Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (1853 - 1921) ya kasance kuma har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Rasha waɗanda ba a raina su da gaske. Tolstoy, kuma bayan mutuwarsa, aikin marubuci ya rasa mahimmancin mutunci ga wallafe-wallafen zamanin juyin-juya hali. A yawancin ayyukan Korolenko, jarumai jarumai ne kawai ta fuskar adabi, kamar haruffa. Littattafan 1920s, har ma daga baya, suna buƙatar halaye daban-daban.
Koyaya, babu wanda zai iya ɗauke ayyukan V.G.Korolenko manyan fa'idodi biyu: kusan daidaito rayuwar hoto da yare mai ban mamaki. Hatta tatsuniyoyinsa sun fi kama da labarai game da rayuwa ta ainihi, kuma irin waɗannan ayyukan kamar "Siberian Essays and Stories" suna sauƙaƙa gaskiyar.
Korolenko ya yi rayuwa mai matukar wahala, ya yi hijira cikin ƙaura, zuwa ƙasashen waje, da gangan ya bar rayuwar rayuwar babban birni. Duk inda ya sami lokaci da kuzari don ya taimaki wasu, ya kula da kansa kaɗan. Kirkirar kansa, da rashin alheri, ya kasance abin sha'awa a gare shi: babu wasu ayyukan, zaku iya rubuta wani abu. Anan akwai halayyar halayya da mutum zai iya tantance zurfin tunani da yaren marubuci:
"Karanta mutumtaka kusan ruwa ne dangane da sararin duk nahiyoyin duniya. Kyaftin ɗin da ke tafiya a wannan ɓangaren kogin ya shahara sosai a wannan ɓangaren. Amma da zaran ya motsa 'yan mil kaɗan daga bakin teku ... Akwai wata duniya: kwaruruka masu faɗi, dazuzzuka, ƙauyuka da ke warwatse a kansu ... Sama da duk wannan iska da tsawar suna ta hayaniya da hayaniya, rayuwa tana ci gaba, kuma ba a taɓa samun sautunan yau da kullun irin wannan rayuwar ba gauraye da sunan kyaftin din mu ko "sanannen duniya" marubuci. "
1. Uba Korolenko ya kasance, don lokacinsa, mai gaskiya pathologically. A cikin 1849, a yayin garambawul na gaba, an naɗa shi alƙalin gunduma a cikin garin lardin. Wannan matsayin ya nuna, tare da wasu ƙwarewa, saurin canzawa zuwa alƙalai na lardin da ƙarin ci gaba. Koyaya, Galaktion Korolenko ya kasance a cikin matsayinsa har zuwa mutuwarsa. Vladimir ya tuna abin da ya faru bayan mahaifinsa ya yi ihu: “Saboda ku, na zama mai karɓar rashawa!” Mata marainiyar takaba tana karar karar a kan gado - an aurar da ita ga dan uwan marigayin. An bayyana irin waɗannan shari'o'in da yawa a cikin adabin Rasha - mai gabatar da kara yawanci ba ya haskakawa. Amma Korolenko Sr. ya yanke hukunci a kan mace, wanda nan da nan ya zama kusan mai arziki a gundumar. Alkalin ya ki amincewa da duk kokarin da aka yi na nuna godiyar ta kudi. Sai attajira mai arziki ta kalle shi lokacin da baya gida, ta kawo kyaututtuka masu yawa da yawa, kuma ta ba da umarnin a shigo da su gidan nan da nan. Akwai kyaututtuka da yawa da ba su da lokacin tarwatsa su a lokacin dawowar mahaifina - an bar yadudduka, kwanuka, da sauransu. Wani yanayi mai ban tsoro na yara ya biyo baya, wanda ya ƙare ne kawai da isowar keken, akan abin da suka fara loda kyaututtuka don dawowa. Amma karamar yarinya, da hawaye a idonta, ta ƙi rabuwa da babbar yar tsana da ta gada. A lokacin ne Korolenko, mahaifin, ya yi ihu da magana game da cin hanci, bayan haka abin kunya ya ƙare.
