Cakulan da kayayyakin da aka yi daga ciki suna da yawa kuma suna da banbanci cewa, ba tare da sanin tarihi ba, mutum na iya tunanin cewa mutum yana cin cakulan tun fil azal. A hakikanin gaskiya, kayan marmari masu launin ruwan kasa sun zo Turai daga Amurka a daidai lokacin da dankali da tumatir, don haka cakulan ba zai iya yin alfahari da tarihin shekara dubu na alkama ko hatsin rai ba. A kusan lokaci guda da cakulan, bizge, almakashi da agogon aljihu sun fara yaduwa ko'ina cikin Turai.
Abokai
Yanzu talla da tallace-tallace sun mamaye rayuwarmu sosai har kwakwalwa, lokacin da ta ji game da babban abun cikin bitamin, magnesium, calcium, tasirin tonic ko wasu kaddarorin wani abu ko samfura, tana kashe kai tsaye. Yana da wahala muyi tunanin cewa a cikin karni na 17, duk wani abin sha mai dadi mai yawa zai iya jefa mutum cikin yanayin rashin lafiya. Duk wani aikin tonic kamar dai baiwar Allah ce. Kuma haduwar dadin dandano mai kara kuzari, sake tasiri a jiki ya sanya kuyi tunani game da bishiyar sama. Amma a kan Turawan farko da suka ɗanɗana, cakulan ya yi aiki kamar haka.
Tare da dukkan wadatar ma'anar ma'ana, jin daɗin ba zai ɓoye ba
Mutanen Spain ne suka samo shi a cikin ƙarni na 16, bishiyoyin koko da sauri suka bazu a cikin yankunan ƙasashen Amurka, kuma bayan ƙarni biyu cakulan ya daina zama na musamman na matsayin sarauta. Canjin gaske cikin samarwa da amfani da cakulan ya faru a cikin karni na 19. Kuma ba ma batun kirkirar wata fasaha don samar da sandunan cakulan ba. Ma'anar ita ce, ya zama zai yiwu a samar da cakulan, kamar yadda za su ce yanzu, "tare da ƙari na albarkatun ƙasa". Kayan koko na koko a cikin cakulan ya ragu zuwa 60, 50, 35, 20, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa 10%. Tastearan ɗanɗano na cakulan ya taimaka wa masu kera, har ma da ƙarancin ɗimbin abubuwan da ke dandano. A sakamakon haka, yanzu zamu iya yin tunanin wane irin cakulan Cardinal Richelieu, Madame Pompadour da sauran manyan masoyan wannan abin shan suka sha. Tabbas, a yanzu koda akan fakitin cakulan mai duhu, ta ma'anar da ta kunshi ingantaccen samfurin, akwai rubuce rubuce a cikin ƙaramin rubutu tare da alamomi ±.
Anan ga wasu hujjoji da labarai waɗanda na iya zama masu ban sha'awa da amfani ba kawai ga manyan masoya cakulan ba.
1. An cinye cakulan a cikin Turai tun daga 1527 - shekaru 500 da bayyanar wannan samfurin a cikin Tsohuwar Duniya ba da daɗewa ba zata zo. Koyaya, cakulan ya samo asalin sananniyar mashaya ne kawai kimanin shekaru 150 da suka gabata. Haɗin katako da yawa a cikin Turai ya fara ne a 1875 a Switzerland. Kafin wannan, an cinye ta cikin nau'in ruwa mai bambancin digiri na danko, sanyi na farko, sannan mai zafi. Sun fara shan cakulan mai zafi kwatsam. Cakulan mai sanyi ya daɗa kyau lokacin da yake zafi, kuma mai gwajin, wanda ba a kiyaye sunan sa a cikin tarihi ba, ba shi da haƙurin jira don abin sha ya huce.
