Tuni a zamanin da, mutane sun fahimci mahimmancin jini ga rayuwar ɗan adam, koda kuwa basu san ayyukan da yake yi ba. Tun fil azal, jini yana da tsarki a cikin dukkan manyan imani da addinai kuma kusan a cikin dukkanin al'ummomin mutane.
Abinda yake hade jikin mutum - wannan shine yadda likitoci ke rarraba jini - kuma ayyukanshi sun kasance da sarkakiya ga kimiyya tun shekaru dubbai. Ya isa a faɗi cewa ko da a tsakiyar zamanai, masana kimiyya da likitoci a cikin ra'ayoyi game da jini ba su fice daga tsohuwar Girkanci da Roman ɗin da ke rubuce game da kwararar jini gefe ɗaya daga zuciya zuwa ƙarshen ba. Kafin kwarewar abin mamaki na William Harvey, wanda ya kirga cewa idan aka bi wannan ka'idar, jiki ya kamata ya samar da lita 250 na jini kowace rana, kowa ya gamsu da cewa jini yana yin kumburi ta yatsun hannu kuma koyaushe ana haɗuwa cikin hanta.
Koyaya, ba zai yuwu ba a ce ilimin zamani ya san komai game da jini. Idan tare da ci gaba da magani ya zama zai yiwu a ƙirƙira gabobin wucin gadi na nau'o'in digiri daban-daban na nasara, to tare da jini irin wannan tambayar ba a bayyane a sararin sama. Kodayake abun da ke cikin jini bashi da wata rikitarwa ta mahangar ilmin sunadarai, halittar analog dinsa na wucin gadi abu ne mai matukar nisa. Kuma gwargwadon yadda ya zama sananne game da jini, a bayyane yake cewa wannan ruwan yana da matukar wahala.
1. Dangane da yawansa, jini yana kusa da ruwa sosai. Yawan jini ya fito daga 1.029 a cikin mata da kuma 1.062 a cikin maza. Girman jini kusan sau 5 na ruwa. Wannan dukiyar tana da tasirin tasirin dan karamin plasma (kusan sau 2 na danko na ruwa) da kuma kasancewar sunadari na musamman a cikin jini - fibrinogen. Inara yawan ƙwayoyin jini ba shi da kyau kuma yana iya nuna cututtukan zuciya na zuciya ko bugun jini.
2. Saboda ci gaba da aiki na zuciya, yana iya zama alama cewa duk jinin dake jikin mutum (daga lita 4.5 zuwa 6) yana cikin motsi koyaushe. Wannan ya yi nesa da gaskiya. Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na dukkan jini yana motsawa gabaɗaya - ƙarar da ke cikin jijiyoyin huhu da sauran gabobi, gami da kwakwalwa. Sauran jinin yana cikin koda da tsokoki (25% kowanne), 15% a cikin jijiyoyin hanji, 10% a cikin hanta, da kuma 4-5% kai tsaye a cikin zuciya, kuma suna motsawa cikin wani yanayi na daban.
3. ofaunar masu warkarwa daban-daban don zubar jini, wanda aka yi ba'a sau dubu a cikin adabin duniya, hakika yana da cikakkiyar hujja mai zurfi game da ilimin da ake da shi a wancan lokacin. Tun daga lokacin Hippocrates, an yi amannar cewa akwai ruwa guda huɗu a cikin jikin mutum: gamsai, baƙin bile, ƙwanƙwasa rawaya da jini. Yanayin jiki ya dogara da daidaiton waɗannan ruwan. Yawan jini yana haifar da cuta. Sabili da haka, idan mai haƙuri ya ji ba shi da lafiya, yana buƙatar zub da jini nan da nan, kuma kawai sai ya ci gaba zuwa bincike mai zurfi. Kuma a cikin lamura da yawa yayi aiki - masu arziki ne kawai zasu iya amfani da sabis na likitoci. Matsalolin lafiyarsu galibi ana haifar da su ta hanyar yawan abinci mai yawan kalori da kuma salon rayuwa mara motsi. Shan jini ya taimaka wa masu kiba su murmure. Ya kasance mafi muni da rashin kiba da wayoyi. Misali, George Washington, wanda ke fama da ciwon wuya kawai, ya mutu ta hanyar zubar jini.
