A cikin 1969, 'yan sama jannatin Amurka sun sami muhimmiyar nasara - wani mutum ya fara zuwa saman wata jikin samaniya. Amma duk da rashin jin dadin PR na saukar Neil Armstrong da Buzz Aldrin a duniyar wata, Amurkawa ba su cimma burin duniya ba. Ba shakka, masu kishin kasa za su iya yin alfahari da wannan gagarumar nasarar, amma Tarayyar Soviet tun lokacin da jirgin Yuri Gagarin ya tashi ya fitar da fifikon sararin samaniya don kansa, kuma hatta saukar da Amurkawa kan wata bai iya girgiza shi ba. Haka kuma, 'yan shekaru bayan fitowar wata a Amurka kanta, sun fara magana game da gaskiyar cewa saboda maslaha ta ikon mahukuntan kasar, sun tafi neman jabun da ba a taba gani ba. Sun kwaikwayi jirgin zuwa duniyar wata. Kuma bayan rabin karni, tambayar ko Amurkawa suna kan wata sun kasance masu rikici.
A takaice, tsarin tarihin wata na Amurka yayi kama da wannan. A cikin 1961, Shugaba Kennedy ya gabatar da shirin Apollo ga Majalisa, wanda a ciki, ya zuwa 1970, Amurkawa dole ne su sauka kan wata. Ci gaban shirin ya ci gaba da manyan matsaloli da haɗari da yawa. A watan Janairun 1967, a shirye-shiryen fara harba jirgin mutum na farko, 'yan sama jannati uku sun kone kurmus a cikin kumbon Apollo 1 a daidai kumfar jefa jirgin. Daga nan sai haduran suka tsaya tsaf, kuma a ranar 20 ga Yulin, 1969, kwamandan jirgin Apollo 11 Neil Armstrong ya taka ƙafa a kan tauraron ɗan adam kaɗai na Duniya. Bayan haka, Amurkawa sun sami nasarori da yawa cikin jirgin sama zuwa duniyar wata. A cikin kwas dinsu, 'yan sama jannati 12 sun tattara kusan kilogiram 400 na ƙasar wata, kuma sun hau kan wata mota, suna wasan golf, suna tsalle da gudu. A cikin 1973, hukumar sararin samaniya ta Amurka, NASA, ta kama lissafin abin da ta kashe. Ya zama cewa maimakon Kennedy ya bayyana dala biliyan 9, an riga an kashe $ 25, yayin da "babu wani sabon darajar kimiya na tafiye-tafiyen". An taƙaita shirin, an soke tashin jirage uku da aka shirya, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin, Amurkawa ba su shiga cikin sararin samaniya ba kusa da kewayar duniya.
Akwai rashin daidaito da yawa a cikin tarihin "Apollo" wanda ba kawai freaks ba, har ma mutane masu mahimmanci sun fara tunani game da su. Daga nan sai bunkasar abubuwan lantarki, wanda ya baiwa dubban masu sha'awar damar nazarin kayayyakin da NASA ta samar. Kwararrun masu daukar hoto sun fara nazarin hotuna, masu yin fina-finai suna leken bidiyo, kwararrun injiniyoyi sun binciki halayen makami mai linzami. Kuma samfurin hukuma ya fara fashewa sosai a bakin ƙofofin. Sa'annan ƙasa mai wata, wanda aka sauya shi zuwa masu bincike na ƙasashen waje, zai zama itacen duniya mai ƙwanƙwasa. Sannan rikodin asali na watsa shirye-shiryen sauka a duniyar wata zai ɓace - an wankeshi, saboda babu cikakken kaset a NASA ... Irin waɗannan rikice-rikicen sun taru, sun haɗa da ƙarin masu shakka a tattaunawa. Zuwa yau, yawan kayan "rigingimun wata" ya sami halin tsoratarwa, kuma mutumin da ba shi da masaniya zai iya nitsewa cikin tarinsu. An gabatar da ke ƙasa, azaman a taƙaice kuma a sauƙaƙe kamar yadda zai yiwu, babban iƙirarin masu shakku ga NASA da amsoshin da ke akwai gare su, idan akwai.
