Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa - Masanin ilmin lissafi dan Soviet, injiniya da bidi'a. V. Lomonosov (1959). Ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR, Royal Society of London da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta USasa ta Amurka. Chevalier na Umarni 6 na Lenin.
Akwai hujjoji masu ban sha'awa da yawa a tarihin rayuwar Pyotr Kapitsa wanda tabbas zai burge ku.
Don haka, a gabanka gajeriyar tarihin Peter Kapitsa.
Tarihin rayuwar Peter Kapitsa
An haifi Petr Kapitsa a ranar 26 ga Yuni (8 ga Yulin) 1894 a Kronstadt. Ya girma kuma ya girma a cikin iyali mai ilimi.
Mahaifinsa, Leonid Petrovich, injiniyan soja ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa, Olga Ieronimovna, ta yi karatun almara da adabin yara.
Yara da samari
Lokacin da Bitrus yake ɗan shekara 11, iyayensa suka tura shi dakin motsa jiki. Babban mawuyacin abu ga yaron shine Latin, wanda ba zai iya sarrafa shi ba.
A saboda wannan dalili, shekara ta gaba Kapitsa ya koma Kronstadt School. Anan ya sami manyan maki a dukkan fannoni, ya kammala da girmamawa.
Bayan wannan, saurayin ya yi tunani sosai game da rayuwarsa ta gaba. Sakamakon haka, ya shiga kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta St. Petersburg da ke Sashen Lantarki.
Ba da daɗewa ba, ɗalibin mai hazaka ya sa shahararren masanin ilmin lissafi Abram Ioffe ya mai da hankali ga kansa. Malamin ya ba shi aiki a dakin binciken sa.
Ioffe yayi iyakar kokarin sa don ganin Pyotr Kapitsa kwararre ne sosai. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 1914 ya taimaka masa barin Scotland. A cikin wannan ƙasar ne ɗalibin ya kama da Yaƙin Duniya na Farko (1914-1918).
Bayan 'yan watanni, Kapitsa ya sami nasarar komawa gida, bayan haka nan da nan ya tafi gaba. Matashin masanin kimiyyar lissafin ya yi aiki a matsayin direba a cikin motar daukar marasa lafiya.
A cikin 1916, Pyotr Kapitsa ya kasance ba shi da aiki, bayan haka ya koma St. Petersburg, inda ya ci gaba da shiga cikin ayyukan kimiyya. A wannan lokacin ne na tarihin sa aka buga labarin sa na farko.
Ayyukan kimiyya
Tun kafin ya kare difloma, Ioffe ya tabbatar da cewa Peter yana aiki ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Roentgenological da Radiological. Bugu da kari, malamin ya taimaka masa zuwa kasashen waje domin samun sabon ilimi.
Ya kamata a lura cewa a wancan lokacin aiki ne mai wahalar gaske samun izinin tafiya zuwa kasashen waje. Sai kawai godiya ga sa hannun Maxim Gorky, an ba Kapitsa izinin zuwa Burtaniya.
A Biritaniya, wani ɗalibi ɗan Rasha ya zama ma'aikacin Laborat Cavendish. Shugabanta shi ne babban masanin ilmin lissafi Ernest Rutherford. Bayan watanni 2, Bitrus ya riga ya zama ma'aikacin Cambridge.
Kowace rana matashin masanin ya haɓaka bajintarsa, yana nuna babban matakin ilimin asali da amfani. Kapitsa ya fara zurfafa bincike kan ayyukan karfin maganadisu, yana yin gwaje-gwaje da yawa.
Ofayan ayyukan farko na masanin kimiyyar lissafi shine nazarin lokacin maganaɗisu na ƙarar zarra wanda yake a cikin magnetic magnetic field, tare da Nikolai Semenov. Binciken ya haifar da gwajin Stern-Gerlach.
A lokacin da yake da shekara 28, Pyotr Kapitsa ya yi nasarar kare karatun digirin digirgir, sannan shekaru 3 daga baya aka kara masa mukamin zuwa mataimakin daraktan dakin binciken don maganadisu.
Daga baya, Peter Leonidovich memba ne na Royal Society of London. A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, yayi bincike game da canjin makaman nukiliya da lalacewar rediyo.
Kapitsa ya sami damar tsara kayan aikin da ke ba da damar shirya filayen maganadiso masu karfi. A sakamakon haka, ya sami damar yin babban aiki a wannan yanki, ya zarce duk magabata.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, Lev Landau da kansa ya lura da cancantar masanin kimiyyar Rasha.
Don ci gaba da aikinsa, Pyotr Kapitsa ya yanke shawarar komawa Rasha, tunda an buƙaci yanayi mai dacewa don nazarin kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarancin zafi.
Hukumomin Soviet sun yi farin ciki da dawowar masanin. Koyaya, Kapitsa ya gabatar da sharaɗi guda ɗaya: don bashi damar barin Tarayyar Soviet a kowane lokaci.
Ba da daɗewa ba ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin Soviet ta soke bizar Biritaniya ta Peter Kapitsa. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa ba shi da haƙƙin barin Rasha.
Masana kimiyya na Burtaniya sun yi ƙoƙari ta hanyoyi daban-daban don rinjayi ayyukan rashin adalci na shugabancin Soviet, amma duk ƙoƙarinsu bai yi nasara ba.
