Jemage kusan duk duniya suna rayuwa kusa da mutane, amma, abin mamaki, an fara karatun su da kyau kwanan nan. Ya isa ya faɗi cewa baya a tsakiyar karni na ashirin, lokacin da masana kimiyya a wasu rassa na kimiyya suka rigaya suka rarraba atomatik da ƙarfi da girma kuma ta hanyar amfani da X-ray, abokan aikinsu sun yi amfani da hanyoyin yin nazarin ƙwarewar jemagu ta hanyar jan zare a kan hanyar jirginsu da hular takarda tare da ramuka a kawunansu. ...
Jin zuciyar mutane game da waɗannan ƙananan dabbobin (mafi yawansu sun kai nauyin gram 10) a kewayon yankin tsoro, wanda zai iya zama mai mutuntawa ko kusan dabba. Rawar ba ta mafi kyawun bayyanar halittu tare da fikafikan yanar gizo ba, da sautukan da suke yi, da salon rayuwar dare, da kuma tatsuniyoyin tatsuniyoyi game da jemage na vampire.
Da gaske akwai 'yan abubuwa masu dadi game da dabbobi masu shayarwa, amma kuma basa dauke da wata barazanar mutum. Babban matsalar da ke tattare da jemage - ilimin halittu na zamani yana nuni da wannan umarnin a matsayin jemage - canja wurin cututtuka. Berayen da kansu suna da kyakkyawar rigakafi, amma suna yaɗar cututtuka ba mafi muni ba kamar sunayensu marasa tashi. Babu wani dalili da za a yi tsammanin haɗari kai tsaye daga dabbobin da suka yanke sauro ta hanyar cin fillet kawai.
Jemage sukan zama kusa da mazaunin mutum ko kuma kai tsaye a ciki - a ɗakuna, a cikin ɗakunan ƙasa, da dai sauransu. Ko da yake, ba kamar sauran wakilan dabbobi da masu fuka-fukai ba, jemage ba sa iya mu'amala da mutane. Wannan shima yana daga cikin dalilan da yasa ilimin dan adam na jemage yake da iyaka. Amma masana kimiyya da masu bincike sunyi nasarar kafa wasu hujjoji masu ban sha'awa.
1. Dangane da bayanan da ke kunshe a cikin shahararrun kafofin kimiyya, har yanzu masana kimiyyar halittu suna ci gaba da rarraba jemage, diloli, karnuka da sauran halittun rabin makafi makafi masu tashi da taimakon echolocation da yanar gizo fuka-fuki. Irin waɗannan siffofi na musamman, tabbas, bayyane ga kowane masanin halitta, ana amfani da su, kamar rashin yatsar ƙafafu a ƙafafun ƙafafun kafa na biyu, gajartaccen ɓangaren fuska na kwanyar, ko kasancewar tragus da antigus a kunnuwan waje. Babban ma'auni a wannan yanayin har yanzu ana san shi azaman girma da nauyi. Idan wani irin tsuntsu ya tashi kusa da kai, jemage ne. Idan wannan halittar tashi ta haifar da sha'awar tserewa ta girman ta, to kun yi sa'a kun gamu da ɗayan wakilai masu wuya na jemagu. Fuka-fukin wadannan tsuntsayen na iya kaiwa mita daya da rabi. Ba sa faɗar da mutane, amma tasirin halayyar garken karnukan da ke yawo kusa da yamma da wuya ya wuce misali. A lokaci guda, jemagu masu 'ya'yan itace suna da yawa kamar yadda aka kara girman kwafin jemagu, wanda a matakin yau da kullun ya ba da ƙarin dalili don haɗa su fiye da raba su. Gaskiya ne, ba kamar jemagu masu cin nama ba, jemagu masu cin 'ya'yan itace da ganye kawai.
