Centuriesarnoni 5 suka raba halittar Sistine Chapel da maidowa ta ƙarshe, wanda ya bayyana wa duniya abubuwan da ba a sani ba na fasahar launin Michelangelo. Koyaya, asarar da ta biyo bayan binciken launuka da ba zato ba tsammani suna da saurin bayyana da bayyana, kamar dai an kira su ne da gangan don tunatar da mu yanayin jujjuyawar komai na duniya, game da buƙatar mai da hankali ga zane-zane, wanda ke neman fitar da mutum daga talakawa, buɗe ƙofofin zuwa wasu jiragen sama na rayuwa.
Muna bin bayyanar wannan gine-ginen gine-ginen fasaha na Kirista ga Francesco della Rovere, wanda aka fi sani da Paparoma Sixtus na huɗu, wanda ba shi da kwatankwacin abin da ya shafi lamuran cocinsa, amma da niyyar taimaka wa fasaha da kimiyya. Jagorancin dalilai na addini yayin kirkirar cocin gida, da kyar ya yi annabta cewa ga duk duniya Sistine Chapel zai zama alama ce ta wani zamani - Renaissance, manyanta guda biyu daga uku, farkon Renaissance da High.
Babban dalilin sujadar shi ne a yi aiki a matsayin wurin zaben fafaroma a taron Cardinal. An tsarkake shi kuma an sadaukar da shi don Zato na Budurwa a watan Agusta 1483 bisa ga kalandar Julian. A yau, Sistine Chapel baƙon gidan tarihi na Vatican ne, wanda ya ƙunshi frescoes masu daraja kan batun batutuwan littafi mai tsarki.
A cikin ra'ayi na Sistine Chapel
Aikin da aka yi a zanen bangon arewa da na kudu ya nuna farkon ƙirƙirar cikin ɗakin sujada. Sun ɗauke shi:
- Sandro Botticelli;
- Pietro Perugino;
- Luca Signorelli;
- Cosimo Rosselli;
- Domenico Ghirlandaio;
Sun kasance masu zane-zanen makarantar zane na Florentine. A cikin gajeren gajeren lokaci - kimanin watanni 11 - an ƙirƙiri zagaye biyu na frescoes 16, 4 daga cikinsu basu tsira ba. Bangon arewa bayanin rayuwar Kristi ne, na kudu kuwa labarin Musa ne. Daga labaran Littafi Mai-Tsarki game da Yesu a yau, fresco Haihuwar Kristi ya ɓace, kuma daga tarihin bangon kudu, Binciken fesco na Musa bai tsira a gare mu ba, duka ayyukan Perugino ne. Dole ne a ba su gudummawa don hoton Hukuncin Lastarshe, wanda daga baya Michelangelo ya yi aiki a kai.
Rufi, bisa ga ƙirar asali, yayi kama da yadda muke iya gani yanzu. An kawata ta da taurari suna birgima a cikin zurfin sama, wanda aka ƙirƙira ta hannun Pierre Matteo d'Amelia. Koyaya, a cikin 1508, Paparoma Julius II della Rovere ya umarci Michelangelo Buonarotti ya sake rubuta rufin. An kammala aikin zuwa 1512. Mai zane-zane ya zana thearshe Lastarshe a kan bagaden Sistine Chapel ta umarnin Paparoma Paul III tsakanin 1535 da 1541.
Mai sassaka fresco
Ofaya daga cikin cikakkun bayanai game da halittar Sistine Chapel shine yanayin aikin Michelangelo. Shi, wanda koyaushe ya dage cewa shi mai zage-zage ne, an ƙaddara shi ne ya zana frescoes da mutane suke sha'awa fiye da ƙarni 5. Amma a lokaci guda, dole ne ya koyi fasahar zanen bango tuni a aikace, ya sake rubuta dutsen Amelia mai tauraron tauraruwa kuma ba ma iya yin rashin biyayya ga umarnin fafaroma. Lissafi a yankin aikinsa an banbanta su da tsarin zane-zane, wanda ya sha bamban da abin da aka halitta a gabansa, ana bayyana su da girma da kuma abin birgewa cewa da farko kallo da yawa frescoes ana karanta su kamar bas-reliefs.