4. Har zuwa 1628, tsarin jijiyoyin mutane ya zama mai sauki da fahimta. Ana hada jini a cikin hanta sannan a dauke ta ta jijiyoyin zuwa sassan jiki da gabar jiki, daga inda yake yin kumburi. Ko da gano maɓuɓɓuka masu raɗaɗi ba su girgiza wannan tsarin ba - kasancewar bawuloli sun bayyana ta buƙatar buƙata jinkirin saurin jini. Baturen Ingila William Harvey ne ya fara tabbatar da cewa jini a jikin mutum yana motsawa a cikin da'irar da jijiyoyi da jijiyoyi suka kafa. Koyaya, Harvey bai iya bayanin yadda jini ke fitowa daga jijiyoyin zuwa jijiyoyin ba.
5. A taron farko na Sherlock Holmes da Dr. Watson a cikin littafin na Arthur Conan-Doyle "Nazarin cikin sautunan launuka", jami'in cikin alfahari yana sanar da sabon abokinsa cewa ya gano wani mai ba da izini wanda zai iya tabbatar da kasancewar haemoglobin daidai, sabili da haka, jini, ko da a cikin mafi ƙanƙanta speck. Ba boyayyen abu bane cewa a karni na 19, yawancin marubuta sun bayyana a matsayin wadanda suka bayyana nasarorin da kimiyya ta samu, inda suka sanar da masu karatu sabbin abubuwan da suka gano. Koyaya, wannan bai shafi batun Conan Doyle da Sherlock Holmes ba. Wani Nazari a cikin Scan Scarlet an buga shi a cikin 1887, kuma labarin ya faru a cikin 1881 Nazarin farko, wanda ya bayyana hanyar tantance jini, an buga shi ne kawai a cikin 1893, har ma a Austria-Hungary. Conan Doyle ya kasance aƙalla shekaru 6 kafin binciken kimiyya.
6. Saddam Hussein, a matsayin mai mulkin Iraq, ya bada gudummawar jini na tsawon shekaru biyu don yin kwafin Kur'ani da hannu. An yi kwafi cikin nasara kuma an ajiye shi a cikin ginshiƙin masallacin da aka gina shi da manufa. Bayan hambarar da gwamnatin Saddam da kuma zartar masa, ya zama cewa wata matsalar da ba za a iya shawo kanta ba ta fuskanci sabbin hukumomin Iraki. A musulinci, ana daukar jini mara tsabta, kuma rubuta Kur'ani da shi haramun ne, zunubi ne. Amma kuma haramun ne rusa Alkur'ani. Yanke shawarar abin da za ayi da Kur'ani mai jini an jinkirta shi har zuwa mafi kyawu.
7. Kwararren likita na Sarki Louis XIV na Faransa Jean-Baptiste Denis yana da sha'awar yiwuwar ƙara yawan jini a jikin mutum. A cikin 1667, wani likita mai zurfin tunani ya zubar da jinin raguna kimanin miliyan 350 a cikin wani saurayi. Thearfin jikin ya jimre da halayen rashin lafiyan, kuma Denis ya ƙarfafa shi, ya sake yin jini karo na biyu. A wannan karon ya ba da jinin tumaki ga wani ma'aikacin da ya ji rauni yayin da yake aiki a fada. Kuma wannan ma'aikacin ya tsira. Sannan Denis ya yanke shawarar samun ƙarin kuɗi daga majiyyata masu wadata kuma ya sauya zuwa sanannen jinin maruƙa. Kaico, Baron Gustave Bonde ya mutu bayan ƙarin jini na biyu, da Antoine Maurois bayan na ukun. A cikin adalci, yana da kyau a faɗi cewa wannan na biyun ba zai rayu ba koda bayan an ƙara masa jini a asibitin zamani - matarsa da gangan ta sanya wa mahaukaciyar mijinta guba da arsenic fiye da shekara guda. Matar wayo ta yi ƙoƙarin ɗora wa Denis alhakin mutuwar mijinta. Likitan ya sami damar ba da hujjar kansa, amma rawar da ya yi ya yi yawa. An hana karin jini a Faransa. An dage haramcin ne bayan shekaru 235.