2. Hasashen cewa beraye suna da wani irin yanayi na musamman wanda zai basu damar kaucewa haɗuwa da matsaloli koda a cikin duhu ne malamin jami'ar Padua, Abbot Spallanzani ya bayyana a ƙarshen karni na 18. Koyaya, yanayin fasaha a wancan lokacin bai bawa mutum damar gano wannan ji ta hanyar gwaji ba. Sai dai in likitan Geneva Zhurine ya hango ya rufe kunnuwan jemage da kakin zuma kuma ya bayyana cewa kusan basu da komai koda kuwa da buɗe ido. Babban masanin kimiyyar halittu Georges Cuvier ya yanke shawarar cewa tunda Allah bai bai wa mutum gabobi don fahimtar abin da jemagu ke ji ba, to wannan tsinkayen daga shaidan ne, kuma ba shi yiwuwa a yi nazarin kwarewar jemagu (a nan ne, tasirin kai tsaye na shahararrun camfe-camfe ta hanyar addini a kan ilimin kimiyya mai zurfi). Sai kawai a ƙarshen 1930s ya yiwu, ta amfani da kayan aiki na zamani, don tabbatar da cewa ɓeraye suna amfani da cikakkiyar ɗabi'a da tsoron Allah na raƙuman ruwa.
3. A Antarctica, akwai wasu halittu masu kama da jemagu. Suna kiran su da kirari. Ba'amurken mai binciken polar Alex Gorwitz, wanda kuka ke dauke da rayukan sa, shi ne ya fara bayyana su. Horvits ya ga gawarwakin abokan aikinsa guda biyu, wanda aka cire ƙasusuwan, da kuma kuramun da kansu, ko kuma, idanunsu. Ya sami nasarar tsoratar da dodanni masu girman mutum, yana da jikin jemage, tare da harbi daga bindiga. Ba'amurke ya ba da shawarar cewa cryones na iya rayuwa ne kawai a yanayin ƙarancin yanayi (-70 - -100 ° C). Zafin yana tsoratar dasu, kuma harma a yanayin zafi na kimanin -30 ° C suna hirar kamar dabbobi masu dumi lokacin sanyi. A tattaunawa daya-daya da masu binciken hangen nesa na Soviet, Horowitz shima ya samu karbuwa kai tsaye cewa sanannen gobarar a tashar Vostok a 1982 sanadiyar makamin roka ne da aka harba zuwa ga kuron. Escapedarshen ya tsere, kuma roket na sigina ya faɗa rataye janareta na lantarki, wanda ya haifar da gobara wanda kusan ya zama sanadin mutuwa ga masu binciken polar. Labarin ya zama ya yi daidai da fim din Hollywood, amma ba haka ba ne cewa, babu wani, sai Horvits, da ya ga ƙwayoyin mice na Antarctic polar cryon. Babu wanda ya ga Gorvits kansa har ma a cikin jerin sunayen masu binciken iyakokin Amurka. Masu binciken pola na Soviet, waɗanda suka tsira ta hanyar mu'ujiza a lokacin sanyi na 1982 a tashar Vostok saboda gobarar, sun yi dariya lokacin da suka sami labarin irin wannan ɓarnatar da dalilin gobarar. Katon jemagu Antarctic ya zama aikin banza ne na ɗan jaridar da har yanzu ba a san shi ba. Kuma Antarctica ce kawai nahiyar da hatta jemagu na yau da kullun basa rayuwa.
4. Tsohuwar shahararren masanin Girka mai suna Aesop ya bayyana salon rayuwar jemagu ta hanyar asali. A cikin ɗaya daga cikin tatsuniyarsa, ya bayyana haɗin gwiwa tsakanin bat, ,an baƙi da nutsewa. Tare da kudin da jemage ya aro, blackthorn ya sayi tufafi, kuma nutse ya sayi jan ƙarfe. Amma jirgin da mutanen uku suke jigilar kayan ya nutse. Tun daga wannan lokacin, nutsewar ruwa ta kasance a kowane lokaci don neman kayan da ruwa ya cinye, madarar tana manne da tufafin kowa - shin sun kama kayansa daga ruwa, kuma jemage yana bayyana ne kawai da daddare, yana tsoron masu bin bashi. A wani tatsuniyoyin Aesop, jemage ya fi wayo da yawa. Lokacin da weasel ya kama shi yana da'awar ƙin tsuntsaye, halittar fuka-fukai ana kiransa linzamin kwamfuta. Da zarar an sake kamawa, ana kiran jemage tsuntsu, saboda a cikin lokacin shiga, weasel weagel ya shelanta yaƙi da ɓeraye.
