Babban cocin St. Basil, bisa ga al'adar canonical da ake kira Cathedral na Ceto na Mafi Tsarki Theotokos a kan Moat, ba a san shi da suna C Interto ba. Daidai ne a ɗauke shi ya zama sanannen sanannen tarihin gini ba kawai a cikin babban birnin Rasha ba, har ma a cikin jihar.
Gina St. Basil's Cathedral
Tarihin halittar maɗaukakiyar haikalin da aka gina akan Red Square, wanda aka rataye shi da mulkokin asali, yana da kusan ƙarni biyar. Kwanan nan babban cocin ya yi bikin cika shekaru 456 da keɓewarta.
Yana cikin kusancin assofar Spassky, an gina shi a cikin Moscow a cikin karni na 16th bisa umarnin Ivan the Terror, wanda ke mulkin jihar a wannan lokacin. Ginin haikalin ya zama wani nau'in godiya na mai mulki don nasarar kamfen na Kazan cikin nasara, wanda ya danganta shi da mahimmancin ƙasa, da nasara akan Kazan Khanate.
Dangane da bayanan tarihi, sarki ya fara gina cocin dutse bisa shawarar Metropolitan Macarius, wanda yayi aiki a matsayin Waliyin Moscow. Thearshen na cikin bayanin ne da kuma tunanin ƙirar haikalin da aka gina daga baya.
A cikin takaddun tarihi, an fara nuna sunan Cocin C theto na Uwar Allah, wanda ke nufin haikalin katako, a cikin 1554. A cewar masu bincike, a cikin karni na 16, Cocin Triniti yana kusa da dutsen kariya da ke kewaye da Kremlin.
A makabartar da ke cikin cocin gefen cocin a cikin 1551, bayan bin ra'ayin mai mulki, sun binne Basil wawa mai tsarki, wanda ke da kyautar azurtawa. Ya kasance a cikin irin wannan mahimmin wuri ga masu imani cewa babban gini mai girma wanda aka gina da dutse ya fara. Abubuwan tarihin wanda mafaka ta ƙarshe daga baya ya zama wurin da aka yi al'ajibai da yawa daga baya aka sauya zuwa bangon haikalin, wanda ya karɓi suna na biyu na St. Basil's Cathedral.
Ya ɗauki shekara shida kafin ya gina Cathedral na St. Basil Mai Albarka, wanda aka gudanar shi kaɗai a cikin watanni masu dumi. Yawancin ginin an kammala su cikin nasara a kaka 1559. Bayan wasu shekaru, a ranar 12 ga Yuli, Metropolitan Macarius da kansa ya tsarkake babban cocinsa, wanda ake kira Ceto.
Architect: tarihin gaskiya da tatsuniyoyi
Katolika na Ceto yana ta aiki shekaru da yawa. Kuma a yau akwai rikice-rikice masu daɗi tsakanin masana kimiyya game da sunayen masu ginin da suke gini. Na dogon lokaci, akwai sigar cewa tsar ne ya ba da ginin haikalin ga iyayengijin gida biyu - Barma da Postnik Yakovlev.
Akwai tatsuniya bisa ga yadda sarki, wanda ba ya son masu fasaha masu fasaha don ƙirƙirar wani haikalin, wanda ya fi wannan girma, yana maimaita wani salo na musamman, ya ba da umarnin makantar da masu zanen gidan.
Koyaya, masana na zamani sun karkata ga yin imani cewa ginin babban cocin aikin mai gida ne guda ɗaya - Ivan Yakovlevich Barma, wanda kuma aka fi sani da laƙabi da Postnik. Takardun sun nuna cewa shi marubucin ayyukan gine-gine ne, wanda daga baya aka gina Kremlin a Kazan, babban cocin Sviyazhsk da babban birnin kanta.
Asalin aikin gini
Babban cocin St. Basil yana da wakilcin coci-coci tara waɗanda aka gina a kan tushe ɗaya. A cewar masu zanen gidan, ya kunshi coci ne da ke tsakiyar yankin ginin bulo, wanda ke kewaye da wasu hanyoyin guda takwas. Duk majami'u suna da alaƙa da juna ta hanyar mashigan ciki tare da rumbuna. Don kafuwar, kwalliya da abubuwan daidaikun mutane masu kawata facade, sun yanke shawarar amfani da farin dutse.
An gina babban ɗakin sujada don girmama Kariyar Uwar Allah. Wannan yana da alaƙa da wani muhimmin abu mai mahimmanci: bangon kagara na Kazan an busa kai tsaye a wannan hutun. Cocin da ke mamaye da sauran yana da babban tanti a saman.
Kafin juyin juya halin 1917 wanda ya canza tsarin jihar, hadadden ya kunshi aisles 11:
- Tsakiya ko Pokrovsky.
- Vostochny ko Troitsky.
- Lokaci ga Alexander Svirsky.