8. Karl Landsteiner ya karɓi kyautar Nobel don gano ƙungiyoyin jinin mutane. Binciken da aka yi, wanda ƙila ya ceci rayuka mafi yawa a tarihin ɗan adam, ya yi a farkon ƙarni, kuma da ƙaramin adadin kayan bincike. Dan Austriyan din ya dauki jini ne daga mutane 5, ciki har da shi kansa. Wannan ya isa ya buɗe rukunin jini uku. Landsteiner bai taba shiga rukuni na hudu ba, kodayake ya fadada tushen binciken zuwa mutane 20. Ba batun rashin kulawarsa bane. An dauki aikin masanin kimiyya a matsayin kimiyya don kare kimiya - babu wanda zai iya ganin damar ganowa. Kuma Landsteiner ya fito ne daga dangin talakawa kuma ya dogara sosai da hukumomi, waɗanda ke rarraba mukamai da albashi. Saboda haka, bai nace sosai akan mahimmancin bincikensa ba. Abin farin ciki, kyautar har yanzu ta sami gwarzo.
9. Gaskiyar cewa akwai rukunin jini guda huɗu shine farkon wanda ya kafa Czech Jan Jansky. Doctors har yanzu suna amfani da rarrabuwa - I, II, III da ƙungiyoyin IV. Amma Yansky yana sha'awar jini ne kawai ta mahangar tabin hankali - ya kasance babban likitan mahaukata. Kuma game da jini, Yansky ya kasance kamar narrowan ƙwararren masani daga aphorism na Kozma Prutkov. Rashin samun alaƙa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jini da rikice-rikice na hankali, a hankali ya ƙaddamar da mummunan sakamakonsa a cikin ɗan gajeren aiki, kuma ya manta da shi. Sai kawai a cikin 1930, magadan Jansky sun sami nasarar tabbatar da fifikonsa a cikin gano ƙungiyoyin jini, aƙalla a Amurka.
10. Hanya ta musamman ta gane jini an kirkireta a farkon karni na 19 daga masanin kimiyyar Faransa Jean-Pierre Barruel. Ta hanyar jefa gudan jinin bovine cikin bazata cikin ruwan kuli-kuli, ya ji ƙanshin naman sa. Yin nazarin jinin ɗan adam daidai wannan, Barruel ya ji ƙanshin gumin namiji. A hankali, ya yanke shawarar cewa jinin mutane daban-daban yana wari yayin da aka bi da su da sanadin sulfuric acid. Barruel ya kasance masanin kimiyya, mai daraja. Ya kasance yana cikin shigar da kara a matsayin masani, sannan kuma wani sabon kwarewa ya bayyana - mutum a zahiri yana da hanci don shaida! Wanda aka fara azabtar da sabuwar hanyar shi ne mahauci Pierre-Augustin Bellan, wanda ake zargi da mutuwar matashiya. Babban hujja a kansa shi ne jini a kan tufafinsa. Bellan ya ce jinin naman alade ne kuma ya hau tufafinsa a wurin aiki. Barruel ya fesa ruwan asid a kan tufafinsa, yana shaqa, kuma da babbar murya cewa jinin na mace ne. Bellan ya tafi kangon, kuma Barruel ya nuna ikon sa na gano jini ta ƙamshi a kotuna na wasu shekaru da yawa. Ba a san takamaiman adadin mutanen da “Hanyar Barruel” ta yanke musu hukunci ba bisa kuskure.