5. A wasu al'adun Turai da China, ana daukar jemage wata alama ta jin daɗi, cin nasara a rayuwa, arziki. Koyaya, Turawan sunyi amfani da waɗannan alamomin ta hanyar amfani sosai - don haɓaka bautar jemage, ya kamata a fara kashe shi. Don tserar da dawakai daga mugun ido, sandunan sun ƙulla bat a ƙofar gidan barga. A wasu ƙasashe, ana ɗinke fatar ko sassan jikin jemage cikin tufafin waje. A cikin Bohemia, an sanya idon dama na jemage a cikin aljihu don tabbatar da rashin ganuwa cikin ayyukan da ba su dace ba, kuma an ɗauki zuciyar dabbar a hannu, suna mu'amala da kati. A wasu ƙasashe, an binne gawar jemage ƙarƙashin ƙofar. A cikin tsohuwar kasar Sin, ba izgili da dabbar da aka kashe ce ta kawo sa'a ba, amma hoton jemage ne, kuma kayan adon da aka fi sani da wannan dabba shi ne "Wu-Fu" - hoton jemagu biyar masu haɗaka. Sun nuna alamar lafiya, sa'a, tsawon rai, daidaituwa da dukiya.
6. Duk da cewa jemagu suna amfani da duban dan tayi domin farauta akalla shekaru miliyoyi da yawa (an yi amannar cewa jemagu suna rayuwa a Duniya a lokaci daya tare da dinosaur), hanyoyin juyin halittar wadanda suke son cin zarafinsu ba sa aiki a wannan batun. Ingantattun tsare-tsaren "yakin lantarki" da jemagu sun bunkasa ne kawai a cikin wasu 'yan jinsunan butterflies. An san shi na dogon lokaci cewa siginar ultrasonic suna iya samar da wasu labaran butterflies. Sun haɓaka ɓangare na musamman wanda ke haifar da amo na ultrasonic. Wannan nau'in watsawa yana kan kirjin malam buɗe ido. Tuni a cikin karni na 21, an gano ikon samar da siginan ultrasonic a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan kwari uku na hawk da ke zaune a Indonesia. Wadannan malam buɗe ido ba tare da gabobi na musamman ba - suna amfani da al'aurarsu don haifar da duban dan tayi.
7. Ko da yara sun san cewa beraye suna amfani da radar ultrasonic don fuskantarwa a sararin samaniya, kuma ana tsinkayar wannan a matakin gaskiya. Amma, a ƙarshe, raƙuman ruwa na ultrasonic ya bambanta da sauti da haske kawai a cikin mita. Mafi yawan abin ban mamaki ba shine yadda ake karɓar bayanai ba, amma saurin sarrafa shi. Kowannenmu ya sami damar wucewa ta cikin taron. Idan dole ne a yi wannan da sauri, karo-karo ba makawa ba ne, koda kuwa kowa a cikin taron yana da ladabi da taimako. Kuma mun warware matsala mafi sauƙi - muna tafiya tare da jirgin. Kuma jemagu suna motsi a sararin samaniya, wani lokacin ana cika shi da dubunnan beraye iri ɗaya, kuma ba kawai gujewa haɗuwa ba, amma kuma da sauri zuwa ga manufar da aka nufa. A wannan yanayin, kwakwalwar yawancin jemage yana da nauyin gram 0.1.
8. Lura da manyan mutane, cikin ɗaruruwan dubbai da miliyoyin mutane, jemagu na jemagu ya nuna cewa irin waɗannan alƙaluman suna da aƙalla rudun na haɗin kan jama'a. Wannan ya bayyana sosai lokacin tashi daga ɓoye. Na farko, ƙungiyar "scouts" ta mutane da dama da dama sun bar su. Sa'an nan kuma jirgin tashi zai fara. Yana yin biyayya ga wasu dokoki - in ba haka ba, tare da tashi daga lokaci guda, misali, ɗaruruwan dubunnan jemagu, za a sami murkushewa, barazanar barazanar taro. A cikin tsari mai rikitarwa wanda har yanzu ba ayi nazari ba, jemagu suna yin wani nau'in karkace, a hankali suna hawa sama. A Amurka, a cikin shahararriyar gandun dajin Carlsbad Caves, an gina filin wasan motsa jiki kusa da inda jemagu ke tashi da yawa ga waɗanda suke son jin daɗin tashin dare. Yana ɗaukar kimanin awowi uku (yawan mutanen kusan mutane 800,000 ne), yayin da rabinsu ke tashi kullun.
