Duk mutane suna ganin gadoji iri-iri. Ba kowa ke tunanin cewa gada wata tsohuwar ƙirar kirkira ce ba. A lokacin karnin farko na tarihin ɗan adam, mutane ba sa bukatar safarar wani abu mai nauyi. Ana iya ɗaukar itacen itacen da hannu. Kogo ko bukka sun dace da mazauni. Shahararren mammoth, wanda aka kashe saboda abinci, bai buƙaci a ja shi ko'ina ba - sun ci muddin dai zai yiwu, a wurin, ko kuma raba gawar cikin ɓangarorin da suka dace don ɗauka. Ketare koguna ko kwazazzabai, da farko kan nasarar da aka samu, sannan kuma akan wani akwati da aka zubar na musamman, galibi dole ne, kuma wani lokacin rayuwa na dogaro da yiwuwar tsallakawa.
A wasu yankuna masu tsaunuka na Kudancin Amurka da Asiya, akwai kabilun da har yanzu basu san dabaran ba. Amma gadoji sanannu ne ga irin waɗannan ƙabilun, kuma galibi galibi ba gungume bane wanda ya faɗo ta rafin mai tsawon mita, amma hadaddun sifofi masu sassauƙa da katako, waɗanda aka haɗu tare da mafi ƙarancin kayan aiki, amma suna aiki na ƙarni.
Babban ginin gadoji ya fara ne ta hanyar mahaukatan Rome. Ka'idodin ginin gada da suka haɓaka sun wanzu ɗaruruwan shekaru, kafin bayyanar ƙarfe, kankare da sauran kayan zamani. Amma ko da la'akari da sabon ci gaban da aka samu a fannin kimiyya, gina gadoji har yanzu aiki ne mai wahala na aikin injiniya.
1. Gadaji, duk da nau'ikan su, nau'ikan su uku ne kawai ta nau'in gini: madauri, mai-waya da kuma baka. Gadar girder ita ce mafi sauki, itace ɗaya da aka jefa akan rafin. Gadar dakatarwa tana kan igiyoyi; yana iya zama duka zarurrukan shuka da igiyoyin ƙarfe masu ƙarfi. Gadar da aka kafa ita ce mafi wahalar ginawa, amma a lokaci guda ita ce mafi dawwama. An rarraba nauyin gada akan arches zuwa masu tallafawa. Tabbas, a cikin aikin gada na zamani akwai kuma haɗuwa da waɗannan nau'ikan. Hakanan akwai gadoji masu iyo, ko gadoji, amma waɗannan gine-gine ne na ɗan lokaci, kuma suna kwance akan ruwa, kuma basa wuce shi. Haka kuma yana yiwuwa a rarrabe gadoji (wucewa ta kan ruwa) daga viaducts (ƙetare ƙananan filaye da ravines) da ƙetare (wucewa ta kan hanyoyi), amma daga mahangar injiniya, bambancin ba shi da muhimmanci.
2. Duk da cewa duk wata gada, a ma'anar ta, tsari ne na wucin gadi, a Duniya, banda kananan gull, akwai manyan gadoji na zahiri. Kwanan nan, an yada hotunan gadar Fairy da ke China. Ra'ayoyin suna da ban sha'awa sosai - kogin ya wuce ƙarƙashin baka mai tsayi sama da mita 70, kuma tsawon gadar ya kusa da mita 140. Koyaya, Fairy Bridge ba shi da nisa, kuma ba mafi girma ba, irin wannan tsari. A cikin Peru, a gefen gabashin gabashin Andes, can baya a 1961, an gano wani baka mai tsayin mita 183 akan Kogin Cutibiren. Sakamakon gadar ya wuce mita 350 tsawonta. Bugu da ƙari, wannan “gada” tana da faɗin kusan mita 300, don haka masoya rami na iya yin jayayya game da ainihin abin da ya kamata a yi la'akari da wannan tsarin halitta.
