Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid at-Tikriti (1937-2006) - Bajamushe dan siyasa kuma dan siyasa, Shugaban Iraki (1979-2003), Firayim Ministan Iraki (1979-1991 da 1994-2003).
Sakatare-Janar na Jam'iyyar Baath, Shugaban Kwamitin Dokokin Juyin Juya Hali da Marshal. Ya zama shugaban kasar na farko da aka zartar a cikin karni na 21.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Hussein, wadanda za mu fada a kansu a wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanka akwai takaitaccen tarihin Saddam Hussein.
Tarihin Hussein
An haifi Saddam Hussein a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1937 a ƙauyen Al-Auja. Ya girma cikin sauki, har ma da dangin talakawa talakawa.
A cewar wasu majiyoyi, mahaifinsa, Hussein Abd al-Majid, ya bace watanni 6 kafin a haifi Saddam, a cewar wasu, ya mutu ko ya bar dangin. Shugaban yana da kane wanda ya mutu tun yana yaro daga cutar kansa.
Yara da samari
Lokacin da mahaifiyar Saddam take da juna biyu da shi, tana cikin wani yanayi na tsananin damuwa. Matar har ta so zubar da ciki ta kashe kanta. Bayan haihuwar ɗanta, yanayin lafiyarta ya taɓarɓare sosai ta yadda ba ta ma son ganin jaririn.
Kawun mahaifiya ya ceci Saddam ta hanyar ɗauke shi zuwa cikin danginsa. Lokacin da wani mutum ya shiga cikin juyin mulkin da ya saba wa Biritaniya, an kama shi kuma aka tura shi kurkuku. A dalilin wannan, dole ne a mayar da yaron ga mahaifiyarsa.
A wannan lokacin, dan uwan mahaifin Saddam Hussein, Ibrahim al-Hassan, kamar yadda ya saba ya auri mahaifiyarsa. A sakamakon haka, ma'auratan sun sami yara maza uku da mata biyu. Iyalin sun kasance cikin matsanancin talauci, sakamakon haka yaran ba sa samun abinci mai gina jiki koyaushe.
Mahaifin uba ya umarci dan uwan nasa da su yi kiwon dabbobin gida. Kari kan haka, Ibrahim lokaci-lokaci yakan buge Saddam kuma ya yi masa ba'a. Yaran da ke fama da yunwa, zagi da cin mutunci da ci gaba da tasirin tasirin halayen Hussein.
Koyaya, yaron yana da abokai da yawa, tun da yake yana da nutsuwa kuma ya san yadda zai jawo mutane gare shi. Wata rana, dangi sun zo don su ziyarci mahaifina, wanda akwai wani yaro tare da shi kamar Saddam. Lokacin da ya fara alfahari da cewa ya riga ya san karatu da kirgawa, Hussein ya garzaya wurin Ibrahim ya fara rokon a tura shi makaranta.
Koyaya, mahaifin uba ya sake bugun ɗan saurayi mai neman sani, sakamakon haka ya yanke shawarar guduwa daga gida. Saddam ya gudu zuwa Tikrit don fara makaranta a can. A sakamakon haka, ya sake zama cikin dangin kawunsa, wanda a wannan lokacin an riga an sake shi.
Hussein yana nazarin duk fannoni, amma yana da halaye marasa kyau. Akwai sanannen sanannen lokacin da ya dasa maciji mai dafi a cikin jakar wani malami da ba a kaunarsa, wanda aka kore shi daga makarantar ilimi.
Yana dan shekara 15, wani mummunan lamari ya faru a tarihin Saddam Hussein - dokin da yake kauna ya mutu. Matashin ya wahala matuka saboda azancin hankali har yasa hannu ya shanye na wasu makwanni. Daga baya, bisa shawarar kawunsa, ya yanke shawarar shiga babbar makarantar sojoji, amma ba zai iya cin jarrabawar ba.
Daga qarshe, Hussein ya zama dalibin makarantar al-Karh, wacce ta kasance matattarar kishin kasa. A nan ne ya sami karatun sakandare.
Ayyukan jam'iyyar
Farkon ayyukan siyasa na Saddam yana da alaƙa ta kut da kut da ƙarin iliminsa. Ya kammala karatun sa cikin nasara daga Kwalejin Khark sannan kuma ya sami digiri na shari'a a Masar. A shekarar 1952, aka fara wani juyin juya hali a kasar nan, karkashin jagorancin Gamal Abdel Nasser.
