotigal yana da matukar ban mamaki - ɗan damben Fotigal ba shi da ikon kai hari da farko. Saboda haka, dokinsa dole ne ya yi rawa da rawa ta yadda zai tsokano bijimin. Kuma wannan ba duka bane! Mai fafutikar sa zai iya cutar da bijimin kawai don kare kansa. Manufar duel ita ce ta narkar da bijimin ya faɗi. Bayan karshen fadan, ko dai a yanka bijimin a gaban jerin gwanon masu ba da hutun da ke da niyyar yin naman layya a cibiyoyinsu, ko kuma, a game da sansanin soja na musamman, wanda aka aika zuwa ga kabilar.
11. Nunin Ba'amurke na yanzu wanda ake kira "rodeo" galibi ana sanya shi a matsayin farfado da kyakkyawar tsohuwar ƙwarewar ado da dawakan daji - mustangs. Koyaya, wannan ba komai bane. Adadin mustang na ainihi ya kasance ga mutane ƙalilan waɗanda ba kawai suna da ƙarfin iya doki doki ba, amma kuma sun san yadda za a sami kusanci ga dabba. Abinda yanzu aka wuce dashi a matsayin sutura shine lalata da yaudara. Duk wannan tsinanniyar tsinanniyar jakar da ke jefawa cikin filin wasan ba ta da alaƙa da halayen dabba. Abin sani kawai doki, wani lokaci kafin wasan kwaikwayon, an ja shi da ƙarfi tare da igiya a cikin abin da ya bambanta shi da marainiyar. Kuma kafin fitarsu, suma sun ja wannan igiyar da ƙarfi. Duk sauran abubuwan halayen dabba ne ga mummunan azaba daga saurin jini zuwa sassan jiki.
12. A cikin duniyar gasa, ra'ayin mutum game da musafiha guda shida ya zama kamar ba'a: yi tunani, duk mutane sun san juna bayan musafiha shida! Duk waɗannan masanan da suka saba da duniya a cikin musafiha a zamanin tseren Ingilishi suna kan dawakai ne, sun fito ne daga dawakai uku da aka haifa a tsakiyar ƙarni na 18: Heroda (1758), Eclipse (1764) da Matcham (1648).
13. Dawakai sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar nishaɗi. Abubuwan farko na carousels sun kasance masu kwaikwayon mahaya. Sun kasance a kan dawakai na katako, an ɗora su a kan dandamali zagaye, kuma an horar dasu don buge maƙallin da mashi a kan tafiya. Carousels na farko sune, tabbas, dawakai. Circus na farko, wanda uba da ɗa Astleys suka kirkira a tsakiyar karni na 18 a Ingila, ya dogara ne akan wasan dawakai. Duk sauran masu wasan circus ana amfani dasu ne kawai don bawa dawakai hutu. Tsarin 24-fim din ya bayyana ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a 1872 gwamnan jihar California ta Amurka Leland Stanford ya yanke shawarar tabbatar da cewa lokacin da ake tsalle-tsalle, duk kafafun doki wani lokaci sukan daga kasa a lokaci guda. Abokinsa Edward Muybridge ya sanya kyamarori 24 a tsayi, yana ɗaura ƙofofinsu da zaren da aka miƙa a kan hanya. Dawakin da ke tafiya ya yaga zaren - kyamara ta yi aiki. Wannan shine yadda fim na farko ya bayyana. Magoya bayan 'yan'uwan Lumière ba sa bukatar yin jayayya - gwarzon fim na Faransa na farko ya kasance dokin doki. Koyaya, motsiwar dokin ba shi da tasiri, don haka don nunin farko na ƙirƙirar su, 'yan'uwan Lumiere sun zaɓi fim ɗin "Zuwan Jirgin Kasa".
14. Bangaren Tekun Atlantika tsakanin 30 zuwa 35 yayi daidai da arewacin latitude wani lokaci ana kiransa masu jirgi a matsayin "daidaitaccen yanayin latitude". A cikin waɗannan latitude, tsayayyun anticyclones suna yawan zuwa lokacin rani - manyan fadada natsuwa. Jirgin ruwan da yake tafiya daga Turai zuwa Amurka yana da haɗarin makalewa a waɗannan mashigar har tsawon makonni. Idan wannan ya faru, karancin ruwa ya zama mai mahimmanci. A wannan halin, an watsar da dawakan da aka kai su zuwa Sabuwar Duniya - a kan dawakan sun mutu da sauri ba tare da ruwa ba. Ko da an haifi almara cewa yawan waɗannan dabbobin sun fara sabuntawa a cikin Amurka mara dawakai tare da irin waɗannan dawakan da aka watsar waɗanda suka sami damar zuwa bakin teku.
