Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl (1801-1872) - Marubucin Rashanci, masanin ilmin rubutu da rubuce-rubuce, mai tattara tatsuniyoyi, likitan soja. Ya sami babban shaharar saboda godiya ga ƙararrawar da ba za a iya wucewa ba "ictionaryamus na Bayani na Rayayyun Babban Yaren Rasha", wanda ya ɗauki shekaru 53 don tattarawa.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Dahl, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Vladimir Dahl.
Tarihin Dahl
An haifi Vladimir Dal ranar 10 ga Nuwamba (22), 1801 a ƙauyen tsiron Lugansk (yanzu Lugansk). Ya girma kuma ya girma a cikin iyali mai hankali da ilimi.
Mahaifin marubucin nan gaba, Johan Christian Dahl, Ba'amurke ne wanda ya karɓi izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Rasha kuma ya ɗauki sunan Rasha - Ivan Matveyevich Dahl. Uwa, Yulia Khristoforovna, tana renon yara shida.
Yara da samari
Shugaban dangin shine likitan likita, ilimin tauhidi da polyglot. Ya san harsuna 8, gami da Latin, Girkanci da Ibrananci. Bugu da kari, mutumin sanannen masanin harshe ne, wanda shahararsa ta kai ga Catherine 2 kanta.
Bayan lokaci, sarauniyar ta gayyaci Dahl Sr. don ta zama mai kula da laburaren kotu. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, mahaifiyar Vladimir ta iya magana cikin harsuna 5, tana cikin ayyukan fassara.
Lokacin da ƙaramin Volodya yake ɗan shekara 4, shi da iyalinsa suka koma Nikolaev. A cikin wannan birni, Ivan Matveyevich ya sami damar neman tagomashi tare da masu martaba, wanda ya ba yaransa damar yin karatu kyauta a St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps.
Tun yana ƙarami, Vladimir Dal ya yi karatu a gida. A cikin gidan da ya girma, an mai da hankali sosai ga karatu da kuma buga kalma, ƙaunatacciyar ƙauna ga yara duka.
Lokacin da saurayin yake dan shekara 13, ya shiga St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps, yana karbar aikin jami'in bada sammaci. A lokacin tarihin rayuwar 1819-1825. ya sami damar yin aiki a tekun Baƙin Baƙi da Baltic.
A ƙarshen 1823, an kama Vladimir Dal akan zargin da ake yi na cewa ya rubuta takaddama ta izgili game da babban kwamandan rundunar Sojan Ruwa, Alexei Greig da uwar gidansa. Bayan watanni 8 na kurkuku, har yanzu an sake mutumin.
A 1826 Dahl ya zama ɗalibi a Jami'ar Dorpat, yana zaɓar sashen likita. A cikin shekarun karatun sa, dole ne ya dunkule a cikin wani karamin kabad a cikin soro, yana samun kudin shiga ta hanyar darussa masu zaman kansu cikin yaren Rasha. Yayin da yake karatu a jami'a, ya kware da Latin, sannan kuma ya karanci dabarun ilimin falsafa daban-daban.
Wartime da kerawa
Sakamakon barkewar yakin Rasha da Turkiya (1828-1829), Vladimir Dahl ya katse karatunsa. A lokacin yakin da kuma bayan karshensa, ya yi aiki a gaba a matsayin likitan soja, tun da sojojin Rasha suna cikin tsananin bukatar kwararrun likitoci.
An bai wa Dahl damar karbar difloma a gabanin lokacin da aka tsara, "bayan ya ci jarrabawar ga likita ba kawai magani ba, har ma da tiyata." Yana da kyau a lura cewa ya tabbatar da cewa shi kwararren likita ne a fagen tarko, sannan kuma jarumi ne wanda ya halarci wasu yakoki. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce an ba shi Dokar St. Vladimir, digiri na 4 daga Nicholas 1 kansa.
Wani lokaci, Vladimir Dal yayi aiki a ɗaya daga cikin asibitocin a St. Petersburg, yana samun suna a matsayin ƙwararren likita. Daga baya ya yanke shawarar barin magani, duk da haka, ya ci gaba da sha'awar ilimin ido da rashin lafiyar gida. Abin mamaki, shi ne marubucin ɗayan ayyukan farko a cikin Daular Rasha don kare homeopathy.
A 1832 Dahl ya wallafa aikin “Tatsuniyoyin Rasha. Biyar na farko ”, wanda ya zama aikinsa na farko mai tsanani. An rubuta tatsuniyoyi a cikin yaren da kowa zai iya fahimta. Bayan fitowar littafin, marubucin ya sami babban farin jini a bangarorin adabin garin.
Koyaya, Ministan Ilimi ya dauki aikin ba abin dogaro ba, sakamakon haka aka ruguza dukkan labaran Tatsuniyoyin Rasha da ba a siyar ba. Ba da daɗewa ba aka kama Dahl aka kuma tsare shi.
Vladimir Ivanovich ya sami damar tserewa daga matsi na gaba kawai saboda taimakon mawaki Zhukovsky, wanda shine jagoran Tsarevich Alexander 2. Mawakin ya gabatar da duk abin da ya faru ga magajin gadon sarauta cikin yanayi na ban dariya da barkwanci, wanda sakamakon haka aka sauke dukkan tuhume-tuhumen daga Dahl.