1. Hankalin yau da kullun
A watan Oktoba 1961, an harba tauraron farko na Saturn zuwa sama. Bayan mintina 15 na tashi, rokar ta daina wanzuwa, tana fashewa. Lokaci na gaba da aka sake maimaita wannan rikodin bayan shekara daya da rabi - sauran rokokin sun fashe a baya. Kasa da shekara daya daga baya, "Saturn", in aka yi la’akari da bayanin Kennedy, wanda aka kashe a zahiri gobe a Dallas, ya yi nasarar jefa wasu ton biyu na sararin samaniya. Sannan jerin gazawar sun ci gaba. Maganin apotheosis shine mutuwar Virgil Grissom, Edward White da Roger Chaffee dama akan faifan ƙaddamarwa. Kuma anan, maimakon fahimtar musabbabin bala'in, NASA ta yanke shawarar tashi zuwa duniyar wata. Wanda ke biye da gadar sama ta Duniya, yawo na Wata, yawo da Wata tare da kwaikwayon saukowa, kuma, a karshe, Neil Armstrong ya sanar da kowa game da karamin mataki da babba. Sannan yawon buɗe ido na wata ya fara, ɗan haɗarin haɗarin Apollo 13. Gabaɗaya, ya bayyana cewa don nasarar nasarar sama ta Earthasa, NASA ta ɗauki matsakaita sau 6 zuwa 10. Kuma sun tashi zuwa duniyar wata kusan ba tare da kurakurai ba - jirgi daya da baiyi nasara ba cikin 10. Irin wannan kididdigar yana da aƙalla abin ban mamaki ga duk wanda ke ma'amala da abubuwa masu rikitarwa a cikin gudanarwa wanda mutum ke halarta. Statisticsididdigar yawan jiragen sama suna ba mu damar ƙididdige yiwuwar samun nasarar aikin wata a cikin lambobi. Jirgin Apollo zuwa Wata da bayansa za'a iya raba shi cikin matakai 22 daga farawa zuwa fantsama. Sannan an kiyasta yiwuwar nasarar kammala kowane mataki. Yana da girma ƙwarai - daga 0.85 zuwa 0.99. Kawai hadadden motsi ne, kamar su hanzari daga kewayar-duniya da kewayawa, da “sag” - an kiyasta yiwuwar su zuwa 0.6. Ingara yawan lambobin da muka samu, zamu sami ƙimar 0.050784, watau yiwuwar yuwuwar yin nasara da ƙyar ya wuce 5%.
2. Hoto da yin fim
Ga yawancin masu sukar shirin Amurka na wata, shakku game da shi ya fara ne da shahararrun ginshiƙai inda tutar Amurka ko ta buga sakamakon ruɗar da aka lalata, ko rawar jiki saboda gaskiyar cewa an ɗinke igiyar nailan a ciki, ko kuma kawai yana jujjuyawa a kan babu Zuwa wata ga iska. Arin kayan da aka sanya su cikin mahimmancin bincike mai mahimmanci, fim ɗin da ya fi rikicewa da bidiyo ya bayyana. Da alama gashin tsuntsu da guduma a cikin faɗuwar kyauta sun faɗi cikin saurin daban, wanda bai kamata ya kasance a kan wata ba, kuma ba za a iya ganin taurari a cikin hotunan wata ba. Masana NASA da kansu sun karawa mai wuta. Idan hukumar ta takaita kanta ga buga kayan ba tare da cikakken bayani ba, to masu ra'ayin za a bar su da na su fasahar. Duk nazarin hanyoyin jirgin duwatsu da ke karkashin '' rover '' da tsayin tsalle 'yan saman jannatin zasu kasance a cikin kicin dinsu na ciki. Amma wakilan NASA sun fara bayyana cewa suna buga asalin albarkatun kasa. Bayan haka, tare da iska mara laifi, sun yarda cewa ana sake yin wani abu, mai launi, manne kuma ana ɗora shi - bayan duk, mai kallo yana buƙatar bayyanannen hoto, kuma kayan aikin wancan lokacin sun kasance ba cikakke ba, kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na iya kasawa. Sannan kuma ya zama cewa an yi abubuwa da yawa a cikin rumfuna a duniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin manyan masu ɗaukar hoto da wakilan masana'antar fim. A waje, yana kama da NASA a hankali yana ja da baya ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, kodayake wannan na iya zama alama ce kawai. Ganewa don sarrafa hoto da kayan bidiyo don masu shakka yana nufin shigar cewa duk waɗannan kayan an gurbata su.
