Hannibal

Hannibal (247-183 BC) - kwamandan Carthaginian. Ya kasance babban maƙiyin Jamhuriyar Romaniya kuma babban jagora na ƙarshe na Carthage kafin faɗuwarsa yayin Yaƙin Punic.

Akwai tarihin gaskiya game da rayuwar Hannibal, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.

Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Hannibal.

Tarihin Hannibal

An haifi Hannibal a shekara ta 247 kafin haihuwar Yesu. a cikin Carthage (yanzu yankin Tunisia). Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan kwamanda Hamilcar Barki. Yana da 'yan'uwa maza 2 da mata 3.

Yara da samari

Lokacin da Hannibal yake dan kimanin shekaru 9, yayi alwashin zama makiyin Rome har karshen rayuwarsa. Shugaban dangin, wanda sau da yawa yakan yi yaƙi da Romawa, yana da kyakkyawan fata game da 'ya'yansa maza. Yayi mafarkin cewa samari zasu lalata wannan daula.

Ba da daɗewa ba, mahaifinsa ya ɗauki Hannibal ɗan shekara 9 zuwa Spain, inda ya yi ƙoƙarin sake gina garinsu, bayan Yaƙin Farko na Farko. A lokacin ne mahaifin ya tilasta wa dansa ya yi rantsuwa cewa zai yi adawa da daular Rome har tsawon rayuwarsa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce kalmar "Rantsuwar rantsuwar Hannibal" ta zama mai fukafukai. A lokacin yakin kamfen din Hamilcar, dansa Hannibal sojoji sun kewaye shi, dangane da abin da ya saba da rayuwar soja tun yana karami.

Da girma, Hannibal ya fara shiga kamfen ɗin mahaifinsa na yaƙi, yana samun ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci. Bayan mutuwar Hamilcar, sirikinsa kuma abokin aikinsa Hasdrubal ne ya jagoranci sojojin Carthaginian a Spain.

Bayan wani lokaci, Hannibal ya fara aiki a matsayin kwamandan sojan doki. Ya nuna kansa jarumi jarumi, sakamakon haka yana da iko tare da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin sa. A shekara ta 221 kafin haihuwar Yesu. e. An kashe Hasdrubal, bayan haka kuma an zabi Hannibal a matsayin sabon shugaban rundunar sojojin Carthagin.

Babban kwamanda a Spain

Kasancewar ya zama babban-kwamanda, Hannibal ya ci gaba da gwagwarmaya da taurin kai da Rome. Ya sami nasarar faɗaɗa yankin Carthage ta hanyar ayyukan soja da aka shirya da kyau. Ba da daɗewa ba garuruwan da aka kama na ƙabilar Alcad suka tilasta amincewa da mulkin Carthage.

Bayan wannan, kwamandan ya ci gaba da cin nasarar sabbin ƙasashe. Ya mamaye manyan biranen Wakkei - Salamantika da Arbokala, sannan daga baya ya rinjayi kabilar Celtic - 'Yan Carpetans.

Gwamnatin Roman ta damu da nasarorin da Carthaginians suka yi, bayan da ta san cewa masarautar tana cikin haɗari. Dukkanin bangarorin sun fara tattaunawa kan 'yancin mallakar wasu yankuna. Tattaunawa tsakanin Rome da Carthage ta tsaya cak, yayin da kowane ɓangare ya gabatar da buƙatun kansa, ba ya son yin sulhu.

A sakamakon haka, a cikin 219 BC. Hannibal, tare da izinin hukumomin Carthaginian, ya ba da sanarwar farkon tashin. Ya fara kewayewa da garin Sagunta, wanda ya yi jaruntaka ga makiya. Koyaya, bayan watanni 8 na kawanya, an tilastawa mazauna birnin sallama.

Ta hanyar umarnin Hannibal, an kashe duk mutanen Sagunta, kuma aka sayar da mata da yara zuwa bautar. Rome ta nemi Carthage da ta ba da Hannibal nan take, amma ba tare da karɓar amsa daga hukuma ba, ta ayyana yaƙi. A lokaci guda kuma, kwamandan ya riga ya balaga da shirin mamaye Italiya.

Hannibal ya mai da hankali sosai ga ayyukan bincike, wanda ya ba da sakamakon su. Ya aika da jakadunsa zuwa kabilun Gallic, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yarda su zama abokan Carthaginians.