9. Jemage na Carlsbad suna riƙe da tarihin rikodin mafi ƙarancin yanayi. A lokacin bazara, suna tafiya kudu, nisan tafiyar kilomita 1,300. Koyaya, masu binciken Moscow na jemagu suna ikirarin cewa dabbobin da suka ringa kamawa ne a Faransa, kilomita 1,200 daga babban birnin Rasha. A lokaci guda, adadi mai yawa na jemagu suna hunturu a cikin Moscow, suna ɓuya a wasu matsugunai masu dumi - tare da duk daidaitonsu, jemagu suna zaman kashe wando kuma suna ƙaura. Har yanzu ba a bayyana dalilan wannan rarrabuwa ba.
10. A cikin yanayin sararin samaniya na wurare masu zafi da zafi, jemagu suna motsi bayan 'ya'yan itacen da suka nuna. Hanyar ƙaura daga waɗannan manyan jemagu na iya zama mai tsayi sosai, amma ba a taɓa yin ta da yawa. Dangane da haka, makomar gonakin itacen da jemagu suka gamu da su a hanya mai bakin ciki ne. Mazauna yankin suna rama jemagu - ana daukar naman su a matsayin abin ci, kuma da rana jemagu basa iya taimakawa, suna da sauƙin samu. Cetonsu kawai shine tsayi - suna ƙoƙari su jingina da rassan bishiyoyi mafi tsayi don bacci da rana.
11. Jemage suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 15, wanda yake da tsayi sosai don girmansu da salon rayuwarsu. Sabili da haka, yawan mutane yana ƙaruwa ba saboda saurin haihuwa ba, amma saboda mafi yawan rayukan yaran. Tsarin haifuwa shima yana taimakawa. Jemage suna haɗuwa a lokacin bazara, kuma mace na iya haihuwar sa onea ɗaya ko biyu a watan Mayu ko Yuni, tare da tsawon ciki na wata 4. Dangane da tunanin kirkira, jikin mace, sai bayan warkewa daga bacci da kuma tattaro duk wani abu da ya dace don daukar ciki, yana bada sigina, bayan haka jinkirin samun ciki ya fara. Amma wannan nau'in haifuwa shima yana da nakasu. Bayan raguwar lambobi - sakamakon mummunan yanayi ko raguwar wadataccen abinci - jama'a na murmurewa sosai a hankali.
12. Jemagu jarirai ana haifuwarsu kanana da rashin taimako, amma suna bunkasa da sauri. tuni a rana ta uku - ta huɗu ta rayuwa, ana haɗa jarirai cikin wani nau'in gandun daji. Abin sha'awa, mata suna samun theira evenan su har ma a rukunin jarirai da yawa. Na mako guda, nauyin kubar ya ninka. A kwana na 10 na rayuwa, idanunsu sun buɗe. A mako na biyu, hakora sun ɓullo kuma ainihin furcin ya bayyana. A ƙarshen sati na uku, tuni jarirai suka fara tashi sama. A ranar 25th - 35th, jirage masu zaman kansu zasu fara. A wata biyu, narkakken farko yana faruwa, bayan haka ba za a iya bambanta jemage ɗan ƙarami da wanda ya manyanta ba.
13. Mafi yawan jemagu suna cin kayan lambu ko ƙananan abincin dabbobi (sauro babban misali ne ga ɗakunan ƙasar Rasha). Sunaye masu banƙyama na vampires ga wannan dabba nau'in halittu uku ne kawai ke rayuwa a Latin da Kudancin Amurka. Wakilan wadannan nau'ikan suna ciyar da jinin dumi tsuntsaye masu rai da dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane. Jemage na Vampire suna amfani da radiation infrared ban da duban dan tayi. Tare da taimakon “firikwensin” na musamman akan fuska, suna gano bakin ciki ko buɗaɗɗun wurare a cikin gashin dabbobi. Bayan yin cizo har zuwa 1 cm tsawo kuma har zuwa zurfin 5 mm, vampires sha game da tablespoon na jini, wanda yawanci ana kama da rabin nauyin su. Sashin Vampire yana dauke da abubuwan da ke hana jini yin daskarewa da kuma warkar da wani yanki. Sabili da haka, dabbobi da yawa zasu iya yin maye daga cizon daya. Wannan halin ne, kuma ba zubar da jini ba, wannan shine babban haɗarin da vampires ke haifarwa. Jemage masu iya ɗaukar cututtukan cututtuka, musamman kumburi. Tare da kowane sabon mutum da ke manne da rauni, yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta yana ƙaruwa sosai. Game da alaƙar jemage da vampires, yanzu ga alama suna komawa cikin tarihi, sun fara magana a Turai ne kawai bayan bugawar "Dracula" da Bram Stoker ya yi. Tatsuniyoyi game da jemagu suna shan jinin mutane da ƙashin cizon haƙora ya kasance tsakanin Indiyawan Amurka da wasu kabilun Asiya, amma a yanzu Turawa ba su san su ba.