2. Vladimir yana da dattijo da kane da kanne mata biyu. Wasu 'yan uwa mata biyu sun mutu suna kanana. Irin wannan rayuwar yara ana iya ɗaukarsu abin al'ajabi - Galaktion Korolenko ya ciyar da ƙuruciyarsa don haka ba shi da ruɗu game da girmama mace. Sabili da haka, ya ɗauki yarinyar maƙwabcin ta a matsayin matar sa - uwargidan Vladimir Vladimir na gaba a lokacin aure bai kai shekara 14 da haihuwa ba. Bayan fewan shekaru bayan bikin auren, Korolenko Sr. ya kasance mahaukaci, kuma ciwon inna ya karye rabin jikinsa. Bayan bala'in, sai ya zauna, kuma Vladimir da kansa ya tuna da shi a matsayin mutum mai nutsuwa, mai son uwa. Babban halayen sa shine damuwa da lafiyar wasu. Ana sa masa kullun ko dai tare da man kifi, ko tare da sutura (maganin magani) don hannu, ko tare da masu tsabtace jini, ko tare da mashin ɗin allura, ko tare da maganin rashin lafiya ... bisa ka'ida dauke da kwayar maganin arsenic na homeopathic. Wannan bai shafi lafiyarsa ba ta kowace hanya, amma ra'ayoyin homeopathic na Galaktion Korolenko sun ƙaryata.
3. Karatun ayyukan Korolenko, yana da wuya a yi tunanin cewa shi da kansa ya koyi karatu daga littattafan Yaren mutanen Poland, ya yi karatu cikin yaren Polish a makarantar allo, yayin da yara ke yin magana a wajen aji ko dai Jamusanci ko Faransanci. Ilimin koyarwa ya kasance mai sauƙi har abin ya ba mu mamaki: waɗanda suka faɗi wata kalma ko magana a cikin “kuskuren” yare a wannan rana sun rataye wani faranti mai nauyi a wuyansu. Kuna iya kawar da shi - rataye shi a wuyan wani ɓataccen. Kuma, bisa ga hikimar magabata, an zartar da hukunci bisa ƙa'idar "Kaiton waɗanda aka ci!" A ƙarshen rana, ɗalibin da ke ɗauke da abin rubutu a wuyansa ya sami mummunan rauni a hannu tare da mai mulki.
4. Marubuci na farko a cikin dangin Korolenko shine babban yayan Vladimir Julian. Iyalin a lokacin suna zaune a Rovno, kuma Yulian ba zato ba tsammani ya aika zane-zane na lardin zuwa jaridar "Birzhevye Vedomosti", wanda aka fara bugawa. Vladimir ya sake rubuta abubuwan da dan uwansa yayi. Wannan "rubutun rai" ba kawai an buga shi ba, kowane lokaci yana aika lamba zuwa Julian, amma kuma ya biya kuɗaɗe masu yawa game da shi. Da zarar Julian ya karɓi canja wuri na 18 rubles, duk da cewa jami'ai sun karɓi 3 da 5 rubles kowane wata.
5. Ayyukan adabi na V. Korolenko ya fara ne tun yana dalibi a Cibiyar Fasaha. Koyaya, ana iya kiran aikinsa a cikin mujallar “Duniya ta Rasha” “adabi” maimakon sharaɗi - Korolenko ya rubuta “zane-zane na rayuwar lardin” don mujallar ba bisa ƙa’ida ba.
6. Bayan da ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta shekara guda kawai, Korolenko ya koma Moscow, inda ya shiga Kwalejin Petrovskaya. Duk da suna mai ƙarfi, cibiyar ilimi ce wacce ke ba da matsakaiciyar ilimi, galibi a cikin sana'o'in da ake nema. Abubuwan ɗabi'a a makarantar kyauta ne, kuma a can ne ɗalibi Korolenko ya sami gogewarsa ta farko ta faɗa da hukuma. Dalilin ba komai bane - an kama wani dalibi wanda yake cikin jerin wadanda ake nema. Koyaya, abokan aikinsa sun yanke shawara cewa irin waɗannan abubuwan akan yankin babbar makarantar ilimi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne, kuma Korolenko ya rubuta adireshi (roko) wanda a ciki ya kira gudanar da makarantar makarantar reshen gwamnatin jandarma ta Moscow. An kama shi kuma an aika shi ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yan sanda zuwa Kronstadt, inda mahaifiyar Vladimir take zaune a lokacin.