11. Hemophilia - cuta ce da ke da alaƙa da rikicewar rikicewar jini, wanda maza ne kawai ke yin rashin lafiya, samun cutar daga iyaye masu ɗauke da ita - ba ita ce cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ba. Dangane da yawan kamuwa da cutar cikin jarirai 10,000 da aka haifa, tana matsayi a karshen goma na farko. Iyalan gidan sarauta na Burtaniya da Rasha sun ba da suna don wannan cutar ta jini. Sarauniya Victoria, wacce ta mulki Burtaniya tsawon shekaru 63, ita ce mai jigilar kwayar cutar hemophilia. Hemophilia a cikin dangi ya fara ne da ita, kafin a rubuta rikodin. Ta hanyar diyar Alice da jikarta Alice, wacce aka fi sani a Rasha da Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, an ba da hemophilia ga magajin gadon sarautar Rasha, Tsarevich Alexei. Rashin lafiyar yaron ya bayyana kansa tun yana yara. Ta bar mummunan tasiri ba kawai a rayuwar iyali ba, har ma a kan yawan yanke shawara na sikelin jihar da Emperor Nicholas II ya karɓa. Yana tare da rashin lafiyar magajin ne kusanci da dangin Grigory Rasputin yake haɗuwa, wanda ya juya mafi girman zagaye na Daular Rasha akan Nicholas.
12. A shekarar 1950, James Harrison dan kasar Australia mai shekaru 14 an yi masa mummunan aiki. Yayin da yake murmurewa, ya sami lita 13 na gudummawar jini. Bayan watanni uku a bakin rayuwa da mutuwa, James ya yi wa kansa alkawari cewa bayan ya kai shekara 18 - shekarun doka don ba da gudummawa a Ostiraliya - zai ba da gudummawar jini sau da yawa sosai. Ya zama cewa jinin Harrison yana dauke da wata kwayar halitta ta musamman wacce ke hana rikici tsakanin jinin Rh-negative na uwa da jinin Rh-tabbataccen ciki. Harrison ya bayar da jini kowane mako uku tsawon shekaru. Maganin da aka samo daga jininsa ya ceci rayukan miliyoyin jarirai. Lokacin da ya ba da gudummawar jini a karo na ƙarshe yana da shekara 81, masu jinya sun ɗaure balan-balan da lambobi “1”, “1”, “7”, “3” a shimfidarsa - Harrison ya ba da jini sau 1773.
13. 'Yar Kasar Hungary Elizabeth Bathory (1560-1614) ta shiga cikin tarihi a matsayin' Yar Mace mai jini a jika wacce ta kashe budurwai da yin wanka a cikin jinin su. Ta shiga cikin Guinness Book of Records a matsayin mai kisan gilla tare da mafi yawan wadanda suka mutu. A hukumance, kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan mata 80 ana daukar sahihan mutane, duk da cewa lamba 650 ta shiga cikin kundin bayanai - wadanda ake zargin da yawa sunaye suna cikin rajista ta musamman da aka kirga. A shari’ar, wacce ta sami Countess da bayinta da laifin azabtarwa da kisan kai, ba a yi maganar wankan zubar da jini ba - An tuhumi Bathory da azabtarwa da kisan kai kawai. Baths na jini sun bayyana a cikin labarin Countididdigar muchaukar jini da yawa daga baya, lokacin da labarin ta ya kasance almara. Essungiyar ta mallaki Transylvania, kuma a can, kamar yadda kowane mai karatun adabin gargajiya ya sani, ba za a iya guje wa lalata da sauran nishaɗi na jini ba.
14. A Japan, suna mai da hankali sosai ga rukunin jinin mutum, ba kawai tare da yiwuwar ƙarin jini ba. Tambayar "Menene nau'in jinin ku?" sauti a kusan duk tambayoyin aiki. Tabbas, rukunin "Jinin Jini" yana daga cikin tilas yayin yin rajista a cikin harshen Japan na Facebook. Littattafai, shirye-shiryen talabijin, jaridu da shafukan mujallu an keɓe su ga tasirin ƙungiyar jini a kan mutum. Nau'in jini abu ne na farilla a cikin bayanan martabar yawancin ƙungiyoyin Dating. Yawancin kayayyakin masarufi - abubuwan sha, cingam, gishirin wanka, har ma da robar roba - ana siyarwa kuma ana tallata su don niyyar mutane masu nau'in jini. Wannan ba sabon abu bane - tuni a cikin 1930s, rukunin fitattun mutane a cikin sojojin Japan an ƙirƙira su daga maza masu jini iri ɗaya. Kuma bayan nasarar da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta samu a gasar wasannin Olympics ta Beijing, bambance-bambancen nauyin atisaye dangane da rukunin jinin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa an lakafta shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da nasara.