14. Jemage a wani lokaci sune fifikon dabarun Amurkawa wajen yakar Japan a 1941-1945. A kan su, bincike da horo, bisa ga ƙididdiga daban-daban, an kashe daga dala miliyan 2 zuwa 5. Jemage, idan aka yi hukunci da bayanan da aka bayyana, bai juya zuwa makamin kare dangi ba kawai saboda bam din atom - an san shi da inganci. Hakan ya faro ne da gaskiyar cewa likitan haƙori na Amurka William Adams, wanda ya ziyarci kogon Karslsbad, ya yi tunanin cewa kowane jemage za a iya juya shi zuwa bam ɗin da ke cin wuta mai nauyin 10 - 20. Dubban irin waɗannan bama-bamai, da aka jefa a biranen da ke da takarda a Japan, zai lalata gidaje da yawa har ma da ƙari sojoji masu yuwuwa da kuma iyayen sojoji masu zuwa. Ma'anar ta yi daidai - yayin gwaje-gwajen, Amurkan sun yi nasarar ƙone tsoffin rataye-rataye har ma da motar janar ɗin da ke kallon atisayen jemagu. Beraye tare da ɗaurin kwantena napalm sun hau kan irin waɗannan wurare masu wahalar isa wanda ya ɗauki lokaci mai yawa don nemowa da kawar da dukkan gobara a cikin katako. Abin takaici William Adams ya rubuta bayan yakin cewa aikin nasa na iya zama mafi tasiri fiye da bam na atom, amma makircin janar-janar da 'yan siyasa a Pentagon sun hana aiwatar da shi.
15. Jemage basa gina gidajen kansu. A sauƙaƙe suna samun mafaka mai dacewa kusan ko'ina. Hakan yana sauƙaƙa ta hanyar rayuwarsu da tsarin jiki. Beraye suna haƙuri da sauyin yanayin zafin jiki na 50 °, saboda haka yanayin zafin cikin mazaunin, kodayake yana da mahimmanci, ba mahimmanci bane. Jemage sun fi kulawa da zane.Wannan abin fahimta ne - kwararar iska, koda a yanayi mai ɗanɗano, yana ɗaukar zafi da sauri fiye da idan an watsa wutar zuwa iska mai tsayayye. Amma tare da dukkan halayyar ɗabi'ar waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa, ko dai sun kasa ko kuma kasala don kawar da daftarin, koda kuwa don wannan kuna buƙatar motsa wasu rassa ko tsakuwa. Masana kimiyya da suka yi nazari kan halayyar jemagu a Belovezhskaya Pushcha sun gano cewa jemagu za su fi so su jimre da mummunan murkushewa a cikin rami, wanda yake kusa da dukkanin jama'a, fiye da matsawa zuwa babbar rami da ke kusa da ƙaramin zane.
16. Babban jinsunan jemage suna cin abincin kwari, banda haka kwari masu cutar da amfanin gona. A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970s, masana kimiyya ma sunyi imani cewa jemagu suna da tasirin tasiri kan yawan wasu kwari. Koyaya, abubuwan da aka lura daga baya sun nuna cewa da ƙyar za'a iya kiran tasirin jemita koda da tsari. Tare da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin yawan kwari masu cutarwa a yankin da aka lura, yawan jemagu kawai bashi da lokacin da zai iya ƙaruwa yadda zai dace da kwararar kwari. Shafin ya zama mafi kyau ga tsuntsaye, wadanda ke lalata kwari. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai fa'ida daga jemagu - mutum ɗaya yana cin sauro dubun-dubun sauro a kowace kaka.
