Wani malamin falsafa dan kasar Rasha Mikhail Bakhtin ya dauki hutun a matsayin wani nau'i na farko na al'adun mutane. Lallai, yana da wahala sosai a huta daga aikin yau da kullun, kawai zaune a teburin biki (dutse, ko fata). Hanya ɗaya ko wata, a zamanin da ba sa farauta ko ba su damu da abinci ba ta wata hanya, ya kamata mutane na farko su fara haɓaka dabarun sadarwa waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da rayuwa kai tsaye. Tarihi, waƙoƙi, da sauran nau'ikan kerawa a hankali suka fara bayyana. Hutu sun fara rarrabewa, fadadawa da zurfafa tsarin al'adu.
Hakanan hutu ma sunyi tasiri game da bayyanar kimiyya. Tabbataccen ƙayyadadden wasu ranaku ko lokutan lokaci yana buƙatar ilimin ilimin taurari, kuma daga can bai yi nisa ba kafin ƙirƙirar kalandar. Ayyuka na bukukuwa suna buƙatar abun ciki na yau da kullun wanda ya bambanta da na al'ada, sabili da haka, ranakun hutu sun bayyana waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da al'amuran yanayi. Ma'anar su tana bukatar fassara - yanzu bai yi nisa da tsari ba addinin da aka tsara.
Kuma kada mu manta game da girki. Yana da wuya cewa zai zama zai yiwu a gano hanyoyin bayyanar yawancin abincin "bukukuwa", amma yana da ma'ana a ɗauka cewa tuni a zamanin da magabatanmu suka yi ƙoƙari su bambanta teburin a kwanakin hutu ta hanyar cin wani abu mai wuya ko shirya ta wata hanya ta musamman. Tare da shudewar karnoni da ƙarfafa rarrabuwar dukiyar al'umma, al'adun girke-girke sun zama ɗan kaɗan daga asalin ranakun hutu. Koyaya, babu wanda zai yi jayayya da gaskiyar cewa a gidan biloniya da kuma gidajen talakawa, abincin biki ya bambanta da na yau da kullun.
1. Dangane da abubuwan da suke ciki, carnivals na Kudancin Amurka bukukuwa ne kamar namu na Shrovetide, kawai ma'anarsu ɗaya ce kawai tare da canjawa zuwa Kudancin emasar. Shrovetide na Orthodox yana ganin lokacin hunturu, yana ƙare hutun hunturu tare da wadataccen abincinsu da shagalinsu, da shirya don Babban Lent. A wannan kasar ta Brazil, ana yin bukin ne a jajibirin Azumi - a koyaushe yana karewa ne a ranar Talata, kuma ana fara azumi a ranar Laraba, wanda ake kira Ash. Amma a Kudancin duniya, bukin Carnival shine alamar shigowar hunturu, ba karshen sa ba. Af, mafi girman bukukuwa a cikin sharuddan yawan mahalarta ba a Rio de Janeiro yake ba, amma a cikin garin Salvador da Bahia.
2. Wani kwatancen na Maslenitsa yana faruwa a Amurka kuma kowace shekara yana tattara dubban mahalarta. Labari ne game da Mardi Gras - wani biki a New Orleans. Sarki da sarauniyar bikin ne ke jagorantar bikin mai kayatarwa, suna zubar da tsabar kudi da kayan zaki daga wani babban dandamali. Al'adar tare da sarki ta bayyana ne bayan Babban Duke na Rasha Alexei ya ziyarci Mardi Gras a cikin 1872, kuma masu shirya sun ba shi wani dandamali na musamman tare da rubutun "Sarki".
3. Ana iya kwatanta Carnival da na Halloween. Dukkanin bikin ana yin su ne bayan girbi kuma alama ce ta sauyawa daga bazara zuwa hunturu. Akalla tsakanin maguzawan da ke zaune a tsibirin Birtaniyya, Halloween ba shi da wata ma'ana. Da zuwan Kiristanci, bikin ya ɗauki sabon ma'ana. Oktoba 31 ita ce ranar duk ranar tsarkaka. Hadisai na Halloween a hankali sun canza. Sun fara rokon abin sha a wani wuri a cikin karni na 16, fitilun kabewa sun bayyana a rabi na biyu na karni na 19 (kafin a sanya fitilun daga turnips ko beets), kuma sun fara shirya jerin gwanon sutura ko da daga baya.