Abin da bai yi kama da abin da ya kasance a da ba yakan haifar da ƙi, tun da azanci yana ɗaukar sabuwa kamar halakar kanon. Abubuwan da fescola na Michelangelo Buonarotti suka yi ta jawo tsokaci game da rikice-rikice na tsararraki da zuriyar - dukansu an yaba da su a lokacin rayuwar mawaƙin, kuma an yi musu hukunci mai tsanani don tsiraicin tsarkakan Littafi Mai Tsarki.
A cikin halin sukar, sun kusan mutuwa don tsara masu zuwa, amma ɗayan ɗaliban mai fasahar, Daniele da Volterra ne ya cece su. A karkashin Paul na IV, an tsara zane-zanen da ke cikin Ranar Shari'a ta fresco da gwaninta, don haka guje wa ramuwar gayya game da aikin maigidan. Anyi drapery ne ta yadda frescoes basu lalace ba ta kowace hanya lokacin da aka yanke shawarar mayar dasu asalinsu. An ci gaba da yin rikodi bayan ƙarni na 16, amma a lokacin sabuntawa kawai farkonsu ne ya rage a matsayin shaidar tarihi na abubuwan da ake buƙata na zamanin.
Fresco yana ba da kwatancin abin da ke faruwa a duniya wanda ke faruwa a kan jigon Kristi. Hannunsa na dama ya ɗaga siffofin da ke ƙoƙarin hawa sama, don sauka zuwa Charon da Minos, masu kula da gidan wuta; yayin da hannunsa na hagu ke jan mutane zuwa damansa a matsayin zaɓaɓɓu da adalai zuwa sama. Alkali yana kewaye da waliyyai, kamar duniyoyin da rana ke jan su.
An san cewa an kama fiye da ɗaya zamani na Michelangelo a cikin wannan fresco. Bugu da kari, hoton kansa ya bayyana sau biyu a cikin fresco - a cikin fatar da aka cire wanda Saint Bartholomew ya rike a hannunsa na hagu, kuma da sunan wani mutum a jikinsa a kusurwar hagu na hoton, yana mai tabbatar wa wadanda ke tashi daga kabarin.
Zanen hoton vault na Sistine Chapel
Lokacin da Michelangelo ya zana ɗakin sujada, bai zaɓi matsayi kawai wanda ya kamata a kalli kowane fresco tare da batutuwan Littafi Mai-Tsarki ba. Matsakaicin kowane fasali da girman ƙungiyoyi an ƙaddara su da mahimmancin kansu, ba ta tsarin dangi ba. A saboda wannan dalili, kowane adadi yana riƙe da nasa daidaikun, kowane adadi ko rukuni na adadi yana da asalinsa.
Zanen plafond din a fasaha aikin ne mafi wahalar gaske, tun da aka gudanar da aikin a kan sikelin na tsawon shekaru 4, wanda a zahiri gajeren lokaci ne don aikin wannan girman. Babban ɓangaren vault ɗin yana mamaye da frescoes 9 daga ƙungiyoyi uku, kowane ɗayan yana haɗuwa da taken Tsohon Alkawari guda ɗaya:
- Halittar duniya ("Rabuwa da haske daga duhu", "Halittar rana da duniyoyi", "Rabuwa da sararin sama da ruwa");
- Tarihin mutanen farko ("Halittar Adam", "Halittar Hawwa'u", "Faduwa da kora daga aljanna");
- Labarin Nuhu ("Hadayar Nuhu", "Rigyawa", "Shaye-shayen Nuhu").
Frescoes a tsakiyar ɓangaren rufin suna kewaye da siffofin annabawa, sibyls, kakannin Kristi da ƙari.
Tiananan bene
Kodayake baku taɓa ziyartar Vatican ba, a cikin hotuna da yawa na Sistine Chapel da ake samu a yanar gizo, a sauƙaƙe kuna iya lura cewa mafi ƙanƙan bene an lulluɓe da labule kuma baya jan hankali. Kawai a ranakun hutu, ana cire waɗannan mayafan, sannan baƙi za su iya ganin kwafin hoto na zane-zane.