Ga Hussein, Nasser, wanda daga baya ya zama Shugaban Misira, ya kasance abin bautar gumaka. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, Saddam ya shiga cikin ‘yan tawayen da ke son hamɓarar da sarki Faisal II, amma juyin mulkin ya ƙare da rashin nasara. Bayan wannan, mutumin ya shiga jam'iyyar Baath kuma a 1958 an yi juyin mulki ga sarki.
A cikin wannan shekarar, an kama Saddam da zargin kisan wasu fitattun jami'ai. Bayan kimanin watanni shida, aka sake shi, saboda masu binciken ba su iya tabbatar da sa hannun sa a cikin laifukan ba.
Ba da daɗewa ba Hussein ya shiga wani aiki na musamman a kan Janar Qasem. A lokacin karatunsa a Jami'ar Alkahira, ya nuna kansa a matsayin mai jajirtaccen siyasa, dangane da abin da ya sami wani shahara a tsakanin jama'a.
A shekarar 1963, jam'iyyar Baath ta kayar da gwamnatin Qasem. Godiya ga wannan, Saddam ya sami damar komawa gida ba tare da tsoron tsanantawar gwamnati ba.
A cikin Iraki, an ba shi matsayi a cikin Ofishin Babban Baƙin Fata. Ba da daɗewa ba ya lura cewa sauran membobin jam'iyyar sa ba su cika cika aikin da aka ɗora musu ba.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa Hussein ba ya tsoron kushe mutanen sa masu ra'ayi iri daya a tarurruka. Daga baya, an cire Ba'athists daga mulki, a dalilin haka ya yanke shawarar neman jam'iyyarsa. Sabuwar rundunar siyasar ta yi yunƙurin ƙwace mulki a Bagadaza, amma yunƙurin nasu bai yi nasara ba.
An kama Saddam kuma an saka shi a kurkuku. Daga baya ya sami damar tserewa, bayan haka ya koma siyasa. A faduwar shekarar 1966 an zabe shi Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Jam'iyyar Baath. A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, ya haɓaka ayyuka masu alaƙa da hankali da fasaha.
A cikin 1968, an shirya sabon juyin mulki a Iraki, kuma bayan shekaru biyu Hussein ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kasar. Kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin politiciansan siyasa masu tasiri, ya sake fasalin sabis ɗin sirri sosai. Duk wanda ta wata hanyar ko wata ta adawa da gwamnatin mai ci an hukunta shi mai tsanani.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, a shawarar Saddam, an azabtar da fursunoni a gidajen yari: sun yi amfani da wutar lantarki, sun makantar da kansu, sun yi amfani da acid, sun fuskanci lalata da dai sauransu. A matsayina na mutum na biyu a kasar, dan siyasar ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga batutuwa masu zuwa:
- karfafa manufofin kasashen waje;
- ilimin mata da sauran jama'a;
- ci gaban kamfanoni masu zaman kansu;
- taimako ga ‘yan kasuwa;
- gina ilimi, likita, da kuma Gudanar da gine-gine, kazalika da gina fasaha wurare.
Godiya ga kokarin mataimakin shugaban kasa, an fara bunkasa tattalin arziki a jihar. Mutane suna da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da aikin Hussein, sakamakon haka suka nuna masa girmamawa da goyan baya.
Shugaban Iraki
A cikin 1976, Saddam ya kawar da duk abokan hamayyar jam'iyyar ta hanyar samar da dakaru masu shirin yaki da neman goyon bayan sojoji. Saboda wannan, babu wata matsala da aka warware ba tare da izininsa ba.
A cikin 1979, shugaban Iraki ya yi murabus, kuma Saddam Hussein ya maye gurbinsa. Tun daga ranar farko da ya hau karagar mulki, ya yi duk mai yiwuwa don ganin Iraki ta kasance ƙasa mai ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a fagen duniya.
Don canjin gaske a jihar, an buƙaci kuɗi da yawa, wanda aka samu ta hanyar cinikin mai. Shugaban ya sanya hannu kan yarjeniyoyi tare da kasashe daban-daban, inda ya fara hadin gwiwa mai ma'ana da su. Komai yana tafiya daidai har zuwa lokacin da ya yanke shawarar fara yaƙe-yaƙe da Iran.
Rikicin soja yana da tsada, don haka tattalin arzikin Iraqi ya fara koma baya cikin sauri. Tsawon shekaru 8 na yaki, jihar tana da dimbin bashin waje - dala biliyan 80! Sakamakon haka, jihar ta fuskanci karancin abinci da ruwan sha. Yawancin 'yan ƙasa an tilasta su barin ƙasar don neman rayuwa mafi kyau.