Jarumi Cortez bai san irin nau'in gin da yake saki daga cikin jakar kofi ba
2. Mutum zai iya samun isasshen cutar cakulan mai saurin kisa. Theobromine, wanda shine babban alkaloid wanda ke ƙunshe da wake koko, yana da haɗari ga jiki a cikin manyan allurai (a cikin wannan shi, bisa ƙa'ida, ba shi kaɗai bane a cikin alkaloids). Koyaya, mutum yana saurin sauƙaƙa shi. Ofar shaye shaye tana faruwa lokacin da thewayar theobromine yakai gram 1 a kowace kilogram 1 na nauyin ɗan adam. Gilashin gram 100 na cakulan ya ƙunshi tsakanin milligram 150 zuwa 220 na theobromine. Wato, don kashe kansa, mutumin da nauyinsa yakai kilogiram 80 yana buƙatar cin abinci (kuma a cikin sauri da sauri) sanduna 400 na cakulan. Wannan ba batun dabbobi bane. Kwayoyin kuliyoyi da karnuka suna cinye theobromine a hankali, saboda haka, ga abokanmu masu kafa hudu, saurin mutuwa ya ninka na mutane sau biyar. Don kare ko kilogiram 5kg, sabili da haka, koda sandar cakulan ɗaya na iya mutuwa. A Amurka, cakulan shine babban abin jan hankalin bears. Mafarauta kawai suna barin alewa a cikin ɓoye da kwanto. Ta wannan hanyar, an kashe bera 700 - 800 a cikin kakar farauta ɗaya kawai a New Hampshire kawai. Amma kuma yana faruwa cewa mafarauta basa lissafin abin da ya faɗi ko kuma sun makara. A cikin 2015, dangin farauta guda huɗu sun yi tuntuɓe a kan koto. Dukan dangin sun mutu saboda kamuwa da zuciya.
3. A shekarar 2017, kasashen Ivory Coast da Ghana sun samar da kusan kashi 60% na noman koko na duniya. Dangane da kididdiga, Côte D'Ivoire ta samar da kashi 40% na kayan cakulan, da kuma makwabciyar Ghana - fiye da 19%. A zahiri, ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba a sasanta tsakanin samar da koko a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe. A Ghana, manoman koko sun ji daɗin tallafin gwamnati. Suna da ƙarfi (bisa ƙa'idodin Afirka, ba shakka) albashin da aka tabbatar, gwamnati na rarraba miliyoyin bishiyar itacen cakulan kyauta a kowace shekara kuma ta ba da tabbacin siyan samfuran. A Cote d'Ivoire, ana noman koko da sayarwa bisa ga tsarin jari hujja na daji: bautar da yara, awanni 100 na aiki, faɗuwar farashi a cikin shekaru masu kyau, da sauransu. A waɗancan shekarun lokacin da farashin a Cote d'Ivoire ya fi girma, gwamnati Ghana dole ne ta yi maganin safarar koko zuwa wata makwabciya. Kuma a duka kasashen biyu akwai miliyoyin mutane da basu taɓa ɗanɗana cakulan a rayuwarsu ba.
Ghana da Cote D'Ivoire. An gaba da arewa kaɗan, zaku iya fasa ƙura. Nijar zuwa Mali ko Algeria zuwa Libya
4. Ghana da Cote D'Ivoire ana iya ɗaukar su a matsayin shugabanni dangane da ci gaban samar da ɗanyen cakulan. A cikin wadannan kasashe, cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, noman koko ya karu da sau 3 da 4, bi da bi. Koyaya, Indonesiya bata da kwatankwacin wannan mai nuna alama. A cikin 1985, tan 35,000 na wake koko ne kawai aka shuka a wannan babbar tsibirin ƙasar. A cikin shekaru talatin kawai, samarwa ya karu zuwa tan 800,000. Indonesia na iya kawar da Ghana daga matsayi na biyu a cikin jerin ƙasashe masu zuwa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
5. Kamar yadda aka saba a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya na zamani, ana karɓar kaso mafi tsoka na riba ba daga mai samar da albarkatun ƙasa ba, amma daga mai samar da kayan ƙarshe. Saboda haka, babu wasu ƙasashen da ke fitar da koko-wake da ke fitar da cakulan, har ma a kusa. Anan, ƙasashen Turai, da Amurka da Kanada, suna cikin manyan goma masu fitar da cakulan. Kasar Jamus ta dade tana jagorantar shekaru, tana fitar da kayayyaki masu zaki na dala biliyan 4.8 a shekarar 2016. Sannan Belgium, Holland da Italiya sun zo da tazara mai kyau. Amurka ce ta biyar, Kanada ita ce ta bakwai, Switzerland kuma tana can kasa ta goma. Rasha ta fitar da kayayyakin dala miliyan 547 na cakulan a shekarar 2017.
