Kwatancin mafarkai a cikin adabi mai yiwuwa ya bayyana tare da adabin da kansa tun kafin bayyanar wannan kalmar. An bayyana mafarkai a cikin tatsuniyoyi na d and a da kuma Baibul, a cikin almara da kuma tatsuniyoyin mutane. Annabi Muhammad ya fada game da yawan mafarkai, da hawansa zuwa sama, a cewar masana tauhidi na Islama da yawa, ya faru a cikin mafarki. Akwai nassoshi game da mafarkai a cikin almara na Rasha da almara na Aztec.
Morpheus - allahn bacci da mafarkai a cikin tatsuniyoyin Girkawa na da
Akwai cikakkun bayanai masu mahimmanci game da mafarkin adabi. Mafarki na iya zama wani ɓangare na labari, ado don aiki, ci gaba da maƙarƙashiya, ko dabarun halayyar mutum wanda ke taimakawa wajen bayyana tunani da yanayin jarumi. Tabbas, mafarkai na iya zama nau'ikan gauraye. Bayanin mafarki ya bai wa marubuci 'yanci kwalliya, musamman ga adabin gaske. Marubucin yana da 'yanci ya fara mafarki daga kowane abu, don bunkasa makircinsa ta kowace hanya kuma ya ƙare mafarkin a ko'ina, ba tare da jin tsoron zargi ba ta hanyar sukar rashin cancanta, rashin dalili, neman nesa, da dai sauransu.
Wani fasalin fasalin bayanin adabi game da mafarki shine ikon amfani da wasu maganganu a cikin wani aiki wanda sifa mai sauki zata zama abin dariya. FM Dostoevsky ya yi amfani da wannan dukiya ta hanyar fasaha. A cikin ayyukansa, sau da yawa ana maye gurbin kwatancen mafarkai ta hanyar hoto, wanda zai ɗauki shafuka da yawa don bayyanawa.
Kamar yadda muka riga muka gani, an sami kwatancen mafarkai a cikin adabi tun zamanin da. A cikin wallafe-wallafen zamani, mafarkai sun fara bayyana tun daga Zamanin Zamani. A cikin wallafe-wallafen Rasha, kamar yadda masu binciken suka lura, furannin mafarkai suna farawa da aikin A.S Pushkin. Har ila yau marubutan zamani suna amfani da mafarkai sosai, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in aikin ba. Ko da a irin wannan yanayin na kasa-da-kasa a matsayin jami'in bincike, sanannen kwamishina Maigret Georges Simenon, ya tsaya kyam a kasa mai karfi da kafafu biyu, amma kuma yana ganin mafarkai, wani lokacin ma, kamar yadda Simenon ya bayyana su da "abin kunya".
1. Maganar "Mafarkin Vera Pavlovna" sananne ne, watakila, ya fi labarin da Nikolai Chernyshevsky ya fadi sosai "Me za a yi?" Gaba ɗaya, babban jarumi na littafin, Vera Pavlovna Rozalskaya, yana da mafarkai huɗu. Dukansu an bayyana su da sifa, amma kuma a bayyane. Na farko yana ba da labarin yarinyar da ta tsere daga dangin dangi ta hanyar aure. A karo na biyu, ta hanyar muhawara na sanannun mata biyu na Vera Pavlovna, an nuna tsarin zamantakewar Rasha, kamar yadda Chernyshevsky ya gani. Mafarki na uku an keɓe shi ne ga rayuwar iyali, daidai daidai, ko mace mai aure za ta iya ɗaukar sabon yanayi. A ƙarshe, a cikin mafarki na huɗu, Vera Pavlovna tana ganin duniyar wadata ta tsarkaka, mai gaskiya da 'yanci. Cikakken abin da mafarkin ya kunsa ya ba da damar cewa Chernyshevsky ya saka su a cikin labarin ne kawai saboda dalilan takunkumi. Yayin rubuta labari (1862 - 1863) marubucin yana cikin bincike a sansanin Peter da Paul don rubuta gajeriyar sanarwa. Rubutawa game da al'umma mai zaman kanta mai makomar cuta a cikin irin wannan yanayin daidai yake da kashe kansa. Sabili da haka, mai yiwuwa, Chernyshevsky ya bayyana hangen nesansa na yanzu da kuma makomar Rasha ta hanyar mafarkin yarinya, a lokacin farkawa daga babban taron bita ɗinki kuma wanda ya fahimci jin daɗin maza daban.
