Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan manyan masana kimiyya a tarihin ɗan adam. Galileo yayi bincike da yawa ba tare da tushen tushe ba. Misali, to babu sauran agogo daidai ko kadan, kuma Galileo ya auna lokaci a cikin gwaje-gwajensa tare da hanzarin faɗuwa kyauta ta bugun zuciyarsa. Wannan kuma ya shafi ilimin taurari ne - madubin hangen nesa wanda kawai ya ninka sau uku ya ba wa ƙwararren dan Italiya damar yin bincike na asali, kuma a ƙarshe aka binne tsarin Ptolemaic na duniya. A lokaci guda, yana da tunani na kimiyya, Galileo ya rubuta ayyukansa a cikin kyakkyawan harshe, wanda ke kai tsaye yana magana game da ikonsa na rubutu. Abun takaici, an tilasta Galileo ya sadaukar da shekaru 25 na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa don gwagwarmaya mara amfani tare da Vatican. Wanene ya san yadda Galileo zai ci gaba da ilimin kimiyya idan da ba zai lalata ƙarfi da lafiyarsa ba wajen yaƙi da Inquisition.
1. Kamar kowane fitaccen mutumtacce na zamanin Renaissance, Galileo mutum ne mai kwarjini sosai. Abubuwan sha'awarsa sun haɗa da ilimin lissafi, ilimin taurari, kimiyyar lissafi, ƙarfin kayan aiki da falsafa. Kuma ya fara samun kuɗi a matsayin malamin zane a Florence.
2. Kamar yadda ya saba faruwa a Italiya, dangin Galileo masu daraja ne amma talakawa ne. Galileo bai taba iya kammala karatun jami'a ba - kudi ya cika mahaifinsa.
3. Tuni a jami'a Galileo ya nuna kansa ya kasance mai yawan yin muhawara. A gare shi babu hukumomi, kuma yana iya fara tattaunawa har ma da waɗancan batutuwan da ba su da masaniya sosai a ciki. Ba daidai ba, wannan ya haifar masa da kyakkyawan suna.
4. Suna da kulawar Marquis del Monte sun taimaka Galileo ya sami matsayin masani a kotun Duke na Tuscany Ferdinand I de Medici. Wannan ya bashi damar karatun kimiya tsawon shekaru hudu ba tare da tunanin abincin yau da kullun ba. Idan aka yi la'akari da nasarorin da aka samu a baya, haƙƙin mallakar Medici ne ya zama mabuɗin makomar Galileo.
Ferdinand I de Medici
5. Tsawon shekaru 18 Galileo yayi aiki a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Padua. Karatun da yake yi ya shahara sosai, kuma bayan binciken farko, masanin ya zama sananne a duk Turai.
6. Anyi aikin hangen nesa a cikin Holland da kuma gaban Galileo, amma Bataliyan shine farkon wanda yayi tsammani ya kalli sama ta wani bututu da kansa yayi. Na’urar hangen nesa ta farko (sunan da Galileo ya kirkira) ya ba da ƙaruwa sau 3, ya inganta ta 32. Tare da taimakonsu, masanin tauraron ya san cewa Milky Way ya ƙunshi taurari ɗayansu, Jupiter yana da tauraron dan adam 4, kuma duk duniyoyin suna zagaye da Rana, ba onlyasa kawai ba.
7. Biyu daga cikin mafi girman binciken da Galileo yayi wanda ya juyar da masu gyaran injina a lokacin sun kasance marasa aiki da kuma saurin nauyi. Dokar farko ta injiniyoyi, duk da wasu gyare-gyare daga baya, da gaskiya tana ɗauke da sunan wani masanin kimiyyar Italiya.
8. Mai yiwuwa ne Galileo ya share sauran kwanakinsa a Padua, amma mutuwar mahaifinsa ta sanya shi babba a cikin dangin. Ya yi nasarar auren 'yan uwa mata biyu, amma a lokaci guda ya shiga irin wannan bashin har albashin farfesa bai isa ba. Kuma Galileo ya tafi Tuscany, inda ake binciken Inquisition.