3. Rocket "Saturn"
Abun da aka ambata a sama na rokar Saturn, ko kuma, gyara Saturn-5 tare da injin F-1, kafin tashin farko zuwa Wata bai wuce ƙaddamar da gwajin gwaji ɗaya ba, kuma bayan aikin Apollo na ƙarshe, an aika sauran roket biyu zuwa gidajen kayan tarihi. Dangane da alamun da aka ayyana, har yanzu roket din da injin din halittun hannu ne na musamman. Yanzu Amurkawa suna ƙaddamar da rokoki masu nauyi, suna ba su injunan RD-180 da aka saya daga Rasha. An kori babban mai tsara tauraron dan adam din na Saturn, Werner von Brown daga NASA a shekarar 1970, kusan a lokacin da ya yi nasara, bayan nasarar da aka samu sau 11 na kirkirar kwakwalwarsa a jere! Tare da shi, an kori ɗaruruwan masu bincike, injiniyoyi da masu zane-zane daga hukumar. Kuma "Saturn-5" bayan jirage 13 masu nasara sun je kwandon shara na tarihi. Rokar, kamar yadda suke faɗa, ba ta da abin da za ta ɗauka zuwa sararin samaniya, ƙarfin ɗaukarta ya yi yawa sosai (har zuwa tan 140). A lokaci guda, daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin kirkirar Tashar Sararin Samaniya ta Duniya ita ce nauyin abubuwan da aka hada su. Matsakaicinsa yakai tan 20 - wannan shine adadin roka na zamani. Saboda haka, ISS ta haɗu cikin ɓangarori, kamar mai tsarawa. Tare da nauyin ISS na yanzu a cikin tan 53, kusan tan 10 tashar tashoshi ce. Kuma "Saturn-5", bisa ka'ida, na iya jefawa cikin kewayar wata babbar abaya wacce take da nauyin ISS biyu na yanzu ba tare da wata mahada ba. An adana duk takaddun fasaha don katuwar roka (tsawon mita 110), amma Amurkawa ko dai ba sa son ci gaba da aikinsa, ko ba za su iya ba. Ko wataƙila, a zahiri, an yi amfani da roket na ƙananan ƙananan ƙarfi, ba zai iya sadar da tsarin wata tare da wadatar mai a cikin kewayar ba.
4. "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter"
Zuwa shekarar 2009, NASA ta riga ta nuna "komowa ga wata" (masu shakka, tabbas, suna cewa a wasu kasashen fasahar sararin samaniya ta kai matakin da cewa barazanar tona asirin wata ya yi yawa). A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin don irin wannan komawa zuwa wata, an ƙaddamar da rukunin Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). Dukkanin kayan aiki na bincike na nesa na tauraron dan adam na mu daga falakin zagaye an sanya shi a wannan tashar kimiyya. Amma babban kayan aikin akan LRO shine hadadden kyamara uku da ake kira LROC. Wannan hadadden ya dauki hotuna da yawa na duniyar wata. Ya kuma dauki hotunan saukar jirgin Apollo da tashoshin da wasu kasashe suka turo. Sakamakon yana da wuyar fahimta. Hotunan da aka ɗauka daga tsayin kilomita 21 sun nuna cewa akwai wani abu a saman duniyar wata, kuma wannan “wani abu” da gaske bai dace da yanayin ba. NASA ta sha nanata cewa don daukar hoto, tauraron dan adam din ya sauka zuwa kilomita 21 domin daukar hotuna mafi kyawu. Kuma idan ka kallesu da wani yanayi na tunani, zaka iya ganin kayan aikin wata, sarƙoƙin sawu, da ƙari. Hotunan, ba shakka, basu da tabbas, amma don watsawa zuwa Duniya dole ne a matse su da rashin inganci, kuma tsawo da saurin suna da yawa. Hotunan sun kayatar sosai. Amma idan aka kwatanta da sauran hotunan da aka ɗauka daga sararin samaniya, suna kama da sana'o'in sha'awa. Shekaru huɗu da suka gabata, an ɗauki hoton Mars da kyamarar HIRISE daga tsawan kilomita 300. Akwai wani yanayi mai gurbata yanayi a duniyar Mars, amma hoton HIRISE yafi kaifi. Kuma har ma ba tare da tashi zuwa Mars ba, duk wani mai amfani da sabis kamar Google Maps ko Google Earth zai tabbatar da cewa akan hotunan tauraron ɗan adam na Duniya yana yiwuwa a bayyane a ga da kuma gano abubuwan da suke da ƙanƙanta sosai fiye da Tsarin Lunar.