Yaƙin Italiya

Sojojin Hannibal sun kunshi kyawawan yara dubu 90,000, mahaya 12,000, da giwaye 37. A cikin wannan babban abun, sojojin sun keta Pyrenees, suna fuskantar turjiya daga kabilu daban-daban akan hanyar.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, Hannibal ba koyaushe yake shiga cikin fito-na-fito da makiya ba. A wasu lokuta, ya yi kyaututtuka masu tsada ga shugabannin, godiya ga abin da suka amince da shi don kada su tsoma baki kan hanyar sojojinsa ta kasashensu.

Duk da haka, galibi galibi ana tilasta masa yin fadan yaƙi da abokan hamayya. A sakamakon haka, yawan mayaƙansa suna ta raguwa koyaushe. Bayan ya isa tsaunin Alps, dole ne ya yaƙi masu hawa tsaunuka.

Daga ƙarshe, Hannibal ya tsallaka zuwa Kwarin Moriena. A lokacin, sojojinsa sun ƙunshi mayaƙa ƙafa dubu 20 da mahaya dubu shida. Bayan saukowa na kwanaki 6 daga tsaunukan Alps, mayaƙan sun kame babban birnin ƙabilar Taurin.

Bayyanar Hannibal a cikin Italiya ya zama cikakken abin mamakin Rome. A lokaci guda, wasu kabilun Gallic sun shiga rundunar sa. 'Yan Carthagines sun haɗu da Romawa a gabar Kogin Po, inda suka ci su da yaƙi.

A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na gaba, Hannibal ya sake tabbatar da cewa ya fi Rome ƙarfi, gami da yaƙin Trebia. Bayan haka, duk jama'ar da ke zaune a wannan yankin sun haɗa shi. Bayan 'yan watanni, Carthaginians sun yi yaƙi tare da sojojin Roman waɗanda ke kare hanyar zuwa Rome.

A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, Hannibal ya kamu da ciwon kumburi a idanun sa, a dalilin hakan ne ya rasa ɗayan su. Har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa, an tilasta masa sanya bandeji. Bayan haka, kwamandan ya ci nasara a kan manyan nasarori a kan abokan gaba kuma yana da nisan mil 80 kawai daga Rome.

A lokacin, Fabius Maximus ya zama sabon mai mulkin mallaka. Ya yanke shawarar kada ya shiga yaƙin bude ido tare da Hannibal, yana fifita mata dabarun shayar da abokan gaba tare da ɓarnatar da bangaranci.

Bayan kawo karshen mulkin kama-karya na Fabius, Gnei Servilius Geminus da Marcus Atilius Regulus sun fara ba sojojin umarnin, wadanda kuma suka bi dabarun magabatansu. Sojojin Hannibal sun fara fuskantar ƙarancin abinci.

Ba da daɗewa ba Romawa suka tara sojoji na sojoji 92,000, suna yanke shawarar matsawa kan abokan gaba ƙangin kamfe. A cikin sanannen Yaƙin Cannes, sojojin Hannibal sun nuna jarumtaka, inda suka shawo kan Romawa, waɗanda suka fi su ƙarfi. A cikin wannan yaƙin, Romawa sun rasa sojoji kusan 50,000, yayin da Carthaginians kawai game da 6,000.

Amma duk da haka Hannibal yana tsoron afkawa Rome, ganin cewa garin yana da ƙarfi sosai. Don kewayewar, ba shi da kayan aikin da suka dace da abinci mai kyau. Ya yi fatan cewa Romawa za su ba shi sulhu, amma hakan bai faru ba.

Faduwar Capua da yakin Afirka

Bayan nasarar a Cannes, Hannibal ya koma Capua, wanda ke tallafawa ayyukan Carthage. A shekara ta 215 kafin haihuwar Yesu. Romawa sun yi niyyar shigar da Capua cikin zobe, inda abokan gaba suke. Yana da kyau a lura cewa a lokacin hunturu a cikin wannan birni, Carthaginians sun shiga cikin liyafa da nishaɗi, wanda ya haifar da rugujewar rundunar.

Koyaya, Hannibal ya sami ikon mallake biranen da yawa kuma yayi ƙawance da ƙabilu da sarakuna daban-daban. A lokacin mamayar sabbin yankuna, 'yan Carthaginawa kaɗan ne suka rage a cikin Capua, wanda Roman ke amfani da shi.

Sun kewaye garin da yaƙi kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka shigo ciki. Hannibal bai sake ikon mallakar Capua ba. Bugu da kari, ba zai iya kaiwa Rome hari ba, ya fahimci kasalar sa. Bayan ya ɗan tsaya kusa da Rome, sai ya koma da baya. Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa kalmar "Hannibal a ƙofofin" ta zama mai fuka-fukai.

