Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) - Malami masanin taurari, lissafi, makaniki, masanin tattalin arziki da kuma ilimin tauhidi. Shi ne ya kafa tsarin heliocentric na duniya, wanda ya nuna farkon juyin juya halin kimiyya na farko.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Copernicus, wanda za mu faɗa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Nicolaus Copernicus.
Tarihin rayuwar Copernicus
An haifi Nicolaus Copernicus a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1473 a garin Torun na Prussia, wanda yanzu ya zama ɓangare na Poland na zamani. Ya girma a cikin dangin mai arziki na Nicolaus Copernicus Sr. da matarsa Barbara Watzenrode.
Yara da samari
Iyalin Copernicus suna da yara maza - Nikolai da Andrey, da 'yan mata biyu - Barbara da Katerina. Bala'i na farko a cikin tarihin rayuwar masanin sararin samaniya na gaba ya faru ne yana da shekara 9, lokacin da mahaifinsa ya rasa shi.
Shugaban dangin ya mutu daga annoba da ta ɓarke a Turai. Bayan 'yan shekaru, mahaifiyar Nikolai ta mutu, sakamakon haka kawunsa Lukasz Watzenrode, wanda ya kasance canon of diocese na yankin, ya ɗauki tarbiyyarsa.
Godiya ga kokarin kawunsa, Nikolai, tare da ɗan'uwansa Andrey, sun sami damar samun ilimi mai kyau. Bayan ya tashi daga makaranta, Copernicus mai shekaru 18 ya shiga Jami'ar Krakow.
A wannan lokacin na rayuwarsa, saurayin ya zama mai sha'awar ilimin lissafi, likitanci da kuma ilimin addini. Koyaya, ya kasance yana da sha'awar ilimin taurari.
Kimiyyar
Bayan kammala karatun jami'a, 'yan uwan Copernicus suka tafi Italiya, inda suka zama ɗalibai a Jami'ar Bologna. Baya ga fannoni na gargajiya, Nikolai ya sami damar ci gaba da nazarin ilimin taurari a karkashin jagorancin shahararren masanin tauraron dan adam Domenico Novara.
A lokaci guda, a Poland, an zaɓi Copernicus a ɓoye ba tare da canon of the diocese ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda kokarin kawunsa, wanda a lokacin ya kasance bishop.
A cikin 1497, Nikolai, tare da Novara, sun yi wani babban hangen nesa game da ilimin taurari. Sakamakon bincikensa, ya kai ga cewa nisan zuwa wata a quadrature yayi daidai da sabon wata da cikakken wata. Wadannan hujjoji a karon farko sun tilastawa masanin tauraron dan adam sake fasalin ka'idar Ptolemy, inda Rana, tare da sauran duniyoyi, suka zagaye Duniya.
Bayan shekaru 3, Copernicus ya yanke shawarar daina karatun sa a jami'a, wanda yafi karatun shari'a, tsoffin harsuna da tauhidi. Saurayin ya tafi Rome, inda, a cewar wasu kafofin, bai daɗe yana koyarwa ba.
Daga baya, 'yan uwan Copernican suka shiga Jami'ar Padua, inda suka yi karatun likita sosai. A cikin 1503 Nikolai ya kammala karatu daga jami'a kuma ya sami digiri na uku a dokar canon. Tsawon shekaru 3 masu zuwa yana aikin likita a Padua.
Sannan mutumin ya koma gida Poland. Anan ya karanci ilimin taurari har na tsawon shekaru 6, yana mai nazarin karatun motsi da wurin da abubuwan sama suke. A cikin layi daya da wannan, ya koyar a Krakow, likita ne kuma sakatare ga kawun nasa.
A 1512, kawun Lukash ya mutu, bayan haka Nicolaus Copernicus ya haɗa rayuwarsa da ayyukan ruhaniya. Tare da babban iko, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai rikon amana kuma ya yi mulkin duk wata diocese lokacin da Bishop Ferber ya ji daɗi.
A lokaci guda, Copernicus bai taɓa barin ilimin taurari ba. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce cewa ya wadatar da ɗayan hasumiyoyin sansanin Dagabork don gidan kallo.