Bayanin mafarki a cikin "Me za a yi?" ya taimaka wa NG Chernyshevsky don shawo kan matsalolin yin takunkumi
2. Viktor Pelevin shima yana da nasa burin na Vera Pavlovna. Labarinsa "Mafarki na Tara na Vera Pavlovna" an buga shi a cikin 1991. Tsarin labarin yana da sauƙi. Mai tsabtace bandakin jama'a Vera tana yin aikinta tare da ɗakin da take aiki a ciki. Da farko dai, bayan gida anyi zaman kansa, sannan ya zama shago, kuma albashin Vera ya karu da wadannan canjin. Yin la'akari da hanyar tunanin jarumar, ita, kamar yawancin mata masu tsabtace Moscow a lokacin, ta sami ilimin zane-zane mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Yayin da take falsafa, sai ta fara lura da cewa wasu kayayyakin da ke cikin shagon, da kuma wasu kwastomomi da tufafi a kansu, ana yin su ne da shit. A ƙarshen labarin, kogunan wannan abu sun nutsar da Moscow da duk duniya, kuma Vera Pavlovna ta farka game da ƙyamar mijinta cewa ita da 'yarta za su je Ryazan kwanaki da yawa.
3. Ryunosuke Akutagawa a shekara ta 1927 ya buga wani labari mai taken "Mafarki". Gwarzonsa, ɗan ƙasar Japan ne, ya zana hoto daga samfurin. Tana kawai sha'awar kudin da zata karba don zaman ne. Ba ta da sha'awar hanzarin mawaƙin. Abubuwan buƙatun mai zane sun ɓata mata rai - ta nemi masu zane da yawa, kuma babu ɗayansu da ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga cikin ranta. Hakanan, mummunan yanayin samfurin ya fusata mai zanan. Wata rana sai ya kori samfurin daga situdiyon, sannan ya ga wani mafarki wanda ya shake yarinyar. Misalin ya ɓace, kuma mai zanen ya fara shan wahala daga azabar lamiri. Ba zai iya fahimta ba ko ya shake yarinyar cikin mafarki ko a zahiri. Tambayar an warware ta sosai cikin ruhun adabin yamma na karni na ashirin - mai zane ya rubuta munanan ayyukansa kafin ci gaba da bin mafarkai da fassarar su - bai tabbata ba shin ya aikata wannan ko aikin a zahiri, ko a mafarki.
Ryunosuke Akutagawa ya nuna cewa abu ne mai yiwuwa a gauraya mafarki da gaskiya don manufofin son kai
4. Maƙasudin shugaban kwamitin gidan Nikanor Ivanovich Bosoy wataƙila an saka shi cikin littafin Mikhail Bulgakov na The Master da Margarita domin nishadantar da mai karatu. A cikin kowane hali, lokacin da takunkumin Soviet ya cire daga The Master da Margarita wurin wasan barkwanci na tambayar masu dilar kuɗi, rashinsa bai shafi aikin ba. A gefe guda, wannan yanayin tare da jumlar mutuƙar da babu wanda zai jefa $ 400, saboda babu irin waɗannan wawayen a cikin yanayi, kyakkyawan misali ne na zane mai ban dariya. Mafi mahimmanci ga labarin shine mafarkin Pontius Pilat a daren da aka kashe Yesu. Mai zartarwar ya yi mafarkin cewa babu kisa.Ya da Ha-Notsri suka bi ta kan hanyar zuwa wata kuma suna jayayya. Bilatus yayi jayayya cewa shi ba matsoraci bane, amma ba zai iya lalata aikin sa ba saboda Yesu, wanda ya aikata laifi. Mafarkin ya ƙare tare da annabcin Yesu cewa yanzu za su kasance koyaushe tare da ƙwaƙwalwar mutane. Margarita shima yana ganin burinta. Bayan an kai Jagora gidan mafaka mahaukata, sai ta ga wawa, babu rai da ginin katako wanda Jagora ya fito. Margarita ta fahimci cewa ba da daɗewa ba za ta haɗu da mai ƙaunarta ko dai a wannan duniyar ko kuma a lahira. Nikanor Ivanovich
5. Gwanayen ayyukan Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky suna ganin mafarkai da yawa masu ɗanɗano. Aya daga cikin masu sukar har ma ya lura cewa a cikin duk wallafe-wallafen Turai babu marubuci wanda ya fi amfani da barci azaman hanyar ma'ana. Jerin ayyukan ta hanyar adabin gargajiya na Rasha ya hada da "Yaya Haɗari ke da Dadi a Mafarki Mai Sha'awa", "Mafarkin kawu" da "Mafarkin Mutum Mai Ban dariya." Taken littafin almara "Laifi da Hukunci" ba ya haɗa da kalmar "bacci", amma babban halayenta, Rodion Raskolnikov, yana da mafarkai biyar a yayin aiwatar da aikin. Jigoginsu sun banbanta, amma duk wahayin wanda ya kashe tsohuwa mai karbar bashi ya ta'allaka ne da laifin sa. A farkon littafin, Raskolnikov ya yi jinkiri a cikin mafarki, to, bayan kisan, yana jin tsoron fallasa, kuma bayan an aika shi zuwa aiki mai wahala, ya tuba da gaske.
