Halin da ke tsakanin yanayi da mutum ya kasance mai rikitarwa ne. A hankali, ɗan adam ya fita daga rayuwa cikin adawa kai tsaye ga tasirin yanayi zuwa faɗaɗa, kusa da tasirin duniya ga mahalli. Wuraren ruwa sun bayyana a saman Duniya, suna fifita sauran tekuna a yankin da kuma yawan ruwa. A miliyoyin kadada, ana shuka tsire-tsire waɗanda ba za su taɓa fitowa ba tare da sa hannun ɗan adam ba. Haka kuma, za su iya yin girma a inda babu wata ciyawar ciyawa kafin bayyanar mutum - ban ruwa na wucin gadi yana taimakawa.
Tsoffin Girkawa sun koka game da tsananin tasirin mutum akan halitta. Koyaya, furofaganda na muhalli ya fara samun sautin sautin sa na yanzu ne kawai a rabin rabin karni na 20. Tabbas, wani lokacin kwaɗayin ɗan adam yana lalata mahalli, amma yawanci wannan tasirin akan yanayi ana tsayar dashi a cikin mafi kankantar lokacin dangane da tarihi, banda batun wanzuwar Duniya. Landan ɗaya, bisa ga hasashen har ma da masu ƙoshin lafiya, ya kamata ya mutu daga yawan mutane, yunwa, taki doki da hayaki - kuma ba shi da kima. Kamar yadda jarumin ɗayan littattafan Michael Crichton ya ce, ɗan adam yana yawan tunani game da kansa, kuma Duniya ta kasance kafin mutum, kuma za ta wanzu bayan.
Koyaya, babban sakon da ke nuna cewa halin karɓaɓɓiyar muhalli da aka karɓa a ƙarni na ashirin daidai ne. 'Yan Adam, don kare lafiyar su, dole ne su bi da yanayi da hankali da kuma a hankali. Kada ku koma cikin kogon, amma kuma kada ku yanke hekta na ƙarshe na dazuzzuka don man dabino. Koyaya, yanayi, kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna, da wuya ya bar na ƙarshen.
1. Bautar "jeji" a fasalin ta na Amurka ba shi da alaƙa da hamada ta gaske. Bayan hulɗa da Indiyawa, Ba'amurke daga baya ya ƙaddamar da ƙaurawar 'yan asalin ƙasar daga wuraren da suka zauna na millennia, tare da sha'awar kiyaye "yanayin daji": gandun daji, prairies, sanannun garken bison, da dai sauransu. A zahiri, yanayin shimfidar yanayin Amurka kamar yadda suke a da zuwan baƙi daga ƙasashe masu wayewa zuwa nahiyar an kafa shi ne tare da halartar Indiyawa. Wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance suna aikin noma-da-ƙonawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna farauta da tarawa, amma ko ta yaya suka rinjayi mahalli, aƙalla ta hanyar tara itacen girki.
2. Luwadi a cikin tsohuwar Girka, yaduwar ɗimbin gidajen ibada a Tibet da al'adar canja matar daga mijin da ya mutu zuwa na kusa da su suna da yanayi iri ɗaya. Yawan mutane a yankuna da ke da ƙarancin yanayi koyaushe ana iyakance shi, sabili da haka, tare da yaƙe-yaƙe da annoba, irin waɗannan hanyoyin na musamman na rage haihuwar ta bayyana.
3. Hankalin jihohi da masu mulki game da kiyaye albarkatun kasa galibi baya rasa nasaba da ainihin kiyaye su. Restrictionsuntatawa da aka ɗora kan ayyukan ɗan adam a cikin dazuzzuka, waɗanda aka karɓe su cikin Turai gaba ɗaya, fara daga ƙarni na 15, wani lokacin ma suna hana manoma tara itacen da ya mutu. Amma a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, masu gidajen haya sun sare dubun-dubatar kadada hekta. Gidajen rabin katako na Jamusanci - gina gidaje daga katako na tsaye da kowane irin shara a rabi da yumbu, cike sararin da ke tsakanin katangar - wannan ba babbar nasara ba ce ta hazikan gine-gine. Wannan hujja ce cewa a lokacin da aka gina irin wadannan gidaje, dazuzzuka tuni na duk wanda yakamata ya mallaka, kuma ba ga al'ummomin talakawa ba, kuma, ƙari ma, ga talakawan birni. Hakanan ya shafi manyan ayyukan ban ruwa a Gabas ta Da, da Ingantaccen Zangon Ingilishi, da sauran sauye-sauyen "muhalli" da yawa.