4. “Sace” amarya kafin fara bikin aure ba ta wata hanya ce ta kebantattun mutanen tsaunuka. Hanyar da ake bi yanzu, lokacin da ango da abokansa suka kira gidanta don amarya kuma suka biya fansa ta alama, suna da tushe iri ɗaya. Kafin haka, rawar dawakai da troika suka taka rawar limousine, wanda akan hakan aka dauke amarya daga gidansu.
5. A Burtaniya da tsoffin yan mulkin mallaka, wani yanayi mai ban mamaki ya bunkasa tare da bikin ranar haihuwar sarauniya (ko sarki). A tsibirin Birtaniyya, ba a yin bikin ranar haihuwar mai mulki na ainihi, amma a ɗaya daga cikin ranakun Asabar uku na farko a watan Yuni. Wanne - masarautar da kansa yake yanke shawara, yawanci ya dogara da hasashen yanayi. Edward VII ya fara al'adar ne a farkon karni na 20. An haife shi a watan Nuwamba kuma ba ya son karɓar baje kolin gargajiya a lokacin faduwar Landan. A Ostiraliya, ana yin hutun ne a rabin rabin Yuni, a Kanada a ranar Litinin na uku a watan Mayu, kuma a New Zealand ana taya Sarauniya murna a ranar Litinin ta bazara.
6. Bikin Bikin Guy Fawkes Night (Nuwamba 5) a Biritaniya sananne ne sananne saboda fina-finai da littattafai, kuma kowa ya ga abin da ake kira “Anonymous mask” aƙalla sau ɗaya. Ba a san shi sosai ba cewa a cikin shekarun farko na bikin ranar ceton sarki da majalisar dokoki daga mummunar fashewa, ban da wasan wuta, dabbobin da ke cike da Paparoma dole ne su ƙone, kuma da zarar irin wannan kayan da aka cushe an cika su da kuliyoyi masu rai.
7. mostasar da ta fi “murna” a duniya ita ce Argentina, inda 19 keɓaɓɓun ranakun aiki a hukumance keɓaɓɓu a cikin kalandar, waɗanda ake ɗauka ranakun hutu. Kuma a makwabciyar Brazil akwai ranakun hutu 5 ne kawai, tare da Indiyawa, 'yan Brazil na iya ɗaukar kansu a matsayin ƙasa mafi kwazo. Rasha ta raba wurare 6-7 tare da Malaysia tare da hutun hutun hukuma na yau da kullun 14.
8. An yanke shawarar kafa ranar 8 ga Maris a matsayin Ranar Mata ta Duniya a 1921 a taron mata na II na Kwaminisanci. An sanya ranar ne don girmama manyan zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati ta farko a cikin 1917 a babban birnin Rasha na Petrograd. Bayan haka, waɗannan wasannin kwaikwayon sun haifar da watsi da Nicholas II da fitowar Soviet Russia. An yi bikin ranar mata a ko'ina cikin kasashen da ke kusa da USSR. Maris 8 ya zama ranar hutu a cikin USSR a 1966. Baya ga Rasha, Ranar Mata ta Duniya yanzu ba ta aiki a Kenya, Koriya ta Arewa, Madagascar, Guinea-Bissau, Eritrea, Uganda, Mongolia, Zambiya, da wasu jihohin bayan Soviet. A Laos, ana ba da hutun da ya fi dacewa a ranar hutu, kuma a China, ranar 8 ga Maris, mata suna aiki na ɗan lokaci.
9. Ana bikin Kirsimeti a mafi yawan kasashen duniya, amma yawan kwanakin hutu daban. A cikin kasashe 14, gami da Rasha, sun huta kwana daya. A wasu jihohin 20, kwana biyu ba sa aiki a Kirsimeti. A cikin kasashen Turai 8, ana bikin Kirsimeti cikin kwanaki 3. A lokaci guda, a Belarus, Ukraine da Moldova, Kirsimeti na Katolika (25 ga Disamba) da hutun Orthodox a ranar 7 ga Janairu ana ɗaukar su hutu.
10. Ranar haihuwa da gaske na iya zama hutu na bakin ciki. Wani bincike da masu bincike a jami’ar Chicago suka yi ‘yan shekarun baya sun gano cewa kusan mutane kusan 7% suna mutuwa a ranar haihuwarsu fiye da sauran ranaku. Bugu da ƙari, ana lura da ƙarar mace-mace ba kawai a cikin ɓangarorin haɗarin da ke haɗuwa da bukukuwa da shan barasa ba, har ma tsakanin masu kashe kansu. A bayyane yake, yana da wuya musamman a jimre da kaɗaici a lokacin hutu.
