Isaac Newton (1643-1727) - Bature masanin ilmin lissafi, lissafi, kanikanci da kuma masanin taurari, daya daga cikin wadanda suka assasa ilimin kimiyyar lissafi. Mawallafin babban aikin "Ka'idodin Lissafi na Falsafar Halitta", wanda ya gabatar da dokar ɗawainiyar duniya da dokoki 3 na kanikanci.
Ya haɓaka ƙididdiga masu banbanci da haɗin kai, ka'idar launi, ya kafa tubalin kayan gani na yau da kullun kuma ya ƙirƙira ra'ayoyin lissafi da na zahiri.
Akwai tarihin rayuwa mai ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin labarin Newton, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku akwai ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwar Isaac Newton.
Tarihin rayuwar Newton
An haifi Isaac Newton a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 1643 a ƙauyen Woolstorp, wanda ke cikin gundumar Lincolnshire ta Ingilishi. An haife shi cikin dangin wani manomi mawadaci, Isaac Newton Sr., wanda ya mutu kafin haihuwar ɗansa.
Yara da samari
Mahaifiyar Ishaku, Anna Eiskow, ta fara haihuwa ba tare da bata lokaci ba, sakamakon haka aka haifi yaron da wuri. Yaron yana da rauni sosai cewa likitocin ba su fatan cewa zai rayu.
Koyaya, Newton ya sami nasarar yin rayuwa mai tsawo. Bayan mutuwar shugaban iyali, mahaifiyar masanin kimiyyar nan gaba ta sami kadada ɗari da filaye da fam 500, wanda a wancan lokacin babban adadi ne.
Ba da daɗewa ba, Anna ta sake yin aure. Wanda ta zaba ya kasance mutum ne dan shekaru 63, wanda ta haifa masa yara uku.
A wannan lokacin a cikin tarihinsa, an cire wa Ishaƙu hankalin mahaifiyarsa, tunda ta kula da ƙananan yaranta.
A sakamakon haka, kakarsa ta tashi, daga baya kuma kawunsa William Ascoe. A wancan lokacin, yaron ya fi son kasancewa shi kaɗai. Yana da laulayi sosai kuma ya janye.
A cikin lokacin hutu, Ishaku ya ji daɗin karanta littattafai da tsara zane-zane iri-iri, haɗe da agogon ruwa da injin niƙa. Koyaya, ya ci gaba da rashin lafiya sau da yawa.
Lokacin da Newton yake kimanin shekaru 10, mahaifinsa ya rasu. Bayan wasu shekaru, ya fara zuwa makaranta kusa da Grantham.
Yaron ya sami babban matsayi a duk fannoni. Bugu da kari, ya yi kokarin tsara waka, yayin ci gaba da karanta adabi daban-daban.
Daga baya, mahaifiyar ta dauki ɗanta ɗan shekara 16 ta koma cikin gonar, tana yanke shawarar sauya wasu lamuran tattalin arziki zuwa gare shi. Koyaya, Newton ba tare da son ransa ya ɗauki aikin motsa jiki ba, ya fi son duk littattafan karatu ɗaya tare da tsara hanyoyin daban-daban.
Malamin makarantar Ishaku, kawunsa William Ascoe da abokinsa Humphrey Babington, sun sami damar shawo kan Anna ta bar saurayin mai hazaka ya ci gaba da karatu.
Godiya ga wannan, mutumin ya sami nasarar kammala karatun sa a makarantar a 1661 kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Cambridge.
Farkon aikin kimiyya
A matsayinsa na dalibi, Ishaku ya kasance cikin mawuyacin hali, wanda ya bashi damar samun ilimi kyauta.
Koyaya, a dawo, ɗalibin ya zama tilas ya yi ayyuka daban-daban a jami'ar, tare da taimaka wa ɗalibai masu kuɗi. Kuma ko da yake wannan yanayin yana ba shi haushi, saboda karatun, a shirye yake ya cika duk wata buƙata.
A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, Isaac Newton har yanzu ya fi son yin rayuwa ta musamman, ba tare da abokai na kud da kud ba.
An koyar da ɗalibai falsafa da kimiyyar ƙasa bisa ga ayyukan Aristotle, duk da cewa a lokacin an riga an san abubuwan da Galileo da sauran masana kimiyya suka gano.
Dangane da wannan, Newton ya tsunduma cikin koyar da kai, yana nazarin ayyukan wannan Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler da sauran sanannun masana kimiyya. Ya kasance mai sha'awar ilimin lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, kimiyyan gani da ido, ilimin taurari da ka'idar kiɗa.
Ishaq yayi aiki tuƙuru wanda hakan yasa galibi ya kasance cikin rashin abinci mai gina jiki da kuma rashin samun bacci.