15. Shahararren mai nasara Fernando Cortez a shekara ta 1524 ya tashi daga yankin Mexico ta yanzu don bincika sabbin ƙasashe, kusan zuwa yankin Honduras na zamani. Tuni kan hanyar dawowa, daya daga cikin dawakan raunin da ya keɓe ya sami rauni a ƙafarsa. Cortez ya bar shi tare da shugaban yankin, yana mai alƙawarin komawa dabbobin. Indiyawan sun fi tsoron dawakai fiye da fararen fata, don haka El Morsillo - wannan laƙabi ne na dokin da ba a yi sa'a ba - aka bi shi da girmamawa sosai. An ciyar da shi musamman soyayyen nama da fruitsa fruitsan otica exan itace. Irin wannan abincin, ba shakka, da sauri ya aika El Morsillo zuwa aljanna ta doki. Indiyawan da suka tsorata sun yi kwatankwacin girman doki kuma sun yi ƙoƙari ta kowace hanya don faranta mata rai. A cikin 1617, sufaye, waɗanda suka isa Amurka don ɗauke da Maganar Allah, sun farfasa gunkin, kuma bayan haka da kyar suka sami damar ficewa daga Indiyawan da ke fushin sakatariya. Kuma an ajiye ragowar doki a gidajen ibadar Indiya a ƙarni na 18.
16. Dawakai suna da nasu mura, wanda ke gudana tare da alamomin guda ɗaya kamar na mura na mutane - dabbobi na haifar da zazzaɓi kuma suna yin rauni, dawakai suna fama da tari, hanci da kuma atishawa. A shekarar 1872 - 1873 wani rikicin tattalin arziki ya barke a kasar Amurka saboda cutar mura. Mura ta shafi kashi uku bisa huɗu na dukkan dawakai, kuma duk harkokin sufuri a ƙasar sun shanye. A lokaci guda, yawan mace-mace, ko da gwargwadon matsakaicin kimantawa, ya kasance mafi yawansu 10%. Kuma sannan yawancin wannan lambar an yi ta ne da dawakai, wanda, bisa ga karin maganar Rasha, ya mutu daga aiki. Dabbobin da suka raunana ba za su iya aiki da ƙarfi ba kuma sun mutu daidai cikin kayan.
17. Daya daga cikin wadanda aka fi so da Catherine II kuma mai yuwuwar kisan Peter III, Alexei Orlov, an san shi ba kawai don shiga cikin canjin masarauta ba, nasara a yakin Chesme da sace Gimbiya Tarakanova. Orlov ya kasance mai son kiwon doki. A gidansa kusa da Voronezh, ya yi kiwon gorar Orlov da irin dawakin Rasha. An sayi wanda ya kirkirar nau'in trotter, Smetanka, kan farashi dubu 60,000. Babu ma'ana don kwatanta farashin Smetanka tare da dawakai na yau da kullun, waɗanda wakilai masu tsada ke siyar da dubun dubatan rubles. Anan ga hoton kwatankwacin: a shekarar da aka sayi dutsen, duk masana'antar kiwo a cikin Rasha ta karɓi 25,000 rubles. A lokaci guda, dawakan jihohi ba su zauna ba tare da ciyawa da hatsi ba, mahayan dawakai sune mabuɗin nasarar sojojin, kuma Rasha ta yi ta fafata kusan ci gaba. Kuma a kan duk wannan tattalin arzikin na dubunnan shugabanni, da masu yi wa kasa hidima da shuwagabanni sun kashe kuɗi sau 2.5 a kowace shekara fiye da farashin tsayayyen mai martaba. Koyaya, farashin Smetanka sun sami cikakken kuɓuta. Ya fadi da sauri - ko dai kawai daga canjin yanayi, ko kuma ya fasa kansa a wani wurin shan ruwa (wanda kocin da aka manta da shi ya rataye kansa lokaci daya). Koyaya, daga cikin karusar, 4 maza da mata 1 suka rage. Kuma daga wannan ɗan ƙaramin kayan Orlov ya sami nasarar fitar da ɗari da yawa irin na nasara.