A cikin 1833, wanda ya ƙirƙira nan gaba "Dictionary na Bayani" ya ɗauki mukamin jami'in ayyuka na musamman da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin gwamnan soja. A wannan matsayin, yayi aiki na kimanin shekaru 8.
A cikin waɗancan shekarun na tarihin rayuwarsa, Dal ya ziyarci yankuna da yawa na Urals na Kudancin, inda ya tattara abubuwa da yawa na tatsuniyoyin gargajiya, waɗanda daga baya suka zama tushen ayyukansa. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, a lokacin ya yi magana aƙalla harsuna 12.
Vladimir Dal ya ci gaba da tsunduma cikin rubutu. A cikin 1830s, ya yi aiki tare da littafin Karatun Karkara. A lokaci guda, "Akwai kuma tatsuniyoyin Cossack Lugansky" sun fito daga ƙarƙashin alkalaminsa.
Daga 1841 zuwa 1849, Dal ya zauna a St. Petersburg, yana aiki a matsayin sakatare na Count Lev Perovsky, sannan kuma a matsayin shugaban masarauta ta musamman. Sannan ya rubuta "rubutun ilimin lissafi" da yawa, ya tattara litattafai da yawa kan ilmin dabbobi da kuma ilimin tsirrai, sannan kuma ya buga labarai da labarai da yawa.
Ko da a ƙuruciyarsa, Vladimir Dal ya nuna matuƙar sha'awa cikin karin magana, maganganu da almara na Rasha. Ya karɓi abubuwa da yawa irin wannan daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar. Oƙarin kusancin mutane, ya yanke shawarar komawa lardin.
A cikin 1849, mutumin ya zauna a Nizhny Novgorod, inda ya yi kimanin shekaru 10 yana aiki a matsayin manajan wani takamaiman ofishin na gari. A nan ne ya sami nasarar gama aiki a kan wani babban littafi - "Misalai na mutanen Rasha", wanda ke dauke da karin magana 30,000.
Duk da haka mafi cancantar cancantar Vladimir Dal shine ƙirƙirar "ictionaryamus na Bayani na Rayayyun Babban Yaren Rasha". Kalmomin da ke ciki, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a ƙarni na 19, suna da taƙaitaccen bayani. Ya ɗauki shekaru 53 don tattara kamus ɗin.
A cikin aikin, an gabatar da kalmomi kusan 200,000, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku na waɗanda ba a saka su a baya cikin wasu ƙamus. Don wannan aikin a 1863 Dahl an ba shi Lomonosov Kyautar Kwalejin Kimiyya da taken Babban Masanin Ilimin girmamawa. An buga bugun juz'i na 4 na farko a cikin lokacin 1863-1866.
Wani abin ban sha'awa shi ne cewa Dahl ya inganta ra'ayin cewa bai kamata a koya wa talakawa karatu da rubutu ba, saboda idan ba tare da ingantaccen ilimin hankali da na ɗabi'a ba, ba zai kawo mutane ga nagarta ba.
Sanin tare da Pushkin
Sanarwar Alexander Pushkin tare da Dal ya kamata ne tare da taimakon Zhukovsky, amma Vladimir ya yanke shawarar ganawa da kansa da babban mawaƙin. Ya ba shi ɗayan kwafin Ruwayan Tatsuniyoyin Rasha.
Irin wannan kyautar ta farantawa Pushkin rai, sakamakon haka ne ya aika Dal da rubutun sabon tatsuniyarsa "Game da firist da ma'aikacinsa Balda", ba tare da manta sa hannu kan rubutun nasa ba.
Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa Vladimir Dal ya tafi tare da mawaki a kan tafiya zuwa wuraren abubuwan Pugachev da suka faru a yankin Orenburg. A sakamakon haka, Pushkin ya ba marubucin kyautar kwafin Tarihin Pugachev.
Abin mamaki ne cewa Dahl ya kasance a lokacin da Alexander Sergeevich Dantes ya sami rauni sosai. Ya shiga aikin jinyar raunin, amma bai yiwu a ceci ran babban mawaƙin ba. A jajibirin mutuwarsa, Pushkin ya ba abokinsa talisman - zoben zinare tare da emerald.
Rayuwar mutum
Lokacin da Vladimir yake ɗan shekara 32, ya auri Julia Andre. A cikin wannan auren, ma'auratan suna da yarinya, Julia, da ɗa, Lev. Bayan 'yan shekaru, matar Dahl ta mutu.
A shekarar 1840, wani mutum ya sake auren wata yarinya mai suna Ekaterina Sokolova. A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata 3: Maria, Olga da Ekaterina.
Mutuwa
A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, Dahl ya kasance da sha'awar ruhaniya da kuma homeopathy. Shekara guda kafin rasuwarsa, bugu na farko da ya faɗo masa, sakamakon haka marubucin ya kirawo wani firist na Orthodox don ya shiga Cocin Orthodox na Rasha.
A sakamakon haka, mutumin ya juya daga addinin Lutheranism zuwa Orthodoxy. Vladimir Dal ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Satumba (4 ga Oktoba 4) 1872 yana da shekara 70.
Vladimir Dahl ne ya ɗauki hoto