3. Mafi shaharar tsohuwar gada ita ce mai yiwuwa gada ce mai tsawon mita 400 akan Rhine, an gina ta a shekara ta 55 kafin haihuwar Yesu. e. Godiya ga tufafin Julius Caesar, da kuma bayyana shi da ƙwazo a cikin littafin "Yakin Gallic" (babu wasu shaidu), muna da ra'ayin wannan mu'ujizar aikin injiniya. An gina gadar ne daga tsattsauran itacen oak masu tsayi da tsayin mita 7 - 8 (zurfin Rhine a wurin gadar mita 6 ne). Daga sama, an ɗora tarin tare da katako na ƙetare, wanda aka ɗora kan dutsen rajista a kansa. Komai game da komai ya ɗauki kwanaki 10. A kan hanyar komawa Rome Kaisar ya ba da umarnin kwance gada. An riga an yi zargin wani abu ba daidai ba a cikin Zamanin Zamani. Gaskiya ne, Andrea Palladio da Vincenzo Scamozzi sun ɗan gyara babban Kaisar ne kawai, "suna daidaita" hanyar gini da bayyanar gada. Napoleon Bonaparte, tare da halayyar sa ta gaskiya, ya bayyana cewa duk maganganun da ake yi game da katako da aka yi wa gada gulmar banza ce, kuma manyan sojoji suna ta tafiya a kan bayanan da ba a san su ba. August von Zoghausen, injiniyan soja na Prussia, ya ci gaba. Ya kirga cewa idan ka yiwa guduma tare da mace (babban guduma da aka ɗaga akan igiyoyi) daga kwale-kwale biyu, sannan kuma ƙari da ƙarfafawa da zubar da shi, aikin yana yiwuwa. A sarari yake cewa don shirye-shiryen tarin ya zama dole a sare wani karamin gandun daji na itacen oak, da kuma hakar ma'adanan dutse don sake cikawa. Tuni a cikin karni na ashirin, masanin tarihi Nikolai Ershovich ya kirga cewa tare da sauye sau biyu na direba mai tari, zai ɗauki kwanaki 40 na ci gaba da aiki kawai don tuka tara da sojojin Kaisar. Don haka, wataƙila, gada akan Rhine ya wanzu ne kawai a cikin wadataccen tunanin Kaisar.
4. Wanda ya assasa ginin gadar kimiyya shine injiniyan Rasha kuma masanin kimiyya Dmitry Zhuravsky (1821 - 1891). Shi ne ya fara amfani da lissafin kimiyya da daidaitaccen sikelin zane a cikin aikin gada. Zhuravsky yayi aiki a matsayin injiniya kan gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa mafi tsayi a lokacin a duniya, St. Petersburg - Moscow. Aukakar masu ginin gada ta Amurka ta yi tsawa a duniya. Wanda ya haskaka shine William Howe. Ya ƙirƙira kayan kwalliyar katako waɗanda sandunan ƙarfe suke haɗuwa tare. Koyaya, wannan ƙirar kirkirar kwatsam. Gau da kamfaninsa sun gina gadoji da yawa a cikin Amurka, amma sun gina su, kamar yadda mashahurin ilimin kimiyyar ya sanya shi, da ƙarfi - bazuwar. Hakanan, da ƙarfi, waɗannan gadoji sun rushe. Zhuravsky, a gefe guda, ya fara lissafin ƙarfin tsarukan tsarin ta hanyar lissafi, yana rage komai zuwa tsarin tsari mai kyau. Kusan dukkanin gadoji na jirgin ƙasa a cikin Rasha a cikin ƙarni na 19 an gina su ko dai ƙarƙashin jagorancin Zhuravsky, ko kuma amfani da lissafin sa. Manufofin gabaɗaya sun zama na duniya - sun kuma fito lokacin da suke ƙididdigar ƙarfin katangar Katidral na Peter da Paul Fortress. A nan gaba, Dmitry Ivanovich ya gina magudanan ruwa, ya sake gina tashoshin jiragen ruwa, na tsawon shekaru 10 ya shugabanci sashin layin dogo, yana mai faɗaɗa yawan hanyoyin da ake bi.
5. Gada mafi tsayi a duniya - Danyang-Kunshan viaduct. Kasa da kilomita 10 daga tsayinsa tsawon kilomita 165 ya ratsa ruwan, amma wannan bai sa sashen babbar hanyar sauri tsakanin Nanjing da Shanghai ya zama mai sauƙin ginawa ba. Koyaya, ma'aikatan China da injiniyoyi sun ɗauki dala biliyan 10 da kusan watanni 40 don gina wannan dodo a duniyar gadoji. Saurin ginin viaduct ya kasance a fili saboda larurar siyasa. Tun 2007, gada mafi tsayi a duniya ita ce ta Zhanghua - Kaohsiung Viaduct. An gina wannan mai riƙe da rikodin a cikin Taiwan, wanda kuma ake kira Jamhuriyar China kuma yana ɗaukar mahukunta a yanzu a Beijing a matsayin masu kwace. Wurare 3 zuwa 5 suna cike da gadoji da kwale-kwale daban-daban na ƙasar Sin daga tsawon kilomita 114 zuwa 55 a tsayi. Kawai a ƙasan rabin goma na farko sune gadoji a Thailand da Amurka. Thearami mafi tsayi a cikin gadoji na Amurka, mai nisan kilomita 38 mai tsawon Pontchartrain Lake Bridge, an ba shi izini a cikin 1979.