18. Mashahurin “troika” ɗan Rasha shine ƙirƙirar kwanan nan. Duk a cikin Turai da cikin Rasha, ko dai ɗayan amalankin ya hau ne, ko an haɗa ƙungiyoyin. "Troika" ta sami farin jini a farkon rabin karni na 19. Irin wannan kayan ɗamarar yana da matukar buƙata akan halayen dawakai da kuma ƙwarewar mai horarwa.Mahimmancin "troika" shi ne cewa dawakai na gefe, dogayen bulagu, ya kamata, kamar yadda yake, ɗaukar, tallafawa tushen, yana ba shi damar haɓaka saurin gaske. A wannan yanayin, dokin dokin dokin sukuwa yake, da dokin da aka ɗaura - a wani tsalle. "Troika" yayi irin wannan kyakkyawan ra'ayi ga baƙi wanda wakilan gwamnatin Soviet suka ba su sau da yawa yayin ziyarar su zuwa ƙasashen waje. Wani wakilin wata ƙasa ya bar Rasha a cikin troika, kuma ma'aikatansa sun yi tafiyar mil 130 a rana - saurin da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba ga Rasha a 1812. Labari ne game da Napoleon Bonaparte, wanda kawai "troika" kawai suka taimaka don tserewa daga bin hanyar Cossacks.
19. Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu galibi ana kiransa "yaƙin injiniyoyi" - sun ce, ba haka ba a Yaƙin Duniya na ,aya, lokacin da yawan dawakai ke tsada. Sojojin da kansu a cikin 1930s sun yi imanin cewa mahaya da amfani da dawakai a cikin tashin hankali, idan ba tsoffin ba, suna da kusanci da wannan. Amma sai yakin duniya na biyu ya zo, kuma ya zama ba tare da dawakai ba a yakin zamani, babu inda. A Tarayyar Soviet kadai, dawakai miliyan 3 ne suka yi fada. Adadin dawakai kwatankwacin suna cikin Wehrmacht, amma ga wannan lambar dole ne a ƙara mahayan dawakai na abokan Nazi da yawa. Kuma har yanzu babu wadatar dawakai da mahaya! Tare da duk aikin injiniya na sojojin Jamusawa, kashi 90% na dirkawa a ciki dawakai ne suka aiwatar dashi. Kuma janar-janar na Jamus sun dauki watsewar rabe-raben mahaya a matsayin babban kuskure.
20. Dawakai da yawa sun mutu a cikin yaƙin, amma kusan lalacewar da aka yi wa kiwon dawakin Soviet a cikin shekarun 1950. A karkashin jagorancin N. Khrushchev, sauye-sauye da yawa ana aiwatar da su a lokaci ɗaya wanda wasu lokuta sukan mamaye kuma suna ba da tasirin daidaitawa. Kamar yadda kuka sani, a cikin waɗancan shekarun sojoji sun ragu sosai kuma ba a tunani, an shuka masara kamar yadda take da ƙwazo da rashin tunani. Sojojin sun zama da sauri ba kawai ana buƙatar dubun dubatar jami'ai ba, har ma da mahayan dawakai - Nikita Sergeevich yana da makamai masu linzami. Dangane da haka, ba mutane kawai ba, har ma dawakai aka cire daga sojojin. Za a iya haɗa su wani ɓangare zuwa tsire-tsire masu kiwo, wani ɓangare na aikin gona - ƙwarewar garambawul a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da 21 ya nuna cewa har a lokacin akwai aikin dawakai a ƙauye. Amma dawakai, kamar yadda kuka sani, suna buƙatar ciyar da su da hatsi. Ba shi yiwuwa a ƙara daɗaɗa yankin da aka shuka don hatsi - har ma duk an riga an dasa gawawwakin tare da masara. Kuma an sanya dawakan a ƙarƙashin wuƙa. Haka ne, an tafi da su har ma mazauna wasu gonakin kiwo sun fada hannun masu zafi na masu kawo canji - an rufe wasu masana'antu.