Rasklnikov mafarki na farko. Matukar akwai tausayi a ransa
6. A cikin kowane ɗayan littattafan "Potterians" J.K. Rowling yana da aƙalla mafarki ɗaya, wanda ba abin mamaki bane ga littattafan wannan nau'in. Suna yawan mafarkin Harry, kuma babu wani abin kirki ko ma tsaka tsaki da ke faruwa a cikinsu - zafi da wahala ne kawai. Abin lura shine mafarki daga littafin "Harry Potter da Chamberungiyar Sirri." A ciki, Harry ya ƙare a gidan ajiyar dabbobi a matsayin samfurin sihiri mai ƙarancin shekaru - kamar yadda yake a rubuce a faranti da ke rataye a kejin sa. Harry yana jin yunwa, yana kwance akan ɗan siririn ciyawa, amma abokansa basu taimake shi ba. Kuma lokacin da Dudley ya fara buga sandunan keji da sanda don nishaɗi, Harry yayi kururuwar cewa da gaske yana son bacci.
7. Game da mafarkin Tatiana a cikin "Eugene Onegin" na Pushkin wataƙila an rubuta miliyoyin kalmomi, kodayake marubucin da kansa ya sadaukar da layi kusan ɗari gare shi. Dole ne mu girmama Tatyana: a cikin mafarki ta ga wani labari. Prearin daidai, rabin littafin. Bayan haka, mafarki tsinkaya ne game da abin da zai faru da haruffa a cikin Eugene Onegin kara (mafarkin kusan yana cikin tsakiyar littafin). A cikin mafarki, an kashe Lensky, kuma Onegin ya tuntuɓi mugayen ruhohi (ko ma ya umurce ta) kuma, a ƙarshe, ya ƙare da kyau. Tatiana, a gefe guda, wani beyar ne ke taimaka mata koyaushe ba tare da izini ba - abin da ke nuna janar mijinta na gaba. Amma don fahimtar cewa mafarkin Tatyana na annabci ne, mutum zai iya karanta karatun littafin kawai. Wani lokaci mai ban sha'awa - lokacin da beyar ta kawo Tatyana cikin bukka, inda Onegin ke cin abinci tare da mugayen ruhohi: kare mai kahonni, wani mutum mai kan kaza, mayya da gemun akuya, da dai sauransu, Tatyana ta ji kururuwa da gilashi suna latsewa "kamar a babban jana'iza". A lokacin jana'iza da abubuwan da za a tuna a gaba, kamar yadda kuka sani, tabarau ba ya yin ƙyalli - ba al'ada ba ce sanya gilashin a kansu. Koyaya, Pushkin yayi amfani da irin wannan kwatancen.
8. A cikin labarin "'Yar Kyaftin", labarin tare da burin Petrusha Grinev shine ɗayan mafiya ƙarfi a cikin duka aikin. Mafarki mara kyau - mutumin ya dawo gida, ana kai shi zuwa gadon mahaifinsa, amma a kansa ba mahaifinsa ba ne, amma mutum ne mai kunya wanda ya nemi Grinev ya karɓi albarkar sa. Grinev ya ƙi. Sannan mutumin (ana zaton wannan shine Emelyan Pugachev) ya fara dama da hagu domin sare duk wanda ke cikin dakin da gatari. A lokaci guda, mummunan mutumin ya ci gaba da magana da Petrusha cikin murya mai daɗi. Mai karatu na zamani, wanda ya ga kalla fim ɗaya na ban tsoro, da alama ba shi da abin tsoro. Amma A. Pushkin ya sami damar bayyana shi ta irin wannan hanyar da zafin nama ke saukar da fata.