7. Abin takaici, ayyukan zamantakewar Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (1853 - 1921) sun mamaye ayyukan adabinsa. Anatoly Lunacharsky, tuni bayan da Bolsheviks suka ƙwace (ko, idan wani ya so, kwace) iko a Rasha bayan Gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya, ta ɗauki V. Korolenko a matsayin ɗan takarar da ya fi cancanta don gumin shugaban Soviet Soviet. Ga duk sha'awar Lunacharsky don daukaka, ra'ayinsa ya cancanci kulawa.
8. Wani gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, wayewar kan jama'a ta Rasha ta yi imanin cewa marubutan da ke raye, Tolstoy da Korolenko sun cancanci ambata. Wani wuri kusa, amma ƙasa, shine Chekhov, mafi girma na iya zama wasu matattu, amma babu wani mai rai da yake kusa da titans.
9. Gaskiya da rashin son kai na Korolenko an misalta shi da kyau game da labarin kotun girmamawa akan Alexei Suvorin, wanda ya faru a lokacin rani na 1899 a St. Petersburg. Suvorin ɗan jarida ne mai hazaka sosai kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya kasance na masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Kamar yadda yake faruwa sau da yawa, a cikin shekarun sa (a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru ya riga ya wuce shekaru 60) Suvorin ya sake yin la'akari da ra'ayin sa na siyasa - sun zama masu sarauta. Jama'a masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun ƙi shi. Sannan, a lokacin tashin hankalin ɗalibai na gaba, Suvorin ya buga wata kasida inda ya yi jayayya cewa zai fi kyau ɗalibai su yi karatun ta natsu fiye da tsoma baki cikin siyasa. Saboda wannan tawayen an kawo shi kotun girmamawa ta Unionungiyar Marubuta. Ya haɗa da V. Korolenko, I. Annensky, I. Mushketov da sauran marubuta da yawa. Kusan dukkan jama'a, gami da Suvorin da kansa, suna jiran hukuncin laifi. Koyaya, Korolenko ya sami nasarar shawo kan takwarorinsa cewa, duk da cewa labarin Suvorin bai musu dadi ba, amma yana fadin ra'ayinsa na sirri. Zaluncin Korolenko nan da nan ya fara. A daya daga cikin rokon, sa hannun 88 sun bukaci ya bar ayyukan jama'a da na adabi. Korolenko ya rubuta a wata wasika: "Idan ba 88, amma 88 880 mutane suna zanga-zanga, za mu" ci gaba da jajircewa ta gari "mu faɗi haka ..."
10. Vladimir Galaktionovich ya gani, saboda ayyukansa na ƙwarewa, lauyoyi da yawa, amma mafi girman ra'ayi a kansa shi ne bayar da shawarwarin mai martaba da ke gudun hijira Levashov. A lokacin da Korolenko yake zaman gudun hijira a Biserovskaya volost (yanzu shi ne yankin Kirov), ya koyi cewa ba wai kawai ba a dogara da siyasa ba, har ma da mutanen da ba su yarda da shi ba an fara korarsu cikin tsarin mulki. Levashov ɗa ne na attajiri wanda ya ɓata ran mahaifinsa game da maganganunsa a kan kusancin doka. Uba ya nemi a tura shi arewa. Saurayin, wanda ya sami tallafi mai kyau daga gida, ya juya tare da ƙarfin gaske. Daya daga cikin nishadi nasa shine wakiltar bukatun yan asalin yankin a kotu. Yayi jawabai marasa dadi wadanda suka yarda da laifin wanda yake karewa. Wadannan jawabai da mutanen Rasha sun fahimta da kalmomi biyu a cikin na uku, inda Votyakam. A ƙarshe, Levashov ya nemi kotu ta rage hukuncin saboda jinƙai. Alkalin yakan bada kai bori ya hau, kuma abokan harkan sun fashe da kuka a kirjin Levashov, godiya gare shi da ya cece shi wata mummunar ukubar.
11. A cikin 1902, tashin hankali manoma ya ɓarke a yankin Poltava. Tawaye ne irin na rashin hankali da rashin tausayi na Rasha: an lalata gidaje da ganima, an buge manajoji, an sa wa rumbunan wuta wuta, da dai sauransu. An yi saurin tayar da hankali ta hanyar bulala kawai. An gwada masu zugawar. Korolenko ya rigaya ya ji daɗin babban iko, kuma lauyoyin lauyoyin da aka gabatar gaban kotu sun shawarci a gidansa. Yawancin mamakin Korolenko, lauyoyin da suka zo daga manyan biranen ba za su yi aiki a gaban kotu ba. Suna son kawai su nuna babbar zanga-zangar adawa da rashin bin doka, shiga cikin jaridu, suna ƙin kare waɗanda ake tuhumar. Manyan masana na fikihu ba su damu da cewa manoma za su iya karɓar shekaru masu yawa na wahala ba. Da kyar da wahala, marubucin da lauyoyin Poltava suka yi nasarar shawo kan lauyoyin babban birnin don kada su tsoma baki a cikin aikin. Lauyoyin yankin sun kare kowane mai kare su bisa cancanta, ba tare da raunin siyasa ba, kuma har ma an kori wasu daga cikin manoman.