5. bel Allen belts
Kamar yadda kuka sani, ana kiyaye mazaunan Duniya daga haɗarin iska mai lalacewa ta hanyar maganadiso, wanda ke sake jujjuyawar hasken zuwa sararin samaniya. Amma yayin tafiyar sararin samaniya, an bar 'yan saman jannatin ba tare da kariyarta ba kuma idan, ba za su mutu ba, to sai sun sami allurai masu tsananin gaske. Koyaya, dalilai da yawa sunyi magana akan gaskiyar cewa gudu ta cikin belin radiation yana yiwuwa. Katangun ƙarfe suna kiyaye kariya daga sararin samaniya sosai da haƙuri. An tattara "Apollo" daga gami, ƙarfin kariya wanda yayi daidai da 3 cm na aluminum. Wannan ya rage nauyin radiation. Bugu da kari, jirgin ya wuce da sauri kuma ba ta cikin yankunan da suka fi karfi na filayen radiation ba. Sau shida 'yan sama jannatin sun yi sa'a - yayin tashin su zuwa Rana, babu wasu fuskoki masu tsanani da suka ninka haɗarin radiation. Sabili da haka, 'yan sama jannatin ba su sami mahimman ƙwayoyin radiation ba. Kodayake karuwar mace-mace daga cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, halayyar cututtukan radiation, daga cikin wadanda suka ziyarci Wata, an kafa ta da idon basira.
6. Wuraren sarari
Tsarin tallafi na rayuwar 'yan sama jannati a cikin balaguron wata sun kunshi sararin samaniya mai sanyaya ruwa mai rufi biyar, akwati mai dauke da iskar oxygen, kwantena biyu da ruwa - don fitarwa da sanyaya, mai sanya carbon dioxide, na'urar firikwensin lantarki da batir don samar da kayan aikin rediyo - daga sararin samaniya akwai yiwuwar a tuntuɓi Duniya. Bugu da kari, an sanya bawul a saman kwat da wando don sakin yawan ruwa. Wannan bawul din ne, tare da zik din, wannan shine mahadar da ke binne dukkan sarkar. A ƙarƙashin yanayi da ƙananan yanayin zafi, irin wannan bawul ɗin ba makawa zai daskare. Wannan lamari sananne ne ga tsoffin masu hawa tsaunuka. Sun mamaye mafi girman kololuwar duniyar duniyar tare da silinda masu iska, waɗanda bawul ɗinsu galibi galibi suna daskarewa, kodayake bambancin matsin lamba ba shi da ɗan kaɗan, kuma ƙarancin zafin ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa da -40 ° C. A sararin samaniya, bawul din ya kamata ya daskare bayan busawa ta farko, yana hana fitowar ta matsewa tare da sakamakon da ya dace da abinda ke ciki. Hakanan hasken wata bai ƙara wani tabbaci ga zik din da ke gudana daga guji ta cikin bayan baya ba. Ana ba da rigar ruwa tare da irin waɗannan azaman kwanakin nan. Koyaya, a cikin su "zippers", na farko, an rufe su da bawul mai ƙarfi wanda aka yi da yarn, kuma abu na biyu, matsin lamba a kan zik din a cikin kwat da ruwa yana fuskantar ciki, yayin da a cikin sararin samaniya matsawar ke aiki daga ciki, a cikin shugabanci na sararin samaniya. Yana da wuya cewa “zik din” roba zai iya tsayayya da irin wannan matsi.
7. Halayyar ‘yan sama jannati
Mafi mahimmanci, wanda ba'a tabbatar dashi ta kowane kayan aunawa ba, yana da'awar tashi zuwa duniyar wata. 'Yan sama jannati, tare da yiwuwar ban da balaguron farko, suna nuna hali kamar yara waɗanda, bayan dogon lokacin hunturu da suka shafe a cikin gida, a ƙarshe aka sake su a waje don yawo. Suna gudu, suna yin tsalle tsalle kamar kangaroo, suna zagaya wata cikin karamar mota. Ana iya bayyana wannan halayyar ta wata hanya idan 'yan saman jannatin sun tashi zuwa duniyar wata tsawon watanni kuma suna da lokacin da zasu rasa sarari da saurin motsi. Hakanan za'a iya bayanin halayen 'yan sama jannati ta yanayin ban mamaki na wata. Muna shirin sauka a kan duwatsu masu launin rai (ainihin ruwan kasa) da ƙura, kuma bayan saukarwa sai muka ga ciyawa kore, bishiyoyi da koramu. A zahiri, duk wani hoto na wata, ko da an ɗauke shi a cikin hasken rana mai haske, yana ihu: "Yana da haɗari a nan!" Bayyanar yanayin rashin son kai, kaifin gefuna da tukwane na duwatsu da duwatsu, yanayin da ya mamaye duhun taurari - irin wannan yanayin da kyar zai iya jan hankalin manya da suka samu horo a manyan mukamai na soja don yin wasa a cikin wani sabon yanayi. Haka kuma, idan kun san cewa bututun da aka toshe na iya haifar da mutuwa daga zafin rana, kuma duk wata lahani ga sararin samaniya na iya zama na mutuwa. Amma 'yan saman jannatin sunyi kamar a cikin' yan sakanni umarnin "Ku tsaya! Yin fim! ”, Kuma mataimakan daraktoci masu kaman kasuwanci zasu ba kowa kofi.