Ba a kirkiro Fachwerk daga rayuwa mai kyau ba
4. Dangane da asalin karuwar kayan aiki a Turai a ƙarni na 17 - 18, hatta masana kimiyya masu iko suna gabatar da ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki game da ƙaruwar ƙarancin ƙasa. Misali, Bajamushe masanin kimiyyar hada magunguna Eustace von Liebig, wanda ya yi bincike mai yawa, ya yi imanin cewa bisa ka'ida za a dawo da haihuwa in har duk wata dawa ta dan Adam ta tarihin shekara dubu ta koma cikin kasar. Tsarin ruwan dattaku na tsakiya, yayi imani, ƙarshe zai lalata ƙasa. Misali, masanin ya saka China, wanda bakon ya nuna rashin dandano idan bai bar aikin da aka sha ba na mai shi. Akwai gaskiyar a cikin maganganun von Liebig, kodayake, raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa ana haifar da shi ta hanyar ɗimbin dalilai, ciki har da, ban da rashin takin zamani, zaizayar ƙasa da wasu abubuwan.
Eustace von Liebig ya san abubuwa da yawa game da ilmin sunadarai kawai
5. Sukar halin ɗabi'a ga ɗabi'a kwata-kwata ƙirƙira ce ta ƙarni na ashirin. Har ila yau, Seneca ta fusata ta soki 'yan ƙasa masu arziki waɗanda suka lalata yanayin koguna da tabkuna tare da ƙauyukansu. A cikin tsohuwar kasar Sin, akwai wasu masana falsafa wadanda ke tsawata wa mutanen da suka yi imanin cewa pheasants suna wanzuwa ne don cire musu fuka-fukai masu kyau daga garesu, kuma kirfa ba ta girma don yalwata abincin mutane. Gaskiya ne, a zamanin da, babban imani shi ne cewa yanayi zai iya tsayayya da tashin hankalin mutum ga kanta.
Seneca ta soki ci gaban bankunan tafkunan ruwa
6. A duk tsawon tarihin ɗan adam, wutar daji ba mugunta bace. Kakanninmu sun yi amfani da wuta a cikin dazuzzuka don dalilai daban-daban. Sun san yadda ake kirkirar gobara iri daban-daban. Don samun filaye, an sare bishiyoyi ko an cire bawonsu kafin a kunna wuta. Domin share dajin daga bishiyoyi da ƙarancin ci gaban matasa, an shirya gobarar ƙasa (manyan bishiyoyi a cikin kwarin Mammoth a cikin Amurka sun girma kamar haka saboda Indiyawan na cire masu fafatawa da su a kai a kai. taki), kuma ya lalata duk wata kwayar cuta.Maganar bala'in gobara dazuzzuka an yi bayanin ta daidai da cewa dazuzzuka sun zama masu kariya, wadanda ba a tabawa.
7. Tabbacin cewa mutanen zamanin da sun yi farauta sosai fiye da mafarautan zamani, waɗanda ke kashe ba don abinci ba, amma don jin daɗi, ba gaskiya ba ne 100%. An kashe dubunnan dabbobi a wurin kisan gilla. Akwai sanannun wurare inda aka kiyaye ragowar mammoths ko dubun dubun dawakan daji. Ilhabin mafarauta ba kirkirar zamani bane. Dangane da bincike, ƙabilun daji na zamani suna da ƙa'idojin farauta, amma suna rufe ido ga aiwatar da su. A ɗayan ƙabilun Kudancin Amurka, an ɗauki ɗan maraƙin da ba a haifa ba da sauran cubasan aa aan abinci. Indiyawa suna jin daɗin su da annashuwa, kodayake a nan batun farauta “ba daidai ba” ya fi bayyane. A Arewacin Amurka, Indiyawan, tare da irin wannan rawar da aka bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen a matsayin masu kula da yanayi, sun kashe ɗaruruwan bauna, suna yanke harsunansu kawai. Sauran gawarwakin an jefa su a wurin farautar, saboda ana biyan su kuɗi ne kawai don harsuna.
8. A kasashen Japan da China a da, dazuzzuka sun sha banban. Idan a cikin babbar kasar Sin, duk da mahimman bayanai na gwamnatin tsakiya, an sare dazuzzuka ba tare da tausayi ba, har ma a tsaunukan Tibet, to a Japan, duk da karancin albarkatu, sun yi nasarar kiyaye al'adar aikin katako da kiyaye gandun daji. A sakamakon haka, a tsakiyar karni na ashirin, gandun daji a China sun mamaye 8% na yankin, kuma a Japan - 68%. A lokaci guda, a Japan, gidajen ma ana dumamarsu da gawayi.
9. An fara gabatar da cikakkiyar manufar kare muhalli a tsakiyar Venice. Gaskiya ne, bayan ƙarni da yawa na gwaji da kuskure, lokacin da yankin da ke kewayen garin ya kasance ya cika ruwa sosai ko kuma fadama. Daga gogewar da suka samu, mutanen Venisia sun fahimci cewa kasancewar gandun daji na kubuta daga ambaliyar ruwa, saboda haka, tuni a farkon karni na 16, an hana sare bishiyoyin da ke kewaye. Wannan haramcin yana da mahimmanci - garin yana buƙatar katako da katako mai yawa. An buƙaci tara sama da miliyan don ginin Cathedral na Santa Maria de la Salute shi kaɗai. A can, a cikin Venice, sun fahimci bukatar ware marasa lafiya masu cutar. Kuma kalmar ta "keɓewa" na nufin "sake tsuguni zuwa tsibiri", kuma akwai wadatattun tsibirai a cikin Venice.