11. Tsohuwar Sabuwar Shekarar a Rasha ta wanzu tun da daɗewa, saboda Sabuwar Sabuwar kanta hutu ne mara ƙanƙanci a cikin shirin kalanda, kuma koyaushe akwai mutanen da basa karɓar canje-canje. Daga lokacin da aka yi baftisma ta Rasha har zuwa Ivan III, ana bikin Sabuwar Shekara a ranar 1 ga Maris, amma Maslenitsa, lokacin da ake bikin Sabuwar Shekara a baya, shi ma ya kasance muhimmin hutu. Ivan III ya jinkirta bikin zuwa 1 ga Satumba, kuma, ba shakka, magoya bayan kwanan watan Maris sun kasance. Kuma har ma a ƙarƙashin Peter I, wanda ba zai iya jure rashin biyayya ba, an karɓi ɗaga hutun zuwa 1 ga Janairu tare da gunaguni. Sabuwar Sabuwar Shekarar da muke ciki ta bayyana a cikin 1918 bayan canjin kalandar.
12. Ranar Nasara a cikin USSR / Russia ana yin bikin kowace shekara a ranar 9 ga Mayu, amma wannan ranar ba koyaushe ta ke kwana ba. Daga 1948 zuwa 1965, 9 ga Mayu rana ce ta aiki, kuma dalilan hakan ba su bayyanu sosai ba. Sigar da Stalin ke yi na kishin ɗaukakar G.K. Zhukov ya zama abin ƙyama - a cikin gaskiyar waɗannan shekarun, Stalin da Zhukov sun kasance ƙididdigar misalai ta fuskar shahara. Wataƙila, sun yanke shawarar sanya bikin ya zama mara buri bayan sun fahimci girman asarar mutane da lalata tattalin arzikin. Kuma kawai shekaru 20 bayan Nasara, lokacin da raunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ya ɗan warkar, hutun ya fara samun sikeli mai kyau.
Faretin gargajiya don girmama Ranar Nasara
13. Daga 1928 zuwa 2004, 2 ga Mayu hutu ne - kamar "trailer" har zuwa ranar Hadin kan Ma’aikatan Duniya a ranar 1 ga Mayu. Sannan ranar hutu na Nuwamba 7 - Ranar Babban Oktoba mai ra'ayin gurguzu - ya daina zama. Ranar Mayu ta kasance hutu, amma ta rasa dandano na akida - yanzu kawai Ranar Kwadago ce. Wannan hutun ya shahara sosai a duk duniya - 1 ga Mayu hutu ne a cikin yawancin ƙasashe a duk nahiyoyi.
Zanga-zangar Ranar Mayu a cikin USSR
14. Akasin yadda mutane suka yi imani, Bolsheviks ba su fasa karshen mako nan da nan a ranakun hutu ba. Har zuwa 1928, ranakun da ba su aiki ba sun kasance kwana uku a Ista, Hawan Yesu zuwa sama na Ubangiji, Ranar Ruhohi (Yuni 4), Sake kamannin Ubangiji da Kirsimeti. Amma sai ranakun hutu na coci suka ɓace daga kalandar mutane na dogon lokaci. Dole ne in faɗi cewa akwai ƙananan hutu a gaba ɗaya har zuwa 1965: Sabuwar Shekara, Ranar Mayu, ranar tunawa da juyin juya hali da Ranar Tsarin Mulki. Tun daga shekarar 1992, Kirsimeti ya koma kalanda, kuma washegarin ranar Easter ya zama ranar hutu.
15. Ana biki da hutun kwararru 174 a Rasha. An rarraba su sosai a kan kalanda. Don haka, a cikin Janairu akwai hutu 4 kawai, a cikin Fabrairu 3, da Oktoba wani biki ne na ma'aikata na fannoni 29 na musamman. A bayyane yake cewa tare da yawancin bukukuwa yana da wuya a guji haɗuwa. Don kwanaki da yawa, hutu na sana'a guda biyu sun faɗi, kuma, alal misali, a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2018, akwai hutu uku a lokaci ɗaya: Ranar Rear, Ranar Mai Tattara da Ranar samuwar sabis na sadarwa na musamman. Kuma Ranar mai lissafin ta ɗan yi daidai da Ranar ma'aikaci na binciken haraji.