8. Ambaliyar ruwa
Maido da Apollo zuwa Duniya aiki ne mai matukar wahala. A cikin shekarun 1960, dawowar kumbon sama, har ma daga kusa-da-kewayar duniya, inda saurin tafiya daga kusan 7,9 km / s, babbar matsala ce. Cosmonauts na Soviet koyaushe suna sauka, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin latsa, "a cikin yankin da aka bayar." Amma yankin wannan yanki yana da hazo ya kasance dubunnan murabba'in kilomita. Kuma duk iri ɗaya ne, saukar da motocin sau da yawa “ɓacewa”, kuma Alexei Leonov (ɗaya daga cikin masu goyan bayan shirin Lunar, a hanya) da Pavel Belyaev kusan sun daskare a cikin taiga, suna sauka a wurin da ba a tsara ba. Amurkawa sun dawo daga duniyar a gudun 11.2 km / s. A lokaci guda, ba su yi wata jujjuyawar duniya ba, amma nan da nan suka tafi ƙasa. Kuma a bayyane suka faɗi a cikin taga na yanayin kimanin kilomita 5 × 3 a diamita. Skeaya daga cikin masu shakkar ya kwatanta irin wannan daidaito da tsalle daga tagar jirgin ƙasa mai motsi zuwa cikin taga jirgin jirgin da ke motsawa zuwa kishiyar shugabanci. A lokaci guda, a waje, kampanin Apollo a lokacin saukinsa ya fi ƙanƙan da abin hawa na jiragen Soviet, kodayake sun shiga sararin ne da saurin da ya rage sau ɗaya da rabi.
9. Rashin taurari a matsayin shaida na shirye-shiryen karya
Maganar ba a bayyane a cikin kowane hoto daga duniyar wata ta tsufa kamar yadda ƙirar makircin wata take. Yawancin lokaci ana magance su ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa an ɗauki hotuna akan wata a cikin hasken rana mai haske. Faɗin Wata, wanda Hasken rana ya haskaka, ya haifar da ƙarin haske, don haka taurari ba su faɗi cikin kowane irin tsari ba.Koyaya, yan sama jannatin sun dauki hoto sama da 5,000 a duniyar Wata, amma basu taba daukar hoto wanda saman wata ya wuce gona da iri ba, amma taurarin zasu fada cikin firam. Bugu da ƙari, yana da wuya a ɗauka cewa, yin balaguro zuwa wani jikin sama, 'yan saman jannatin ba su karɓi umarni don ɗaukar hoto na sama ba. Bayan duk wannan, irin waɗannan hotunan zasu zama babbar hanyar kimiyya don ilimin taurari. Ko da a zamanin da manyan abubuwan da aka gano a duniya, duk wani balaguro ya hada da masanin taurari, wanda da farko, lokacin gano wasu kasashe, ya zana taurarin samaniya. Kuma a nan masu shakka sun sami cikakken dalili na shakku - ba shi yiwuwa a sake kirkirar ainihin tauraron wata, saboda haka babu hotuna.
10. Sanyin darajan wata
A kwanakin baya, 'yan sama jannati sun bar Module na Lunar na awowi da yawa, suna ƙarfafa shi. Bayan dawowarsu, ana zargin sun kunna na'urar sanyaya, sun rage zafin jiki a cikin darasin daga digiri dari zuwa abin yarda, kuma daga nan ne kawai za su iya cire sararin samaniya. A ka'ida, wannan ya halatta, amma ba ma'anar sanyaya ko samarda wutar lantarki akanta a ko'ina.