Miliyon tara
10. An yaba da tsarin Dutch na magudanan ruwa da madatsun ruwa daidai a duniya. Tabbas, Yaren mutanen Holland sun kashe ɗimbin albarkatun yaƙi da teku tsawon ƙarnika. Koyaya, ya kamata a tuna cewa Yaren mutanen Holland a zahiri sun tono mafi yawan matsalolin da hannayensu. Ma'anar ita ce peat, wanda a cikin Tsakiyar Zamani ya kasance mafi darajar mai a wannan yankin. An haƙa Peat a cikin hanyar ɓarna sosai, ba tare da yin tunani game da sakamakon ba. Matakin ƙasa ya faɗi, yankin ya zama dausayi. Don zubar da shi, ya zama dole don zurfafa tashoshi, ƙara tsayin madatsun ruwa, da dai sauransu.
11. Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na ashirin, aikin noma akan kasa mai hade yana da alaqa da zazzabin malaria - sauro na son kasa mai dausayi da ruwa mara kyau. Dangane da haka, ban ruwa yakan haifar da gaskiyar cewa, har zuwa kwanan nan, yankuna masu aminci sun zama wuraren yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro. A lokaci guda, dabarun ban ruwa iri daya a yankuna daban-daban na duniya ya haifar da sakamako daban-daban. Dutch din, wadanda ke alfahari da hanyoyinsu na jigilar kaya, sun yi amfani da irin wannan hanyar ta ruwa a Kalimantan don samar da wurin kiwon zazzabin cizon sauro ga tsibirin. Masu sulhu da masu adawa da ban ruwa sun sami sulhu ta zuwan DDT. Tare da taimakon wannan sinadarin da ba a yarda da shi ba, zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda ya yi sanadiyar rayukan mutane tsawon dubban shekaru, an kayar da shi cikin 'yan shekaru kaɗan.
12. Yankin Yankin Bahar Rum na zamani, tare da karancin ciyayi a gangaren tsaunuka da tsaunuka, bai bayyana ba kwata-kwata saboda tsoffin Girkawa da Romawa sun sare dazuzzuka saboda bukatun tattalin arziki. Kuma ma fiye da haka ba saboda awakai ba, wai suna cin duk samari da ganye akan ƙananan rassan. Lallai mutum, gwargwadon iyawarsa, ya taimaki gandun daji su ɓace, amma babban abin da ya samo asali shi ne yanayin yanayi: bayan ƙarshen Icean lokacin Icearamar Ice, tsire-tsire sun fara daidaitawa da ɗumamar yanayi kuma sun sami sifofin ta na yanzu. Aƙalla, a cikin tarin tsoffin kafofin Girkawa waɗanda suka gangaro zuwa gare mu, babu maganar rashi gandun daji. Wato, a lokacin Plato da Socrates, yanayin ciyayi a Bahar Rum bai sha bamban da na yanzu ba - an shigo da katako na kasuwanci kamar yadda aka shigo da shi, ba tare da ganin wani sabon abu a ciki ba.
Tsarin Girka
13. Tuni a tsakiyar karni na 17, marubuci John Evelyn, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kirkiro Royal Academy, ya la'anci mazaunan London da ke amfani da kwal. Evelyn ta kira hayaƙin da aka fitar ta ƙone kwal “hellish”. A matsayin madadin, ɗayan farkon masanan ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da tsohuwar gawayi.
Haɗin hayaƙi a London: haɗuwa da hazo da hayaƙi
14. Mutane sun sani game da dacewar ɗakunan ruwa na dogon lokaci. A cikin 1184, taron jama'a da suka taru a fadar Bishop na Erfurt don gaishe da sarkin da ya iso, sun faɗi ta ƙasa kuma sun faɗa cikin wani rafi da ke gudana a ƙarƙashin fadar. An gina fadar ne a saman rafin ne kawai don ruwan ya tafi da ruwan dattako. Na ƙarshe, tabbas, an tattara shi a cikin tanki na musamman.
15. A cikin 1930s, filayen filayen Amurka da Kanada suna cikin "Caurar Kandalun". Aara ƙaruwa sosai a yankin da aka nome, ƙarancin matakai game da zaizayar ƙasa, ƙone ciyawar ya haifar da canji cikin tsarin ƙasar. A cikin yankuna, har ma da iskar da ba ta da karfi ta tashi daga saman da ke sama da dubban murabba'in kilomita. An lalata saman rufin humus akan kadada miliyan 40. 80% na Manyan Filaye sun lalace. Brown ko ja mai dusar ƙanƙara ya faɗi dubban kilomita daga tukunyar jirgi, kuma mutanen da ke yankin bala'in sun fara rashin lafiya da ciwon huhu na ƙura. A cikin 'yan shekaru, mutane 500,000 suka ƙaura zuwa biranen.
Wani kaskon kura ya lalata daruruwan matsugunan