- An sadaukar da shi ga Nicholas Mai Al'ajabi.
- Yana cikin yankin kudu maso yamma, wanda majiɓincin sa shine Varlaam Khutynsky.
- Yamma ko Shiga Kudus.
- Arewa maso yamma fuskantar.
- Duba arewa
- Lokaci ga Yahaya Mai rahama.
- An kafa shi akan wurin hutun mai albarka, wanda ake kira John
- An gina shi a cikin wani ƙarin akwati a cikin 1588, ɗakin sujada a kan kabarin marigayin Basil mai Albarka.
Dukkanin, bisa ga ra'ayin mai ginin ginin, hasumiyai na gefen-ɗakin sujada waɗanda aka lulluɓe da maɓuɓɓuka suna da kambi daban da juna. Harungiyar haɗin kai na haɗe-haɗe da ɗakunan cocin cocin na St. Basil's Cathedral sun ƙare tare da buɗe belfry mai ƙugu uku. Kowace bakinta tana da babbar kararrawa.
Gine-ginen ya yanke shawara mai ma'ana, wanda ya ba shi damar kare facade na babban cocin daga hazo da ke cikin yanayi na shekaru da yawa. A karshen wannan, an rufe ganuwar babban cocin da fenti ja da fari, don haka ana kwaikwayon aikin bulo. Abin da ya kunshi dunkulale na babban cocin da asalinsa ya zama abin asiri a yau, tunda haikalinsu ya ɓace saboda tashin gobara a cikin garin a cikin 1595. Babban cocin St. Basil ya ci gaba da kasancewa da tsarin gine-gine har zuwa 1588.
Muna ba da shawarar ganin Katolika na Smolny.
Ta hanyar umarnin Fyodor Ioannovich, an kafa coci na goma akan wurin binne wawa mai tsarki, wanda aka tsara ta lokacin. Haikalin da aka gina ba shi da ginshiƙi kuma yana da ƙofa dabam.
A cikin karni na 17, saboda fifikon da aka fi so, an sauya sunan wani bagade a gefe zuwa dukkanin hadadden babban cocin, wanda tun daga nan ya zama sananne da Cathedral na St. Basil Mai Albarka.
Sake ginin da maido da babban cocin St. Basil
Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 17, St. Basil's Cathedral ya sami canje-canje da yawa a cikin fasalin facade da ciki. An maye gurbin katako na katako, waɗanda ke fama da wuta koyaushe, an maye gurbinsu da rufin da aka kafa a kan ginshiƙan tubali.
Bangon manyan ɗakunan cocin da ke fuskantar waje, ginshiƙan da ke matsayin amintaccen tallafi da kuma baranda da aka kafa a saman matakala an rufe su da zanen polychrome na ado. Rubutun tayal ya bayyana tare da tsawon tsawon masarar ta sama.
Hakanan an sake gina belfry a daidai wannan lokacin, saboda wannan hasumiyar mai kararrawa mai hawa biyu ta bayyana.
A ƙarshen karni na 18, an kawata cikin haikalin da zanen mai, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don rubutun makirci, wanda da shi ake yin hotuna da hotunan waliyyai.
Shekara guda bayan juyin-juya-hali a cikin kasar, Katolika mai tsaka-tsaki yana daga cikin na farkon da sabuwar gwamnati za ta kare a matsayin abin tunawa da muhimmancin duniya.
Ayyukan gidan kayan gargajiya na haikalin
A cikin bazarar 1923, St. Basil's Cathedral ya buɗe ƙofofinsa ga baƙi a cikin sabon matsayi - a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihi da gine-gine. Duk da wannan, bai rasa damar gudanar da ayyuka a cikin ɗakin sujada da aka gina don girmama ɗakin sujada mai albarka ba.
Shekaru biyar bayan haka, Katolika mai Ceto ya sami matsayin reshe na gidan kayan tarihin, yana aiki a matakin jiha, wanda har yanzu yake ci gaba. Godiya ga aikin maidowa na musamman da aka gudanar a babban coci a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, ainihin asalin haikalin haikalin an dawo da shi sosai.
Tun daga 1990, ya zama Wurin Tarihi na UNESCO. Shekaru 10 da suka wuce, an zabi gwanin zane-zane don gasar Rasha guda bakwai.
Kuna iya ziyartar gidan kayan tarihin da ya sabunta bayanansa a adireshin: Moscow, Red Square, 2. Ana yin balaguro a nan kowace rana. Lokacin buɗewar baƙon gidan kayan gargajiyar da ke jiran tsammani daga 11:00 zuwa 16:00.
Farashin sabis ɗin jagorar yana da ma'ana sosai. Tikiti don balaguron balaguro kusa da babban coci, yayin da zaku iya ɗaukar hotunan da ba za a manta da su ba, ana iya siyan su akan 100 rubles.