12. Bikin cika shekara 50 da haifuwa da shekaru 25 na ayyukan adabi na V. Korolenko ya rikide zuwa babban hutun al'adu a St. Petersburg. Matakansa suna bayyana ma'anar halayen marubuci da ayyukansa. Tuni a cikin Poltava, Korolenko ya karɓi tarin taya murna. A cikin babban birnin, duk da haka, taya murna da rubuce rubuce bai isa ba. Ya isa a faɗi cewa mujallu 11 da jaridu daban-daban da suka shafi maudu'i da ra'ayoyi na siyasa sun shiga cikin shirya tarukan biki da kide-kide.
13. Tsakanin Yaƙin Russo-Jafanawa da Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, ra'ayoyin kishin ƙasa na Korolenko ya karkata daga sha'awar kayar da mulkin tsarist a yakin farko zuwa cikakken goyon baya ga Rasha a karo na biyu. Saboda wannan, V.I Lenin ya soki marubucin sosai.
14. V. Korolenko ya kasance sananne da Azef da Nikolai Tatarov - biyu daga cikin manyan masu tayar da hankali na 'yan sanda daga cikin shugabannin jam'iyyar Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Ya sadu da Yevno Azef cikin yanci, kuma ya tsallaka hanyoyi tare da Tatarov a lokacin da yake gudun hijira a Irkutsk.
15. Bayan yawo cikin Siberiya baki daya cikin gudun hijira, Korolenko ya tabbatar wa kansa cewa ba zai rasa shi a cikin kowane yanayi ba. Kusa da yankin Turai na Rasha, ya ba mazauna yankin ƙwarewar gwanintar takalmi - shi da ɗan'uwansa sun yarda su ƙware da fasahohi iri-iri yayin da suke kyauta. A Yakutia, inda ba a buƙatar gwanin takalmin takalmin, ya zama manomi. Alkamar da aka nome shi tare da wasu ƙasashen budurwa da ke gudun hijira, ya ba da amfanin gona na 1:18, wanda hakan ba zai yiwu ba har ma ga yankunan Cossack na Don da Kuban.
16. marubucin ya rayu kusan shekaru 70, amma ya kirkiro ayyukan adabin shi mafi mahimmanci yayin abin da ake kira. "Nizhny Novgorod shekaru goma". A cikin 1885 Korolenko ya dawo daga gudun hijira. An ba shi izinin zama a Nizhny Novgorod. Vladimir Galaktionovich ya auri ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunarta ta Evdokia Ivanova, a zahiri ya yi watsi da ayyukansa na neman yancin ɗan adam kuma ya ɗauki adabi. Ta ba shi lada ninki ɗari - cikin sauri Korolenko ya zama ɗayan mashahuran marubuta da aka yaba a Rasha. Bayan haka komai ya tafi daidai: Petersburg, gyaran mujallu, gwagwarmayar siyasa, kare wulakanci da zagi, da sauransu har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1921.
17. Korolenko mutum ne mai hankali da nutsuwa, amma halin da ake ciki tsakanin masu wayewar kai da ma'abota kirkire-kirkire a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 - farkon ƙarni na 20 ya ba da damar bin ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a mai ban mamaki. Misali, a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1904, Vladimir Galaktionovich yayi magana a babban taron marubuta da shugabannin zemstvo da wani jawabin rufewa mai zafi. Yana son jawabin da kansa - a ɗaya daga cikin wasiƙun yana farin ciki da kira kai tsaye don kafa Tsarin Mulki na Rasha (kuma ƙasar tana yaƙi da Japan kwanakin nan). Marubucin kamar ya manta cewa a zahiri kwana uku da suka gabata ya keta yarjejeniya tare da sabon (maimakon Dmitry Pleve, wanda terroristsan ta'adda suka kashe) Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, Prince Svyatopolk-Mirsky, don alƙawari. Dalilin ziyarar ga ministan shine neman tabbatar da cewa ba a binciki batun mujallar "dukiyar Rasha" - ministan na iya bi umarnin kansa ya keta dokokin da ake da su. Tabbas, Korolenko ya yi wa ministan alƙawarin cewa za a buga ingantattun ayyuka da marubuta a cikin mujallar. Kuma bayan kwana uku shi da kansa ya yi kira ga Tsarin Mulki, ma’ana, canji a tsarin da ake da shi ...