Tapestries, kuma daga ƙarni na 16, an saka shi a Brussels. Yanzu, bakwai daga cikinsu waɗanda suka tsira ana iya ganinsu a cikin gidajen tarihin Vatican. Amma zane, ko kwali, wanda aka kirkiresu, suna cikin Landan, a cikin gidan kayan tarihin Victoria da Albert. Marubucinsu ya jure gwajin aiki tare da ƙwararrun masu fasaha. Raphael ne ya zana su bisa roƙon Paparoma Julius II, kuma rayuwar manzanni ita ce jigon abubuwan da ke raye, waɗanda ba su da ƙasa da mahimmancin tasirin su ga zanen fresco na Michelangelo ko zanen malamin sa Perugino.
Gidan kayan gargajiya a yau
Sistine Chapel tana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Vatican, wanda ya kunshi gidajen tarihi 13 wadanda ke cikin fadoji biyu na Vatican. Hanyoyi huɗu na balaguro ta hanyar baitul malin italiya sun ƙare tare da ziyartar gidan ibada na Sistine, wanda ke ɓoye tsakanin St. Peter's Basilica da bangon Fadar Apostolic. Ba shi da wahala a gano yadda ake zuwa wannan gidan kayan gargajiyar na duniya, amma idan ba a sami hanyar gaske ba tukunna, to Kuna iya yin yawon shakatawa na Vatican. Wata hanya ko wata, duk hanyoyi, kamar yadda suke faɗa, suna kaiwa zuwa Rome.
Muna ba da shawarar cewa ka kalli Krutitskoye Compound.
Kodayake ɗakin sujada yana kama da sansanin soja, amma a zahiri ba kowa bane zai ga abin birgewa ba, amma mahimmancin ginin an ɓoye shi daga idanun masu yawon buɗe ido na zamani kuma yana buƙatar nutsuwa cikin yanayin Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Sistine Chapel yana da tsayayyen sifa mai kusurwa huɗu kuma girmansa ba mai haɗari bane - 40.93 zuwa 13.41 m a tsayi da faɗi, wanda shine ainihin sakewa na girman Haikalin Sulemanu da aka nuna a Tsohon Alkawari. A ƙarƙashin rufin akwai rufi mai ɗauke da haske, hasken rana yana yawo a cikin tagogi masu tsayi shida na bangon arewa da kudu na cocin. Baccio Pontelli ne ya tsara ginin, kuma injiniya Giovannino de 'Dolci ne ya sa ginin.
An sake gyara gidan ibada na Sistine sau da yawa. Maidowa ta ƙarshe, wacce aka kammala a 1994, ta bayyana baiwa Michelangelo don launi. Frescoes sunyi haske da sabbin launuka. Sun bayyana a launin da aka rubuta su. Haske mai shuɗi ne kawai na ranar shari'a ta ƙarshe fresco ya haskaka, tunda lapis lazuli, wanda daga shi ne aka yi launin shuɗin, ba shi da babban ƙarfi.
Koyaya, wani ɓangare na zane na adadi tare da toka an tsabtace tare tare da toka na ƙyallen kyandir, kuma wannan, rashin alheri, bai shafi alamun adadi kawai ba, yana haifar da tunanin rashin cikawa, amma wasu adadi suma sun rasa ma'anarsu. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare saboda gaskiyar cewa Michelangelo yayi aiki da dabaru da yawa don kirkirar frescoes, wanda ke bukatar wata hanya ta daban don tsarkakewa.
Bugu da kari, wadanda suka dawo da aikin sun yi aiki kan kurakuran maido da baya. Wataƙila rashin tsammanin sakamakon da aka samo ya kamata ya sake tunatar da mu cewa ya zama dole mu kalli ayyukan masu kirkirar kirki tare da buɗe ido - sannan kuma a bayyana sabbin sirri ga idanun masu bincike.