15. Kamfanin Jamus "Bayer" sau biyu ya shiga cikin manyan abubuwan kunya tare da magunguna don jini. A shekarar 1983, wani babban bincike da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa sashen kamfanin na Amurka ya samar da magunguna da ke inganta daskarewar jini (a sauƙaƙe, daga hemophilia) daga jinin mutanen da suke, kamar yadda za su ce a yanzu, ga "ƙungiyoyin haɗari." Bugu da ƙari, jinin mutanen marasa gida, masu shan kwayoyi, fursunoni, da sauransu an ɗauke su da gangan - ya fita mai rahusa. Ya zama cewa tare da magungunan 'yar Bayar na Ba'amurke suna yaɗa cutar hepatitis C, amma hakan ba shi da kyau. Farkon kunci game da HIV / AIDS ya fara ne a duniya, kuma yanzu ya kusan zama bala'i. Kamfanin ya cika ambaliyar da ɗaruruwan miliyoyin daloli, kuma ya yi asara mai yawa daga kasuwar Amurka. Amma darasin bai tafi nan gaba ba. Tuni a ƙarshen karni na ashirin, ya zama bayyane yake cewa yawancin maganin da aka ba da na anti-cholesterol Baykol, wanda kamfanin ya samar, na iya haifar da cututtukan ƙwayoyin tsoka, ƙarancin koda da mutuwa. Nan da nan aka janye maganin. Bayer ya sake karɓar kara da yawa, an sake biya, amma kamfanin ya ƙi wannan lokacin, kodayake akwai tayin da za a sayar da sashin magunguna.
16. Ba gaskiyar da aka fi tallatawa ba - a lokacin Yaƙin Patasa na Patasa, an yi amfani da jinin sojoji waɗanda suka riga suka mutu daga raunuka a asibitoci. Jinin da ake kira cadaver ya ceci dubun dubatan rayuka. Sai kawai ga Cibiyar Magungunan gaggawa. Sklifosovsky yayin yaƙin, ana shigo da lita dubu biyu na jinin gawa a kowace rana. Hakan ya faro ne a shekarar 1928, lokacin da kwararren likita kuma likita mai aikin tiyata Sergei Yudin ya yanke shawarar kara jinin wani dattijo da ya mutu ga wani saurayi wanda ya yanke jijiyoyin sa. Karin jini ya yi nasara, duk da haka, Yudin ya kusan tsawa a kurkuku - bai gwada jinin da aka sake ba don syphilis. Komai ya yi aiki, kuma al'adar karin jini ta shiga jiki ta shiga tiyata da kuma rauni.
17. Kusan babu jini a cikin Bankin Jini, akwai guda daya kawai wanda aka kawo kwanan nan don rabuwa. Wannan jinin (wanda ke cikin jakunkunan leda mai kaurin gaske) an sanya su a cikin centrifuge. Arkashin babban nauyi, jini ya kasu kashi-kashi: jini, erythrocytes, leukocytes da platelets. Sannan abubuwan da aka gyara sun rabu, an kashe su kuma an aika su don adanawa. Yanzu ana amfani da ƙarin jini kawai idan akwai bala'i ko harin ta'addanci.
