A cikin karni na ashirin, wasanni ya juya daga hanyar bayar da lokacin hutu don wasu zaɓaɓɓu zuwa babbar masana'antu. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na tarihi, al'amuran wasanni sun rikide zuwa zane-zane masu ma'ana, wanda ya jawo dubun dubatar 'yan kallo a filayen wasa da filayen wasanni da ɗaruruwan miliyoyin akan tallan talabijin.
Abin baƙin ciki ne cewa wannan ci gaban ya faru ne a bayan asalin tattaunawar mara amfani da ƙishi game da wane wasa ya fi kyau: mai son ko mai sana'a. 'Yan wasa sun rarrabu kuma sun kamasu, kamar dabbobi masu tsarkakakken nama - waɗannan tsarkakakkun yan koyo ne, wadanda baiwarsu ta basu damar kafa tarihin duniya, da kyar suke hutawa bayan sauyawa a masana'anta, ko ma kwararrun kwararrun datti wadanda suka cika kwayoyi wadanda suke kafa tarihi saboda tsoron rasa wani biredin.
Muryar Sober koyaushe ana ji. Ko ta yaya, sun kasance murya da ke kuka a cikin jeji. Komawa cikin 1964, ɗayan membobin IOC ya faɗi a cikin rahoton hukuma cewa mutumin da ke ɓatar da awanni 1,600 a shekara a cikin horo mai zurfi ba zai iya cikakken shiga wani aiki ba. Sun saurare shi kuma sun yanke shawara: karɓar kayan aiki daga masu tallafawa wani nau'i ne na biyan kuɗi wanda ke maida ɗan wasa ya zama ƙwararre.
Duk da haka rayuwa ta nuna rashin yarda da tsarkakakkiyar manufa. A cikin 1980s, an ba wa ƙwararru damar shiga cikin Olympiads, kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata layin da ke tsakanin yan koyo da ƙwararru ya koma inda ya kamata. Masu ƙwarewa suna gasa da juna, kuma masu sha'awar motsa jiki suna wasa wasanni don farin ciki ko fa'idodin kiwon lafiya.
1. sportswararrun sportsan wasa sun bayyana daidai lokacin da wasannin farko suka bayyana, aƙalla suna kama da wasanni, tare da gudanar da gasa akai-akai. Ba a girmama zakarun Olympics a Girka na da. An ba su a gida, kyaututtuka masu tsada, an ajiye su tsakanin Wasannin Olympics, saboda zakaran ya ɗaukaka duk garin. Maimaicin zakaran tseren Olympic Guy Appuleius Diocles ya maimaita kwatankwacin dala biliyan 15 a yau a fagen wasanninsa a karni na 2 AD. Kuma wanene, idan ba ƙwararrun 'yan wasa ba, su ne mayaƙan Roman? Su, akasin yarda da imani, sun mutu da wuya - menene ma'anar mai shi ya lalata kayayyaki masu tsada a cikin duel mai kisa. Bayan sun yi rawar gani a fagen fama, masu ba da hasken wuta sun karɓi kuɗinsu kuma sun tafi bikin, suna jin daɗin farin jini tsakanin masu sauraro. Daga baya, mayaƙan yaƙe-yaƙe da masu kokawa suka yi tafiya tare da hanyoyin da ke daɗaɗɗa a matsayin ɓangare na kungiyoyin circus, suna faɗa da kowa. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa farkon fara wasannin motsa jiki, wanda akan siyar da tikiti kuma aka yi caca (ta hanyar, ba ƙaramar sana'a ba kamar wasanni masu ƙwarewa), akwai ƙwararrun masanan da suke son samun kuɗi akan ƙarfinsu ko fasaharsu. Amma bisa hukuma, layin da ke tsakanin ƙwararru da masu son buɗe ido an fara fito da shi a cikin 1823. Daliban, wadanda suka yanke shawarar shirya gasar kwale-kwale, ba su bar wani "kwararren" jirgin ruwan mai suna Stephen Davis ya gansu ba. A zahiri, ɗalibai masu ladabi ba sa son yin gasa ko, ko da ƙasa da haka, sun sha kashi ga wani mai aiki tuƙuru.