Wannan babban koma baya ne ga Hannibal. Kisan gillar da aka yiwa Romewan akan Capuans ya firgita mazaunan wasu garuruwa, waɗanda suka wuce zuwa gefen Carthaginians. Ikon Hannibal tsakanin ƙawancen Italiya yana narkewa a idanunmu. A yankuna da yawa, tashin hankali ya fara don neman Rome.

A shekara ta 210 kafin haihuwar Yesu. Hannibal ya kayar da Romawa a Yaƙi na 2 na Gerdonia, amma sai yunƙurin yaƙin ya koma gefe ɗaya ko wancan. Daga baya, Romawa sun sami nasarar wasu mahimman nasarori kuma sun sami fa'ida a yaƙi tare da Carthaginians.

Bayan wannan, sojojin Hannibal suna ja da baya sau da yawa, suna ba da biranen ga Romawa ɗayan. Ba da daɗewa ba ya karɓi umarni daga dattawan Carthage don komawa Afirka. Da shigowar lokacin hunturu, kwamandan ya fara shirya wani shiri don ci gaba da yaƙi da Romawa.

Da farkon sabon gumurzu, Hannibal ya ci gaba da shan kashi, sakamakon haka ya yanke tsammani na kayar da Romawa. Lokacin da aka kira shi cikin gaggawa zuwa Carthage, ya tafi can tare da fatan kulla yarjejeniya da abokan gaba.

Karamin jami'in Roman Scipio ya gabatar da sharuddan zaman lafiyarsa:

Carthage ya bar yankunan da ke wajen Afirka;
yana bada dukkan jiragen ruwa sai 10;
ya rasa haƙƙin faɗa ba tare da izinin Rome ba;
mayar da Massinissa mallakarsa.

Carthage bashi da wani zabi illa ya yarda da irin waɗannan sharuɗɗan. Dukkanin bangarorin sun kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, sakamakon haka aka kawo karshen yakin Punic na 2.

Ayyukan siyasa da gudun hijira

Duk da kayen, Hannibal ya ci gaba da jin daɗin ikon mutane. A cikin 196 an zabe shi Suffet - babban jami'in Carthage. Ya gabatar da gyare-gyare don yin niyya ga oligarchs waɗanda suka sami riba ta rashin gaskiya.

Don haka, Hannibal ya sanya kansa maƙiya da yawa. Ya hango yana iya tsere daga garin, wanda hakan ya faru. Da dare, mutumin ya tashi ta jirgin ruwa zuwa tsibirin Kerkina, kuma daga can ya tafi Taya.

Daga baya Hannibal ya sadu da sarki Siriya Antiochus III, wanda ke da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Rome. Ya ba da shawara ga sarki don ya tura wata runduna ta balaguro zuwa Afirka, wanda zai sa Carthage ya yi yaƙi da Romawa.

Koyaya, shirin Hannibal bai ƙaddara ya zama gaskiya ba. Kari a kan haka, dangantakarsa da Antiochus ta zama mai tsami. Kuma lokacin da aka fatattaki sojojin Siriya a 189 a Magnesia, an tilasta wa sarki yin sulhu kan sharuɗɗan Rome, ɗayansu shi ne mika Hannibal.

Rayuwar mutum

Kusan ba a san komai game da rayuwar Hannibal ba. Yayin zaman sa a kasar Sipaniya, ya auri wata mata ‘yar kasar Iberiya mai suna Imilka. Kwamandan ya bar matarsa a Spain lokacin da ya tafi kamfen na Italiya, kuma bai sake saduwa da ita ba.

Mutuwa

Da Romawa suka kayar da shi, Antiochus ya yi alƙawarin ba da Hannibal a hannunsu. Ya gudu zuwa wurin sarkin Bithynia Prusius. Romawa ba su bar makiyansu da aka rantse su kaɗai ba, suna neman a ba da Carthaginian ɗin.

Mayakan Bithinia sun kewaye maboyar Hannibal, suna ƙoƙari su kwace shi. Lokacin da mutumin ya fahimci rashin begen lamarin, sai ya ɗauki dafin daga zobe, wanda yake ɗauke da shi koyaushe. Hannibal ya mutu a 183 yana da shekara 63.

Ana daukar Hannibal a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin sojoji a tarihi. Wasu suna kiransa "mahaifin dabarun" don ikonsa na cikakken kimanta halin da ake ciki, gudanar da ayyukan leken asiri, zurfafa nazarin fagen daga tare da mai da hankali ga wasu mahimman fasaloli.