9. Ya saba da sassaucin ra'ayi Padua, wani masanin kimiyya a Tuscany nan da nan ya fadi a karkashin murfin binciken Inquisition. Shekarar ta kasance 1611. Cocin Katolika a kwanan nan ta sami mari a fuska a cikin hanyar gyarawa, kuma firistocin sun rasa dukkan yarda. Kuma Galileo yayi ɗabi'a fiye da kowane lokaci. A gareshi Copernicus 'heliocentrism ya kasance abu ne bayyananne, kamar fitowar rana. Sadarwa tare da Cardinal da Paparoma Paul V kansa, ya gansu a matsayin mutane masu wayo kuma, a bayyane yake, sunyi imanin cewa zasu raba abubuwan da yayi imani dashi. Amma 'yan cocin, a gaskiya, ba su da inda za su ja da baya. Kuma ko a cikin wannan halin, Cardinal Bellarmino, yana bayanin matsayin Inquisition, ya rubuta cewa cocin ba ta ƙin yarda da masana kimiyya su inganta ra'ayoyinsu, amma ba sa buƙatar a yi ta da babbar murya da yaɗuwa. Amma Galileo ya riga ya ɗan ciji. Hatta sanya nasa littattafan a jerin wadanda aka hana su bai hana shi ba. Ya ci gaba da rubuta littattafai a cikin abin da ya ke kare heliocentrism a cikin hanyar ba kalloli guda ɗaya ba, amma tattaunawa, tunanin rainin hankali don yaudarar firistoci. A cikin maganganun zamani, masanin kimiyya ya jagoranci firistoci, kuma ya yi hakan sosai. Paparoma na gaba (Urban VIII) shi ma tsohon aboki ne na masanin kimiyya. Wataƙila, da ace Galileo ya daidaita fushinsa, komai zai ƙare daban. Ya zama cewa burin mabiya cocin, tare da ƙarfin su, ya zama ya fi ƙarfi bisa ka'ida mafi daidai. A ƙarshe, bayan wallafa wani littafin “Tattaunawa,” wanda aka ɓoye cikin dabara don tattaunawa, haƙurin cocin ya ƙare. A cikin 1633, an kira Galileo zuwa Rome duk da annobar. Bayan an yi masa tambayoyi na tsawon wata guda, an tilasta masa a kan gwiwowinsa ya sake karanta ra'ayoyinsa kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin gida na tsawon lokaci.
10. Rahotannin ko an azabtar da Galileo suna da sabani. Babu wata hujja kai tsaye game da azabtarwa, kawai ana maganar barazanar. Galileo da kansa ya rubuta a cikin bayanansa game da rashin lafiya bayan fitina. Idan aka yi la'akari da jaruntakar da masanin ya yi da firistoci a baya, bai yi imani da yiwuwar yanke hukunci mai tsauri ba. Kuma a cikin irin wannan yanayi, ganin kayan aikin azabtarwa na iya shafar ƙarfin mutum sosai.
11. Ba'a gane Galileo dan bidi'a. An kira shi "wanda ake zargi sosai" na karkatacciyar koyarwa. Maganar ba ta da sauƙi, amma ta ba masanin damar kauce wa wutar.
12. Kalmar “Duk da haka ta juyo” mawaki Giuseppe Baretti ne ya ƙirƙira shi shekaru 100 bayan mutuwar Galileo.
13. Mutumin zamani yana iya mamakin ɗayan abubuwan da Galileo ya gano. Bataliyar ta hango ta madubin hangen nesa cewa wata yayi kama da duniya. Zai yi kama da Haske mai haske da Wata mai rawaya, menene kama a cikinsu? Koyaya, yana da sauƙin tunani a cikin karni na 21, yana da tarin ilimin ilimin taurari. Har zuwa karni na 16, sararin samaniya ya raba Duniya da sauran abubuwan samaniya. Amma ya zama cewa Wata wata jiki ce mai kamar ta Duniya, wanda a kanta kuma akwai tsaunuka, tekuna da tekuna (bisa ga dabarun da ke wancan lokacin).
Wata. Galileo zane
14. Saboda matsanancin yanayin da ake tsare dashi, Galileo ya zama makaho kuma tsawon shekaru 4 na rayuwarsa kawai yana iya yin aikinsa. Mummunan abin ƙaddara shi ne cewa mutumin da ya fara kallon taurari ya ƙare rayuwarsa ba tare da ganin komai a kusa da shi ba.
15. Canji da Cocin Roman Katolika ya canza game da Galileo an bayyana shi da kyawawan abubuwa biyu. A cikin 1642, Paparoma Urban na VIII ya hana binne Galileo a cikin dangi ko kuma kafa wata alama a kabarin. Kuma shekaru 350 daga baya, John Paul II ya yarda da ɓarna na ayyukan Inquisition akan Galileo Galilei.