9. Marubuciya Bajamushiya Kerstin Geer ta gina cikakkun littattafai uku "Mafarkin Diaries" akan mafarkin wata yarinya mai suna Liv Zilber. Bugu da ƙari, mafarkin Liv mai dadi ne, ta fahimci abin da kowane mafarki yake nufi da ma'amala a cikin mafarkai tare da sauran jarumawa.
10. A cikin littafin Leo Tolstoy mai suna Anna Karenina, marubucin ya yi amfani da dabarun gabatar da bayanin mafarkai cikin labarin. Anna da Vronsky kusan lokaci guda suna mafarkin ƙaramin mutum. Bugu da ƙari, Anna ta gan shi a cikin ɗakin kwanan ta, kuma Vronsky gaba ɗaya ba shi da fahimta inda. Jaruman suna jin cewa babu wani abin kirki da ke jiransu bayan wannan ganawa da mutumin. An bayyana Mafarki kusan, tare da stroan shanyewar jiki. Daga cikin cikakkun bayanai, dakin kwanan Anna ne kawai, jaka a ciki wanda mutum ke farfasa wani ƙarfe, da raɗaɗɗen maganarsa (cikin Faransanci!), Wanda aka fassara shi azaman hasashen mutuwar Anna yayin haihuwa. Irin wannan bayanin mara ma'ana yana barin faɗi mafi girma don fassarawa. Kuma abubuwanda suka faru na farkon haduwar Anna da Vronsky, lokacin da wani mutum ya mutu a tashar. Kuma tsinkayar mutuwar Anna a ƙarƙashin jirgin, kodayake har yanzu ba ta san shi ba ko dai ta barci ko ruhu. Kuma cewa mutumin baya nufin haihuwar Anna kanta (tana da ciki kawai), amma sabon ruhinta kafin mutuwarta. Kuma mutuwar tsananin ƙaunar Anna ga Vronsky ... Af, wannan mutumin ya bayyana sau da yawa, kamar yadda suke faɗa, a cikin “rayuwa ta ainihi”. Anna ta ganshi a ranar da ta hadu da Vronsky, sau biyu yayin tafiya zuwa St. Petersburg da kuma sau uku a ranar da ta kashe kanta. Vladimir Nabokov gabaɗaya ya ɗauki wannan baƙauye a matsayin jikin zunubin Anna: datti, mummuna, rashin rubutu, kuma “tsarkakakkun” jama'a ba su lura da shi ba. Akwai wani mafarki a cikin almara, wanda aka mai da hankali sosai ga sau da yawa, kodayake baya kama da yanayi, jan hankali. Anna ta yi mafarki cewa mijinta da Vronsky suna shafa mata lokaci ɗaya. Ma'anar bacci a bayyane yake kamar ruwan bazara. Amma a lokacin da Karenina ta ga wannan mafarkin, ba ta sake yin rudu game da yadda take ji, ko game da yadda mazajenta ke ji, ko ma game da makomarta.
11. A takaice (Lines 20) waka ta Mikhail Lermontov "Mafarki" koda kuwa mafarkai biyu sun dace. A farkon, gwarzon mawaƙin, yana cikin rauni saboda rauni, ya ga "gidansa" wanda 'yan mata ke biki a ciki. Ofayansu yana bacci kuma yana ganin a cikin mafarki gwarzo mai waƙoƙin mutuwa.
12. Jarumar labarin margaret Mitchell "Ta tafi tare da iska" Scarlett tana da guda ɗaya, amma galibi maimaita mafarki take. A ciki, wani hazo mai kauri ne ya kewaye ta. Scarlett ta san cewa wani wuri kusa da hazo wani abu ne mai mahimmanci a gare ta, amma bai san abin da yake ba da kuma inda yake. Saboda haka, tana hanzarta zuwa wurare daban-daban, amma ko'ina tana samun hazo ne kawai. Mai yiwuwa mafarkin mafarkin ya samo asali ne saboda rashin begen Scarlett - ta kula da yara da yawa, waɗanda suka ji rauni, da rashin lafiya ba tare da abinci, magani ko kuɗi ba. Yawancin lokaci, an warware matsalar, amma mafarki mai ban tsoro bai bar babban halayen littafin ba.