A shekarar 1990, Iraki ta zargi Kuwait da kaddamar da yakin tattalin arziki da ita da kuma hakar mai ba bisa ka'ida ba a kasarta. Wannan ya haifar da sojojin Hussein suka afkawa Kuwait tare da kame ta. Theasashen duniya sun yi tir da abin da Saddam ya yi.
Amurka, tare da sojojin kawancen, sun 'yantar da Kuwaiti, ta maido da' yancinta. Abin mamaki, dabi'ar Saddam Hussein ta shahara a cikin Iraki. Fiye da duka, ta bayyana kanta a cikin yankuna masu zuwa:
- a cikin dukkanin cibiyoyin gwamnati akwai wuraren tunawa da Hussein;
- a cikin kafafen yada labarai na Iraki, a koyaushe ana nuna shi a matsayin uba kuma mai ceton al'umma;
- Ya kamata yara 'yan makaranta su yaba wa shugaban ta hanyar rera wakoki marasa kyau da waƙoƙi;
- Tituna da birane da yawa an sa musu suna;
- Lambobin Iraki, takardun kuɗi da tsabar kudi sun nuna hoton Saddam;
- kowane jami'in ya zama tilas ya san tarihin Hussein da sauransu.
Mutane suna hango lokacin mulkin Saddam Hussein ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wasu na ganin shi babban mai mulki ne, yayin da wasu kuma mai kama-karya ne.
Mamayewar Amurka
A 2003, Amurka ta kafa kawance tare da shugabannin duniya don kawar da Hussein daga mulki. An shirya aikin soja, wanda ya kasance daga 2003 zuwa 2011. Dalilin irin waɗannan ayyukan sune masu zuwa:
- Halin Iraki a cikin ta'addanci na duniya;
- lalata makamai masu guba;
- sarrafa albarkatun mai.
Saddam Hussein dole ne ya gudu ya shiga buyayyar kowane awa 3 a wurare daban-daban. Sun yi nasarar tsare shi a 2004 a Tikrit. An tuhume shi da laifuka da dama wadanda suka hada da: hanyoyin kin jinin dan adam na gwamnati, laifukan yaki, kisan 'yan Shi'a 148, da dai sauransu.
Rayuwar mutum
Matar da ta fara kama-karya ta kasance dan uwan dan uwansa mai suna Sajida. A cikin wannan auren, ma'auratan suna da 'yan mata uku da maza biyu. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, iyayen ƙungiyar ne suka shirya wannan ƙungiyar lokacin da Saddam yake ɗan shekara 5 da haihuwa. Rayuwar dukkan yaran ta kasance mai ban tausayi - kisa.
Bayan haka, Hussein ya kamu da son matar mai kamfanin jirgin. Ya ba mijin yarinyar ya saki matarsa cikin lumana, abin da ya faru a zahiri.
A shekarar 1990, shugaban ya sake sauka a hanya a karo na uku. Matarsa ita ce Nidal al-Hamdani, amma kuma ta kasa kiyaye zafin gidan. A 2002, Saddam a karo na hudu ya auri diyar wani minista mai suna Iman Huweish.
Jita-jita ta nuna cewa namiji yakan yaudari matansa. A lokaci guda, wa) annan matan da suka hana shi kusanci sun sha wahala ko kisan kai. Baya ga 'yan matan, Hussein yana da sha'awar kayan ado na zamani, tafiye-tafiye na jirgin ruwa, motoci masu tsada da kuma manyan gidaje masu kyan gani.
Abun birgewa shine a tsawon shekarun mulkinsa, dan siyasan ya gina fadoji da gidaje sama da 80. Koyaya, a cewar majiyar Larabawa, sun ninka ninkin ba ninkansu. Saboda tsoron ransa, bai taba yin barci sau biyu a wuri ɗaya ba.
Saddam Hussein ya yi da'awar Musulunci na Sunni: ya yi salla sau 5 a rana, ya bi duk umarni kuma ya ziyarci masallaci a ranar Juma'a. A cikin lokacin 1997-2000. ya bayar da lita 28 na jini, wanda ake buƙata don rubuta kwafin Kur'ani.
Mutuwa
A shekarar 2006, an yankewa Hussein hukuncin kisa ta hanyar rataya. An kai shi kangon dutse, inda masu gadin Shi'a suka ci mutuncin sa kuma suka tofa masa yau. Da farko, yayi kokarin neman uzuri, amma sai yayi shiru ya fara addu'a.
Shirye-shiryen bidiyo na kisan nasa sun bazu a duk duniya. An rataye Saddam Hussein a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2006. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yana da shekaru 69.
Hussein Hotuna