6. Shahararren Gadar Brooklyn da ke New York a zahiri ya ɗauki rayukan ma'aikata ba 27 kawai ba, har ma da manyan masu ginin ta biyu: John Roebling da ɗansa Washington. John Roebling, a lokacin da aka fara ginin Bridge Bridge, ya riga ya gina hanyar wucewa ta hanyar kewayawa a kan Niagara a ƙasan shahararriyar ruwan. Bugu da kari, ya mallaki wani babban kamfanin igiya na karfe. Roebling Sr. ya kirkiro aikin gada kuma a 1870 ya fara aikin sa. Roebling ya ba da umarnin fara aikin gina gadar, ba tare da sanin cewa ya halaka ba. Yayin awo na karshe, jirgin kwale-kwale ya fada cikin jirgin ruwan da ke dauke da injiniyan. Injiniyan ya raunata yatsun kafa da yawa. Bai taba murmurewa daga wannan raunin ba, duk da cewa an yanke kafarsa. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Washington Roebling ya zama babban injiniya. Ya ga an gina gada ta Brooklyn, amma lafiyar Roebling Jr. ta yi rauni. Yayin da yake ma'amala da haɗari a cikin caisson - wani ɗaki wanda iska mai ƙarfi ke tilasta ruwa daga aiki don zurfin aiki - ya tsira daga cututtukan cututtuka kuma ya shanye. Ya ci gaba da kula da gine-gine, yana zaune a cikin keken hannu kuma yana tattaunawa da magina ta hanyar matarsa, Anne Warren. Koyaya, Washington Roebling yana da irin wannan sha'awar ya rayu har ya zama shanyayye har zuwa 1926.
7. Gada mafi tsayi a Rasha ita ce mafi “sabo” - Gadar Kirimiya. An fara amfani da bangaren motarta a shekarar 2018, da kuma layin dogo daya a shekarar 2019. Tsawon bangaren layin dogo ya kai mita 18,018, bangaren motar - mita 16,857. Raba zuwa sassan, hakika, yana da sharadi - an auna tsawon hanyoyin hanyoyin jirgin da tsawon hanyar. Matsayi na biyu da na uku a cikin darajar gadoji mafi tsayi a Rasha suna cike da ƙananan titin Yammacin Gaggawa mai Girma a St. Petersburg. Tsawon hanyar wucewa ta Kudu ya kai mita 9,378, wanda ya wuce ta Arewa ya fi tsayi mita 600.
8. Gadar Trinity a cikin St. Petersburg a farkon karni na ashirin ana kiranta kyakkyawar Faransanci ko Parisiya. A yayin kusancin siyasa tsakanin Rasha da Faransa, girmamawa da girmamawa ga duk Faransanci ya isa saman-tudu. Kamfanonin Faransa da injiniyoyi ne kawai suka shiga gasar don gina gadar Triniti. Wanda ya yi nasara shi ne Gustave Eiffel, wanda ya gina hasumiya a Faris. Koyaya, saboda wasu motsi na ban mamaki na ruhun Rasha, Batignolles aka ba da izinin gina gada. Faransawa ba su damu ba, bayan da suka sake gina wani birni na ado. An kawata Trinity Bridge da kayan adon asali a bankunan biyu da fitilun da suke ɗauke da kowane ginshiƙin gadar. Kuma daga Gadar Troitsky zaka iya ganin wasu gadajen St. Petersburg guda bakwai lokaci guda. A cikin 2001 - 2003, an sake gina gadar gaba daya tare da maye gurbin tsoffin sassan kankare da suka lalace, da kan hanya, da hanyoyin tarago, da wata hanyar lilo da shigar da haske. Dukkan abubuwa masu ado da gine-gine an dawo dasu. Sauyin musayar Multilevel ya bayyana a kan gangaren gada.
9. Wani ɓangare na hoton gani wanda ya bayyana a cikin kan mutum a kalmar "London" wataƙila zai zama gada - irin wa ɗ annan clices da aka kafa. Koyaya, babu gadoji da yawa a babban birnin Burtaniya. Kusan 30 ne daga cikinsu. Don kwatankwacin: masu harhaɗa littafin Guinness Book of Records sun yi amannar cewa akwai gadoji kusan 2500 a Hamburg, Jamus. A Amsterdam, akwai gadoji har 1,200, a cikin Venice, wanda ya kusan kusan kan ruwa, akwai 400. St. Petersburg na iya shiga cikin manyan biranen uku tare da mafi yawan gadoji, idan aka kirga gadoji a cikin biranen tauraron dan adam, to za a sami fiye da 400 daga cikinsu. akwai 342 daga cikinsu a cikin babban birnin, gami da 13 daidaitattu.