18. Wadanda ke da sha'awar wasanni sun ji labarin mummunar kwayar halitta da ake kira erythropoietin, ko EPO a gajarce. Saboda shi, ɗaruruwan athletesan wasa suka wahala kuma suka rasa kyaututtukansu, don haka yana iya zama alama cewa erythropoietin samfurin wasu manyan dakunan gwaje-gwaje ne, wanda aka kirkireshi saboda lambobin zinare da kuma lambar yabo. A zahiri, EPO shine asalin halitta a jikin mutum. Kodan ne ke ruya shi a lokacin da iskar oxygen din da ke cikin jini ke raguwa, ma'ana, galibi yayin aikin motsa jiki ko karancin iskar oxygen a cikin iska mai shakar iska (a wurare masu tsawo, misali).Bayan rikitarwa, amma saurin aiki a cikin jini, yawan ƙwayoyin jinin jini yana ƙaruwa, sashin jini yana iya ɗaukar ƙarin iskar oxygen, kuma jiki yana jimre da ɗaukar. Erythropoietin baya cutarwa ga jiki. Haka kuma, ana yi masa allurar rigakafi cikin jiki cikin manyan cututtuka masu yawa, daga ƙarancin jini zuwa cutar kansa. rabin rai na EPO a cikin jini bai wuce awanni 5 ba, ma'ana, a cikin kwana guda adadin hormone zai zama ƙarami. A cikin 'yan wasan da aka “kama” suna shan erythropoietin bayan fewan watanni, a zahiri, ba EPO aka gano ba, amma abubuwan da, a cikin ra'ayin mayaƙan yaƙi da shan kwayoyi masu guba, na iya ɓoye alamun hormone - diuretics, da sauransu.
19. “Farin Jini” fim ne na Jamusanci game da wani jami’i wanda sararin samaniya ya yage yayin gwajin nukiliya. A sakamakon haka, jami'in ya kamu da cutar radiation kuma a hankali ya mutu (babu kyakkyawan sakamako). Jinin ya yi fari da gaske a cikin majiyyacin da ya nemi zuwa asibiti a Cologne a cikin 2019. Akwai kitse da yawa a cikin murfinsa. Mai tsabtace jini ya toshe, sannan sai kawai likitoci suka zazzage mafi yawan jinin majiyyacin suka maye gurbinsa da jinin mai bayarwa. Maganar “baƙin jini” a cikin ma’anar “ƙiren ƙarya, ƙiren ƙarya” Mikhail Lermontov ya yi amfani da shi a cikin waƙarsa “Zuwa mutuwar wani mawaƙi”: “Ba dole ba ne ku nemi izgili / Ba zai sake taimaka muku ba. / Kuma ba za ku wanke duk baƙin jininku / na amintaccen mawaƙin ba. " "Black Blood" kuma sanannen sanannen labari ne na Nick Perumov da Svyatoslav Loginov. Jinin ya zama kore idan mutum yana da sulfhemoglobinemia, cuta ce wacce tsari da launi na haemoglobin ke canzawa. A lokacin juyin juya halin, ana kiran manyan mutane "shudi mai shuɗi". Jijiyoyin Bluish sun nuna ta cikin fata mai laushi, suna ba da ra'ayi cewa shuɗin jini yana gudana a cikin su. Koyaya, yaudarar irin waɗannan maganganun an tabbatar da su a cikin shekarun Babban juyin juya halin Faransa.
20. A Turai, ba raƙuman da aka kashe kawai ake yankawa a gaban yara ba. A cikin Duniya mai ban mamaki ta Jini, wacce BBC ta shirya a shekarar 2015, mai masaukinta Michael Mosley ba wai kawai ya ba da cikakkun bayanai masu ban sha'awa ba game da jini da kuma aikin garkuwar dan adam. Ofayan daga cikin gutsuttsarin fim ɗin ya kasance ne don girki. Mosley da farko ya sanar da masu sauraro cewa akwai jita-jita da aka yi daga jinin dabbobi a ɗakunan abinci na ƙasashe da yawa na duniya. Sannan ya shirya abin da ya kira "pudding jini" daga ... jininsa. Bayan gwada shi, Mosley ya yanke shawarar cewa abincin da ya shirya yana da daɗin ɗanɗano, amma da ɗan viscous.