6. Shahararren masanin tarihin cin abinci William Pokhlebkin ya yi amannar cewa amfani da cakulan don lalata kayayyakin kayan ƙanshi kawai na lalata dandano na asali. Daɗin ɗanɗano na cakulan ya fi sauran duk wani haɗuwa. Gaskiya wannan gaskiyane ga ɗanɗano da ɗanɗano. Amma haɗuwa da nau'ikan cakulan da yawa, ya bambanta a cikin ɗanɗano dandano da rubutu, Pokhlebkin ya ɗauki cancanta da hankali.
7. Saboda tsananin ɗanɗano, cakulan yakan jawo hankalin masu guba - ɗanɗanon cakulan kusan ya lulluɓe har da mummunan ɗacin ran strychnine. A faduwar shekarar 1869, wata mazauniyar Landan, Christiana Edmunds, don neman farin cikin iyali, da farko ta sanyawa matar wanda ta zaba guba (matar, ta yi sa'a, ta tsira), sannan kuma, don kawar da shakku daga kanta, ta fara sanyawa mutane guba ta hanyar amfani da hanyar cacar. Bayan ta sayi kayan zaki, sai ta ƙara musu guba, kuma ta mai da su shagon - ba sa son su. An gwada Edmunds kuma an yanke mata hukuncin kisa, amma sai aka ce ta zama mahaukaciya kuma ta yi sauran rayuwarta a asibiti. A farkon farawarta na soyayya, Christine Edmunds ta cika shekaru 40 da haihuwa.
8. Cakulan baya cutar da hakora ko adadi. Madadin haka, shi aboki ne na mutum a cikin yaƙin don haƙoran haƙori da siriri. Man koko ya rufe hakora, yana ƙirƙirar ƙarin matakan kariya akan enamel. Kuma gulukos da madara suna saurin haɗuwa tare da theobromine, kuma ana cin su da sauri ba tare da ƙirƙirar mai ba. Tasirin rufe man shanu yana da amfani yayin da kake buƙatar kawar da yunwa da sauri. Ofayan cakulan za su taimaka wannan jin daɗin, kuma man shanu zai ƙirƙiri fim mai kariya a bangon ciki na ciki, yana kiyaye su daga lalacewa. Amma, tabbas, bai kamata a ɗauke ku da irin wannan yaudarar jiki ba.
9. Switzerland ta sha gaban sauran kasashen duniya wajen yawan cin kudin cakulan. Mazaunan ƙasar bankuna da agogo suna cinye kusan kilogram 8.8 na cakulan a kowace shekara. Kasashe na Turai sun mamaye wasu wurare na 12 na gaba a cikin darajar, tare da Estonia suna ɗaukar matsayi na 7. A wajen Turai, New Zealand ita ce mafi haƙƙin haƙori. A Rasha, yawan cakulan ya kai kilogiram 4.8 a kowace mace a shekara. Mafi ƙarancin cakulan ana cin sa a cikin China - akwai bar-gram 100 kawai na kowane Sinawa a shekara.
10. Yakamata Henri Nestlé ya shiga tarihi kamar yadda ya kirkiro ingantaccen abincin jarirai. Shi ne ya fara sayar da madarar jarirai. Koyaya, daga baya, lokacin da Nestlé ya siyar da nasa kason a kamfanin da ke ɗauke da sunansa, sai suka zo da cakulan, wanda a cikin kason koko koko 10% ne kawai. Blamedaddamar da tallan tallan an ɗora alhakin matsalolin lafiyar masu buƙata, kuma sunan Nestlé, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da yaudarar da aka tsara da kyau, ya zama yana da alaƙa da shi sosai. Fiye da shekaru 100 bayan haka, Nestlé ya nemi hukumomin Amurka da su amince da samar da cakulan da ba zai ƙunshi koko ba. Madadin haka, za a yi amfani da man kayan lambu mai ɗanɗano. Ba a yarda da buƙatar ba, amma bayyanarta ta nuna cewa wani juyin juya halin a cikin samar da cakulan bai yi nisa ba.