10. Mafi tsufa daga cikin gadoji da ke ƙetare Kogin Moskva a babban birnin Rasha, amma ga ire-iren gine-gine, bai tsufa ba. Roman Klein ne ya gina shi a cikin 1912 don tunawa da shekara ɗari na Yaƙin rioasa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an sake gina gadar sau biyu. An maye gurbin goyan bayan daukar nauyi, gadar ta fadada, an kara tsayinta - ga wata gada wacce ke da nisan kilomita biyu daga Kremlin, ba kyan gani kawai ba ne ke da muhimmanci, amma kuma tana daukar iya aiki. Bayyanar gadar an kiyayeta sosai tare da katunan kasuwancin ta - side porticos and obelisks.
11. Farkon karni na XXI shine zamanin zinariya na ginin gada ta Rasha. Ba tare da nuna farin ciki ba, ba tare da sanar da shirye-shiryen ƙasa ba ko ayyukan gine-gine na ƙasa baki ɗaya, an gina gadoji da yawa masu tsayi da musamman mawuyacin gine a ƙasar. Ya isa a faɗi cewa 9 cikin 10 da 17 cikin 20 daga cikin gadoji mafi tsayi na Rasha an gina su ne a 2000-2020. Daga cikin "tsoffin" a cikin goman farko akwai Gadar Amur a Khabarovsk (mita 3,891, wuri na 8), wanda za'a iya gani akan lissafin dubu biyar. Gadar Saratov (2804, 11) da kuma Gadar Metro a Novosibirsk (2 145, 18) suna daga cikin gadoji 20 mafi tsayi a Rasha.
12. Makomar farkon gadar St. Petersburg ta cancanci dawwama a cikin littafin. Alexander Menshikov ne ya gina shi a shekarar 1727. Bayan mutuwar Peter I, wanda bai yarda da gina gadoji a cikin St. Petersburg ba, wanda aka fi so ya zama mai iko duka kuma ya ba da matsayin mai girma. Kuma Admiralty yana daga yankin Menshikov da ke tsibirin Vasilievsky a gefen Neva - yana da sauƙi don zuwa sabis ɗin ba tare da canzawa zuwa jirgi da baya ba. Don haka suka gina gada mai iyo, wanda aka tatsa domin wucewar jiragen ruwa kuma aka tarwatsa shi don lokacin sanyi. Lokacin da aka hambarar da Menshikov, ya ba da umarnin wargaza gadar. An isa kan tsibirin, kuma mazauna St. Petersburg sun ja gada da sauri. An sabunta cocin Ishaku (St. Isaac's Church ya tsaya kusa da gadar kusa da Admiralty) a shekarar 1732, amma nan da nan sai ambaliyar ruwa ta ruguza shi. A cikin 1733, gadar ta zama mafi ƙarfi, kuma ta tsaya har zuwa 1916. Gaskiya ne, a 1850 an matsar da shi zuwa Spit na Tsibirin Vasilievsky kuma gada ta zama Gadar Fada. Wataƙila, a matsayin abin tunawa na zamanin da, gadar za ta iya wanzuwa har zuwa yau, amma wani ya zo da wata dabara a zamanin tuka jirgin ruwa don shirya ma'ajiyar kananzir a kanta. Sakamakon ya kasance wanda ake iya faɗi: a lokacin bazara na 1916, tartsatsin wuta daga aiki ya kunna tsarin kuma wutar da sauri ta isa kananzir. Ragowar gadar ta kone tsawon kwanaki. Amma kuma ita ce gada ta farko a duniya tare da hasken lantarki - a cikin 1879, an sanya fitilu da yawa waɗanda P.N. Yablochkov ya tsara akan ta.