A shekarar 1935, Petr Leonidovich ya zama shugaban Cibiyar Matsalolin Jiki a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha. Yana son kimiyya sosai don yaudarar da hukumomin Soviet suka yi bai sa shi barin aikinsa ba.
Kapitsa ya nemi kayan aikin da yayi aiki a Ingila. Dangane da abin da ke faruwa, Rutherford ya yanke shawarar ba zai tsoma baki tare da sayar da kayan aiki ga Tarayyar Soviet ba.
Masanin ilimin ya ci gaba da gwaje-gwaje a fagen ƙarfin maganadisu. Bayan 'yan shekaru, ya inganta injin turbin na kafuwa, godiya ga abin da ingancin shayar iska ya karu sosai. Helium an sanyaya ta atomatik a cikin mai fadadawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce ana amfani da irin waɗannan kayan aikin a duk duniya a yau. Koyaya, babban binciken da aka samu a tarihin rayuwar Pyotr Kapitsa shine abin da yafi ƙarfin helium.
Rashin danko na abu a yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da 2 ° C ya kasance ƙarshen ƙarshe ba zato ba tsammani. Don haka, ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na ruwan jimla ya tashi.
Hukumomin Soviet sun bi aikin masanin sosai. Bayan lokaci, an ba shi damar shiga cikin ƙirƙirar bam ɗin atom.
Yana da mahimmanci a jaddada cewa Petr Kapitsa ya ƙi ba da haɗin kai, duk da shawarwarin da ke da amfani a gare shi. A sakamakon haka, an cire shi daga aikin kimiyya kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 8 na tsare gida.
An danne shi daga dukkan bangarorin, Kapitsa ba ya son fahimtar abin da ke faruwa. Ba da daɗewa ba ya sami nasarar ƙirƙirar dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin dacha. A can ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje kuma ya yi nazarin makamashin nukiliyar.
Pyotr Kapitsa ya sami cikakken ikon ci gaba da aikinsa na kimiyya sai bayan mutuwar Stalin. A wannan lokacin yana karatun plasma mai zafin jiki sosai.
Daga baya, a kan ayyukan masana kimiyyar lissafi, an gina mahaukatan ma'aunin zafi. Bugu da kari, Kapitsa ya kasance mai sha'awar dukiyar walƙiyar ƙwallon ƙafa, injin samar da microwave da kuma ruwan jini.
Yana dan shekara 71, Pyotr Kapitsa aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Niels Bohr, wanda aka ba shi a kasar Denmark. Bayan 'yan shekaru, ya yi sa'a ya ziyarci Amurka.
A shekarar 1978 Kapitsa ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi saboda bincikensa kan yanayin zafi kadan.
An kira masanin kimiyyar lissafin "Kapitsa's pendulum" - wani abin birgewa ne wanda ke nuna kwanciyar hankali a wajen yanayin daidaito. Tasirin Kapitza-Dirac yana nuna watsuwa da electron a sararin igiyar lantarki.
Rayuwar mutum
Matar farko ta Peter ita ce Nadezhda Chernosvitova, wanda ya aura yana da shekara 22. A cikin wannan auren, ma'auratan suna da ɗa namiji Jerome da yarinya Nadezhda.
Komai yana tafiya daidai har zuwa lokacin da duk dangin, banda Kapitsa, suka kamu da cutar mura ta Spain. A sakamakon haka, matarsa da yaransa biyu sun mutu daga wannan mummunar cutar.
Peter Kapitsa ya sami nasarar tsira daga wannan bala'i daga mahaifiyarsa, wanda ke yin duk abin da zai yiwu don sauƙaƙa wahalar ɗanta.
A ƙarshen shekarar 1926, masanin kimiyyar lissafi ya haɗu da Anna Krylova, wanda ɗiyar ɗayan abokan aikinsa ne. Matasan sun nuna sha'awar juna, sakamakon haka suka yanke shawarar yin aure a shekara mai zuwa.
A cikin wannan auren, ma'aurata suna da yara maza 2 - Sergey da Andrey. Tare da Anna, Bitrus ya rayu tsawon shekaru 57. Ga mijinta, mace ba kawai mace ce mai aminci ba, amma har ma mataimakiya ce a aikinsa na kimiyya.
A lokacin hutu, Kapitsa ya kasance mai son dara, gyaran agogo da aikin kafinta.
Petr Leonidovich yayi ƙoƙarin bin salon da ya haɓaka yayin rayuwarsa a Burtaniya. Ya kamu da shan sigari kuma ya fi son sa kayan tweed.
Bugu da kari, Kapitsa ya zauna a cikin gida irin na Turanci.
Mutuwa
Har zuwa karshen zamaninsa, masanin kimiyyar na Rasha ya nuna matukar sha'awar kimiyya. Ya ci gaba da aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma ya shugabanci Cibiyar Matsalolin Jiki.
Makonni kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, malamin makarantar ya sami bugun jini. Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1984, ba tare da sake farfaɗowa ba, yana da shekara 89.
A tsawon rayuwarsa, masanin kimiyyar lissafi ya kasance mai gwagwarmaya don zaman lafiya. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan hadewar masana kimiyya na Rasha da Amurka. Don tunawa da shi, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha ta kafa lambar zinare ta P. L. Kapitsa.
Hoto daga Petr Kapitsa