Henri Nestlé
11. "Tank chocolate" shine cakulan tare da karin pervitin (wanda ake kira "methamphetamine"). Miyagun ƙwayoyi sun shahara sosai tsakanin sojojin na Reich na Uku. Pervitin yana saukaka ciwo, kasala, ƙaruwa da tsawaita aiki, yana kuzari da ƙaruwa da kai. An ba sojoji a gaba pervitin a cikin allunan. Koyaya, waɗanda suka sami dama sun sayi cakulan na pervitin da kansu ko kuma sun nemi danginsu su aika sandunan sihiri daga Jamus, inda ake sayar da irin waɗannan cakulan kyauta kyauta. Dangane da asalin wannan labarin, labarin mai zuwa yana taka rawa cikin launuka daban-daban. A Amurka, musamman don ayyuka a cikin Iraki mai zafi (tun kafin Operation Desert Storm a 1991), likitocin sojoji, tare da masu fasahar Hershey, sun kirkiro wani nau'in cakulan na musamman wanda ya bambanta da na cakulan na yau da kullun a cikin wani matsayi mafi girma na narkewa. Ba su yi tunanin zuwa da kwantena na musamman kamar bututu ba, amma nan da nan suka samar da wani sabon salo.
"Tank cakulan"
12. Dukan littafi an duƙufa ne ga tambayar shin amfani da cakulan ya sabawa ɗabi'ar Kirista. An rubuta shi kuma an buga shi a tsakiyar karni na 17 ta hannun Antonio de Lion Pinelo. Littafin littafi ne mai mahimmin bayani game da gaskiya da bayani kan yadda cocin Katolika ya ji game da cakulan. Misali, a Meziko, tattaunawa game da cakulan da kuma ko shan wannan abin shan azumin ya kasance mai tashin hankali sosai har iyayen cocin sun aika da wakilai na musamman ga Paparoma Pius V. ba za a iya ɗaukar irin wannan al'aurar a matsayin abin jin daɗi ba. Saboda haka, masoyan cakulan ba sa karya azumi. Amma daga baya, a ƙarshen karni na 16, sun koyi yin kofi mai daɗi, kuma abin shan giyar nan da nan aka gane shi mai zunubi ne. Har ila yau akwai lokuta na tsananta wa masu sayar da cakulan ta Inquisition Mai Tsarki.
13. Koko koko kansu basa dandanawa kamar cakulan. Bayan cirewa daga 'ya'yan itacen, an cire fim ɗin kariya na gelatin daga wake kuma a bar shi cikin iska. Tsarin incipient ferment (fermentation) ana ba da izinin ci gaba na tsawon kwanaki. Sannan wake an sake tsabtace shi sosai kuma an soya shi a ƙananan zafin jiki - har zuwa 140 ° C. Kawai sai wake ya samo dandano da ƙamshin cakulan. Don haka ƙanshin allah shine ƙanshin rubabben nama da gasasshen koko.
Gilashin gram 100 na cakulan yana buƙatar kimanin wake 900-1000.
14. Truffles da absinthe, hay and rose petals, wasabi and cologne, albasa da alkama, naman alade da gishirin teku, barkono mai laushi - duk abinda couturiers suka hada da cakulan daga cocoa manna, wadanda suke alfahari da kiran kansu chocolatier! A lokaci guda, a cikin kwatancen samfuran su, ba wai kawai suna jaddada wayo da sabon abu na ɗanɗano ba. Suna la'akari da abubuwan da suke so kusan gwagwarmaya tare da tsarin - ba kowa bane, in ji su, zasu sami ƙarfin adawa da na yanzu da kuma sanya duniya haske. Abu ne mai kyau ga kamfanin Swarovski - kamar yadda suke yawo tare da kwarara daga lokacin kafuwar, don haka suna ci gaba da shawagi. “Akwatin Boutiqe” shine ɗan cakulan (daga mafi kyawun koko, tabbas) wanda aka yayyafa shi da flakes ɗin kwakwa na zinariya. Komai an saka shi a cikin akwati, an kawata shi da lu'ulu'u na alama. Kyawawan tsufa kamar yadda farashin duniya yake kimanin $ 300.
Cakulan daga Swarovski
15. Tunani mai kirkiro na masu kirkirar cakulan ya fadada ba wai kawai ga kayan aikin. Wasu lokuta ra'ayin masu zanen kaya wadanda ke rufe tiles ko sanduna marasa mahimmanci a cikin sifofi daban-daban sun cancanci yabo. Kuma idan sofas na cakulan, takalma ko mannequins suna da alama sun wuce kima, to, masu kwalliyar ƙasa, masu ginin LEGO ko fensir ɗin cakulan suna da kyau sosai. A lokaci guda, abubuwan suna aiki: tare da taimakon dinoza za ku iya “guduma da akuya”, tara ƙaramar mota daga saitin LEGO, kuma zana fensirin cakulan da ba su fi na katako ba. Har ma sun zo da kaifin cakulan.