13. Kamar yadda kuka sani, dole ne ku biya kowane saukakawa. Gadaji galibi suna ɗaukar rayukan mutane don sauƙinsu. Wasu lokuta ana lalata su saboda rashin tunani na ɗan Adam ko gafala, wani lokacin saboda dalilai na dabi'a, amma galibi galibi gadar tana lalacewa ta hanyar ɗaukacin mawuyacin dalilai. Lamura a cikin Fushin Faransa (1850) ko a St. Petersburg (1905), lokacin da gadoji suka rushe saboda gaskiyar cewa sojojin da ke tafiya sun fada cikin yanayi tare da girgiza gadar, ana iya daukar su da kyau - halakar tana da dalili guda daya bayyananne. Clark Eldridge da Leon Moiseeff, lokacin da suke tsara gada a Tacoma Narrows a Amurka, suma sun yi watsi da motsin fuska, a wannan yanayin guguwa na iska tana sakewa. Gadar ta rushe a gaban masu mallakar kyamara da dama wadanda suka dauki hotuna masu kayatarwa. Amma gada a kan Firth na Tay a Scotland a 1879 ta rushe ba kawai saboda iska mai ƙarfi da raƙuman ruwa ba, amma kuma saboda ba a tsara abubuwan da ke tallafawa don ɗaukar nauyi - an kuma ƙaddamar da jirgin ƙasa a kan gadar. Ruwan Tei ya zama kabari ga mutane 75. "Silver Bridge" a Amurka tsakanin West Virginia da Ohio, wanda aka gina a 1927, kawai ya gaji ne cikin shekaru 40. An kirga shi ne a kan motsin motocin fasinja masu nauyin kilogiram 600 - 800 da manyan motoci. Kuma a cikin shekarun 1950, zamanin fara kera motoci ya fara, kuma motocin da suka kai girman babbar motar yaƙi kafin fara yaƙi sun fara hawa kan "Silver Bridge". Wata rana, ba cikakke ba ga mutane 46, gadar ta faɗi cikin ruwan Ohio. Abin takaici, gadoji za su ci gaba da durkushewa - jihohi yanzu ba su son saka hannun jari a kayayyakin more rayuwa, kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na bukatar riba cikin sauri. Ba za ku iya samun sa daga gadoji ba.
14. A 1850 a cikin St. Petersburg an kammala ginin gadar ƙarfe akan Neva mai tsawon kusan mita 300. Da farko, an sanya masa suna Blagoveshchensky da sunan cocin da ke kusa. Bayan haka, bayan mutuwar Nicholas I, an sake ba shi suna Nikolaevsky. Gadar ta kasance a lokacin mafi tsayi a Turai. Nan da nan suka fara tsara labarai da tatsuniyoyi game da shi. Sarki, mahaliccin gadar, Stanislav Kerbedz, ana zargin an ba shi wani mukamin soja bayan an girka kowane tsayi. Kerbedz ya fara gina gada a cikin matsayin manyan. Idan almara ta kasance gaskiya, bayan tashin jirgi na biyar, zai zama babban janar ɗin soja, sannan Nikolai dole ne ya ƙirƙiri wasu sabbin taken guda uku gwargwadon yawan jiragen da suka rage. Maza masu tafiya tare da matan da ke gasa da juna game da fara'ar gadar - na dogon lokaci shi kaɗai ne aka ba da izinin shan sigari a kansa - sauran gadoji an yi su ne da itace. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin mutuwarsa, Nicholas I, yana wucewa ta kan gada, ya sadu da wata hanyar jana'iza mara kyau. Sun binne wani sojan da ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 25. Sarki ya sauka daga karusar ya takawa soja a cikin tafiyarsa ta karshe. An tilasta wa wadanda suka yanke hukuncin yin hakan.A ƙarshe, a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1917, harbi daga bindiga mai inci 6 na babban jirgin ruwa mai suna Aurora, wanda aka ajiye kusa da gadar Nikolaevsky, ya ba da alamar farkon juyin mulkin Oktoba, wanda daga baya ake kira Babban Oktoba na gurguzu.
15. Daga 1937 zuwa 1938, an gina ko sake gina gadoji 14 a cikin Moscow. Daga cikinsu akwai kawai gadar Crimean (Moscow) da aka dakatar a babban birni, wanda ke son waɗanda suke son kashe kansu, kuma Gadar Bolshoi Kamenny - shahararren hoto na Kremlin ya buɗe daga gare ta. Hakanan an sake gina Gadar Bolshoi Moskvoretsky, wacce ta hada Vasilievsky Spusk da Bolshaya Ordynka. Akwai ƙetara a nan cikin ƙarni na 16, kuma an gina gada ta farko a cikin 1789. A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, wannan gada ya zama sananne saboda gaskiyar cewa a kanta ne wani jirgin sama mai sauƙi na Jamus Matthias Rust ya sauka, wanda a cikin 1987 ya rinjayi dukkan tsarin tsaron iska na USSR. Sannan an gina tsohuwar gada metro a Rasha, Smolensky. Fasinjoji na farko na doguwar tsawa mai tsawon mita 150 musamman sun lura da bambanci tsakanin duhun bango na ramin metro da kyawawan ra'ayoyi na Kogin Moskva da bankunansa waɗanda ba zato ba tsammani suka bayyana.