Masanin ya yi sa'a cewa ayyukansa sun kammala ne kawai a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, kuma an buga littattafan bayan mutuwarsa. Don haka, ya sami nasarar guje wa tsanantawa daga cocin don ra'ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba da farfaganda na tsarin heliocentric.
Ya kamata a lura cewa baya ga ilimin taurari, Copernicus ya sami babban matsayi a wasu yankuna. Dangane da aikin nasa, an kirkiro da sabon tsarin kudi a kasar Poland kuma an gina mashinin ruwa domin samar da ruwa ga gine-ginen mazauna.
Tsarin Heliocentric
Ta amfani da kayan kimiyyar sararin samaniya mafi sauki, Nicolaus Copernicus ya sami damar samowa da kuma tabbatar da ka'idar tsarin hasken rana, wanda yake akasin tsarin Ptolemaic na duniya.
Mutumin ya bayyana cewa Rana da sauran duniyoyi basa zagaye da Duniya, kuma komai yana faruwa daidai sabanin haka. A lokaci guda, ya yi kuskuren imani cewa taurari masu nisa da fitilun da ake gani daga Duniya suna kan wani wuri na musamman wanda ya kewaye duniyar tamu.
Wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin ingantattun na’urorin fasaha. Babu ko madubin hangen nesa a Turai lokacin. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa masanin taurari ba koyaushe yake yin daidai a ra'ayinsa ba.
Babban kuma kusan aikin Copernicus kawai shine aikin "Akan juyawar duniyoyin sammai" (1543). Abin mamaki, ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 40 ya rubuta wannan aikin - har zuwa mutuwarsa!
Littafin ya kunshi sassa 6 kuma yana dauke da ra'ayoyi masu yawa na neman sauyi. Ra'ayoyin Copernicus sun kasance masu ban mamaki a lokacinsa wanda a wani lokacin yana son gaya musu game da su kawai ga abokai kawai.
Za a iya wakiltar tsarin helpercentus na copernicus a cikin maganganun masu zuwa:
- falaki da falaki ba su da wata cibiya ta yau da kullun;
- tsakiyar duniya ba cibiyar duniya ba ce;
- dukkanin duniyoyi suna tafiya cikin zagaye rana, sakamakon wannan tauraro shine tsakiyar duniya;
- motsin rana na kirkirarren abu ne, kuma hakan yana faruwa ne kawai sakamakon tasirin juyawar Duniya da kewayenta;
- Duniya da sauran duniyoyi suna zagaye da Rana ne, saboda haka motsin da, kamar da alama, tauraruwarmu ke sanyawa, ana iya sanya sharaɗinsa ne kawai da tasirin duniya.
Duk da wasu rashin daidaito, tsarin Copernicus na duniya yana da tasirin gaske akan ci gaban ilimin taurari da sauran ilimin kimiyya.
Rayuwar mutum
Nikolai ya fara jin soyayya lokacin yana ɗan shekara 48. Ya ƙaunaci yarinya Anna, wanda ɗiyar ɗaya daga cikin abokansa ne.
Tunda ba a ba wa limaman Katolika damar yin aure ba kuma galibi suna da alaƙa da mata, masanin kimiyya ya zaunar da ƙaunataccensa a gida, yana gabatar da ita a matsayin danginsa na nesa kuma mai kula da gida.
Bayan lokaci, an tilasta Anna barin gidan Copernicus, kuma daga baya ta bar garin gaba ɗaya. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa sabon bishop din ya fada wa Nicholas cewa cocin ba ya maraba da irin wannan halayyar. Masanin tauraron dan adam bai taba yin aure ba kuma bai bar wata zuriya ba.
Mutuwa
A cikin 1531 Copernicus ya yi ritaya kuma ya mai da hankali kan rubuta aikinsa. A cikin 1542, lafiyarsa ta tabarbare sosai - shanyewar gefen dama na jiki ya zo.
Nicolaus Copernicus ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1543 yana da shekara 70. Dalilin mutuwarsa bugun jini ne.
Hotunan Copernicus