Lokacin da saurayin yake dan shekara 21, ya fara gudanar da bincike shi kadai. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fito da matsaloli 45 a rayuwar ɗan adam da ɗabi'ar da ba ta da mafita.
Daga baya, Newton ya haɗu da fitaccen masanin lissafi Isaac Barrow, wanda ya zama malamin sa kuma ɗayan friendsan abokai. A sakamakon haka, dalibin ya kara sha'awar ilimin lissafi.
Ba da daɗewa ba, Ishaƙu ya fara bincikensa na farko - faɗaɗa binomial don mai nuna ra'ayi mai ma'ana, ta inda ya zo da wata hanya ta musamman ta faɗaɗa aiki a cikin jerin marasa iyaka. A wannan shekarar ne aka bashi digirin farko.
A cikin 1665-1667, lokacin da annoba ta ɓarke a Ingila kuma aka yi yaƙi mai tsada da Holland, masanin kimiyya ya ɗan zauna a Woustorp na ɗan lokaci.
A wannan lokacin, Newton yayi nazarin kimiyyan gani da ido, yana ƙoƙarin bayyana yanayin haske na zahiri. A sakamakon haka, ya isa samfurin gawawwaki, yana la'akari da haske azaman rafin ƙwayoyin da ke fitowa daga takamaiman tushen haske.
A lokacin ne Isaac Newton ya gabatar, watakila, shahararren bincikensa - Law of Gravity.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce labarin da ya danganci apple ɗin da ya faɗo kan mai binciken ƙage ne. A zahiri, Newton sannu a hankali yana gab da gano shi.
Shahararren masanin falsafa Voltaire shi ne marubucin labari game da apple.
Sunan kimiyya
A ƙarshen 1660s, Isaac Newton ya koma Cambridge, inda ya sami digiri na biyu, wani gida na daban, da kuma ƙungiyar ɗalibai da aka koyar a fannonin kimiyya daban-daban.
A wancan lokacin, masanin kimiyyar lissafi ya gina madubin hangen nesa, wanda ya ba shi shahara kuma ya ba shi damar zama memba na Royal Society of London.
Anyi adadi mai yawa game da abubuwan binciken sararin samaniya tare da taimakon mai nunawa.
A 1687 Newton ya kammala babban aikinsa, "Ka'idodin Lissafi na Falsafar Halitta." Ya zama babban ginshikin aikin injiniya mai ma'ana da duk kimiyyar lissafi na kimiyyar lissafi.
Littafin ya ƙunshi dokar ɗawainiyar duniya, dokokin 3 na kanikanci, tsarin helpercentus na Copernicus, da sauran muhimman bayanai.
Wannan aikin ya cika da tabbatattun hujjoji da tsari. Ba ta ƙunshi wasu maganganu marasa ma'ana da fassarar da ba ta dace ba waɗanda aka samo a cikin magabata na Newton.
A cikin 1699, lokacin da mai binciken ya rike manyan mukamai na gudanarwa, tsarin duniya da ya zayyana shi ya fara karantarwa a Jami'ar Cambridge.
Wahayin Newton galibi masana ilimin kimiyyar lissafi ne: Galileo, Descartes, da Kepler. Bugu da kari, ya yaba da ayyukan Euclid, Fermat, Huygens, Wallis da Barrow.
Rayuwar mutum
Duk rayuwarsa Newton ya kasance a matsayin mai karatun digiri. Ya mai da hankali ne kawai kan kimiyya.
Har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa, masanin ilmin kimiyar lissafi kusan bai taba sanya tabarau ba, kodayake yana da 'yar myopia. Da wuya ya yi dariya, kusan bai taɓa fushi ba kuma an kame shi cikin motsin rai.
Ishaq ya san asusun kudi, amma ba shi da rowa. Bai nuna sha'awar wasanni ba, kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo ko tafiye-tafiye.
Duk lokacin da yake kyauta Newton ya ba da ilimin kimiyya. Mataimakin nasa ya tuna cewa masanin kimiyya bai ma yarda da kansa ya huta ba, yana mai imani cewa kowane minti na kyauta ya kamata a yi amfani da shi tare da fa'ida.
Ishaq har yana jin haushin cewa ya dau lokaci mai tsawo yana bacci. Ya kafa wa kansa wasu dokoki da kamun kai, wadanda a koyaushe yake matukar kiyaye su.
Newton ya bi da dangi da abokan aiki da dumi-dumi, amma bai taba neman bunkasa abota ba, ya fi son kadaici a gare su.
Mutuwa
Bayan wasu shekaru kafin rasuwarsa, lafiyar Newton ta fara lalacewa, sakamakon haka ya koma Kensington. Anan ne ya mutu.
Isaac Newton ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Maris (31), 1727 yana da shekara 84. Duk London sun zo don yin ban kwana da babban masanin.
Hotunan Newton