18. Tare da dukkan girmamawa ga "Yaran Karkashin Kasa" da "Tatsuniyoyin Siberia" mafi fice aikin adabi na V. Korolenko, wataƙila yana da daraja a gane "Budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga Mashawarcin Jiha Filonov". An aika kansilan jihar, wanda Korolenko ya koma gareshi don murkushe tashin hankalin da ke faruwa a yankin Poltava, inda Korolenko ke zaune a wancan lokacin. Rokon da marubuci ya yi wa wakilin daya daga cikin manya-manyan mukamai a Rasha an rubuta shi ne a cikin yaren da, ta fuskar tsanani da daidaito, ya kawo daftarin kusa da ayyukan tsofaffin masu magana da Girka da Roman. Maimaitaccen karin magana "I" da "ku", wanda a bisa ƙa'ida, baƙon abu ga adabin Rasha, yana nuna zurfin ƙwarewar Korolenko a cikin yaren Rasha. Gaskiyar murya, marubucin ya yi imani, na iya dakatar da yaduwar mugunta (ɗan majalisar jihar Filonov, wanda Korolenko ya koma gare shi, ya rusa manoma na gaskiya da na kuskure, ya sa su a gwiwoyinsu a cikin dusar ƙanƙara na tsawon awanni, kuma bayan fara firgita a ƙauyen Sorochintsy, da Cossacks cikin firgici suka harbi taron). Wataƙila, "Harafi zuwa Filonov" da an yi karatunsa har yanzu a cikin darussan adabi, amma an aika mai azabtar da hukuncin Allah da hannu, wanda har yanzu ba a san shi ba. Nan take Filonov ya zama shahidi, kuma Mataimakin Duma na Jihar Shulgin ya bayyana Korolenko a matsayin masanin sarauta "marubuci mai kisa".
19. Kwarewar yakin neman zaben Duma na Vladimir Galaktionovich, a gefe guda, yana haifar da, daga tsayin shekarun shekarunmu da suka gabata, juyayi, kuma a dayan, don haka a yi magana, zurfin faduwar shekarunmu, girmamawa. Ba abin dariya ba ne a karanta yadda Korolenko da magoya bayansa suka shawo kan manoma su zabi ɗan takarar ɗalibi wanda bai dace da Duma ba bisa ƙa'ida, saboda zaɓen "cancanta" mai wahala (wanda ya zama dole a karanta shi a matsayin ɗan agrarian - an zaɓi wakilai bisa ga cikakken jerin ƙididdigar) shekara a yankin mahaifinsu.A gefe guda kuma, an bayyana fushin Korolenko game da korar wannan dalibin da duma ta lardin saboda wasu dalilai na yau da kullun wanda hakan ya sa mutum ya tuno da sanannun 'yan siyasar Rasha wadanda tun shekaru da yawa ba su kula da ayyukan rajistar a idanunsu ba.
20. V. Korolenko ya share shekarunsa na ƙarshe a rayuwa kusa da Poltava, inda ya sayi gida tuntuni. Ga marubucin, shekarun juyin juya hali da Yaƙin basasa sun haɗu zuwa kusan ci gaba da jerin rikice-rikice, damuwa da matsaloli. Abin farin, Reds, Whites, Petliurites, da atamans da yawa sun girmama shi. Korolenko har ma yayi ƙoƙari, gwargwadon iko, don yin roƙo ga mutanen da suke cikin haɗari, shi kansa yana cikin matsala. A cikin 'yan shekaru, lafiyarsa ta tabarbare. Babban maganin cututtukan jijiyoyi da matsalolin zuciya shine kwanciyar hankali. Amma lokacin da kwanciyar hankali ya yi mulki a kan gaba da waje, ya yi latti. A ranar 25 ga Disamba, 1921 V. Korolenko ya mutu daga cutar huhu.