13. Fitaccen jarumin littafin Ivan Goncharov na Oblomov yana ganin rayuwarsa ta rashin kulawa tun yana yaro. Yana da al'ada don bi da mafarkin da Oblomov ya ga kwanciyar hankali, kwanciyar hankali da rayuwar karkara da shi kansa, yaro wanda kowa ke kulawa da shi kuma ya sa shi ta kowace hanya. Kamar, Oblomovites suna bacci bayan abincin dare, ta yaya wannan zai yiwu. Ko kuma mahaifiyar Ilya ba ta yarda da shi ya fita zuwa rana ba, sannan kuma ta yi jayayya cewa mai yiwuwa ba ta da kyau a inuwa. Kuma suna son kowace rana ta zama kamar jiya - babu sha'awar canji! Goncharov, yana kwatanta Oblomovka, ba shakka, da karin gishiri da gangan. Amma, kamar kowane babban marubuci, ba shi da iko a kan maganarsa. A cikin wallafe-wallafen Rasha, wannan ya fara ne da Pushkin - ya yi korafi a cikin wasiƙar cewa Tatyana a Eugene Onegin “ta fice da mummunan zolaya” - ta yi aure. Don haka Goncharov, wanda ke bayanin rayuwar karkara, yakan fada cikin manyan goma. Mafarkin wannan rana na baƙi ya ba da shawarar cewa suna rayuwa sosai. Bayan haka, rayuwar kowane baƙauye na Rasha ya kasance gaggawa na ƙarshe mara iyaka. Shuka, girbi, shirya ciyawa, itacen girki, takalmi iri ɗaya, 'yan dozin nau'i-nau'i ga kowane ɗayansu, sannan gaurayi har yanzu - da gaske babu lokacin yin bacci, sai dai a lahira ta gaba. An buga Oblomov a cikin 1859, lokacin da canje-canje a cikin hanyar "yantar da" talakawa ke cikin iska. Kwarewa ya nuna cewa wannan canjin ya kasance kusan na musamman don munana. Ya zama cewa “kamar jiya” ba shine mafi munin zaɓi ba kwata-kwata.
14. Jarumar labarin Nikolai Leskov "Lady Macbeth na gundumar Mtsensk" Katerina ta sami gargaɗi mara misaltuwa a cikin burinta - dole ne ta amsa laifin. Katherine, wacce ta saka wa surukinta guba don boye zina, kuli ta bayyana a cikin mafarki. Bugu da ƙari, kan cat ɗin ya fito ne daga Boris Timofeevich, wanda Katerina ya ba shi guba. Kyanwar tana tafiya a kan gadon da Katerina da ƙaunarta ke kwance suna zargin matar da aikata wani laifi. Katerina ba ta saurari gargaɗin ba. Saboda masoyinta da gadonta, ta sanya wa mijinta guba kuma ta shake dan wan mijinta - shi kaɗai ne magada. An warware laifukan, Katerina da masoyinta Stepan sun sami hukuncin rai da rai. A kan hanyar zuwa Siberia, ƙaunarta ta watsar da ita. Katerina ta nutsar da kanta, ta jefa kanta cikin ruwan daga gefen tururin tare da kishiyarta.
Aunar Katerina ga Stepan ta haifar da kisan kai uku. Hoto daga B. Kustodiev
15. A cikin labarin Ivan Turgenev "Waƙar Loveauna Mai Nasara", jarumawa a cikin mafarki sun sami nasarar ɗaukar ɗa. "Waƙar Loveauna Mai Nasara" waƙa ce da Muzio ya kawo daga Gabas. Ya tafi can bayan ya sha kashi a hannun Fabius don zuciyar kyakkyawar Valeria. Fabio da Valeria sun yi farin ciki, amma ba su da yara. Dawowar Muzio ya gabatar da Valeria da abun wuya kuma ya buga “Waƙar Loveaunar umpaukaka”. Valeria ta yi mafarkin cewa a cikin mafarki ta shiga kyakkyawan ɗaki, kuma Muzio yana tafiya zuwa gare ta. Leɓunansa sun ƙone Valeria, da dai sauransu. Washegari da safe sai ya zamana cewa Muzia ta yi mafarki daidai da wancan. Ya sihirce matar, amma Fabius ya cire sihirin ta hanyar kashe Mucius. Kuma a lokacin da, bayan ɗan lokaci, Valeria ta buga “Waƙa ...” a kan gaɓa, ta ji sabuwar rayuwa a cikin kanta.