2. Wani abu kamar haka layin tsakanin masu sana'a da yan koyo an zana har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19 - 'yan-maza na iya shiga gasa tare da kyaututtukan ɗaruruwan fam, kuma mai ba da horo ko malami da ke samun kusan fam 50 - 100 a shekara ba a ba shi damar yin gasa ba. Baron Pierre de Coubertin, wanda ya sake farfaɗo da wasannin Olympic ya canza tsarin sosai. Ga duk yanayin da yake da shi da kuma kyakkyawan fata, Coubertin ya fahimci cewa wasa zai iya zama yaɗu ko ta yaya. Sabili da haka, yayi la'akari da shi wajibi ne don haɓaka ƙa'idodin gama gari don ƙayyade matsayin ɗan wasa mai son son sa. Wannan ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa. A sakamakon haka, mun sami tsari na buƙatu guda huɗu, waɗanda da wuya Yesu Kiristi ya ci gwajin. A cewar ta, alal misali, dan wasan da ya rasa akalla daya daga cikin kyaututtukan sa a kalla sau daya ya kamata a sanya shi cikin kwararru. Wannan kyakkyawan fata ya haifar da manyan matsaloli a cikin motsi na Olympics kuma kusan lalata shi.
3. Duk tarihin wanda ake kira. wasanni mai son a karni na ashirin ya kasance tarihin sassauci da sasantawa. Kwamitin wasannin Olympics na kasa da kasa (IOC), kwamitocin wasannin Olympics na kasa (NOCs) da kuma wakilan wasannin motsa jiki na kasa da kasa a hankali dole suka amince da biyan lambobin yabo ga ‘yan wasa. An kira su da tallafin karatu, diyya, lada, amma jigon bai canza ba - 'yan wasa sun sami kudi daidai don wasanni.
4. Akasin fassarorin da suka inganta daga baya, NOC na USSR shine farkon wanda ya ba da izinin karɓar kuɗi daga 'yan wasa a 1964. Bawai kawai kwamitocin wasannin Olympics na kasashen masu ra'ayin gurguzu suka goyi bayan shawarar ba, har ma da NOCs na Finland, Faransa da wasu jihohi. Koyaya, IOC ya riga ya zama mai ɗaukar nauyi cewa aiwatar da shawarar ya jira fiye da shekaru 20.
5. Kwararren kungiyar wasanni ta farko a duniya itace kwallon kwando "Cincinnati Red Stokins". Ballwallon ƙwallon baseball a cikin Amurka, duk da bayyana yanayin son mai son wasan, masana suka buga shi tun daga 1862, waɗanda masu ba da tallafi suka ɗauke su haya a cikin positionsan amintattun mukamai tare da ƙarin albashi mai hauhawa (“mashayi” ya karɓi $ 50 a mako maimakon $ 4 - $ 5, da sauransu). Gudanarwar Stockins ya yanke shawarar kawo ƙarshen wannan aikin. An tattara mafi kyawun playersan wasa don asusun biyan kuɗi na $ 9,300 a kowace kaka. A lokacin kakar, "Stokins" ta ci wasanni 56 tare da kunnen doki daya ba tare da shan kashi ba, kuma kulob din saboda sayar da tikiti har ma ya fito da kari, ya samu $ 1.39 (wannan ba rubutu bane).
6. Kwallon kwando na ƙwallon ƙafa a Amurka ya shiga cikin manyan rikice-rikicen ci gaba. Kungiyoyi da kungiyoyi sun bayyana kuma sun tafi fatarar kudi, masu kungiyar da ‘yan wasa sun yi rikici a tsakanin su fiye da sau daya,‘ yan siyasa da hukumomin gwamnati sunyi kokarin tsoma baki cikin ayyukan wasannin. Abinda kawai bai canza ba shine karuwar albashi. Professionalswararrun “wararru na farko “masu karɓa” sun karɓi kusan dala dubu a wata, wanda ya ninka albashin ma’aikata sau uku. Tuni a farkon ƙarni na ashirin, 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙwallon baseball ba su da farin ciki da hular albashin $ 2,500. Nan da nan bayan yakin duniya na biyu, mafi karancin albashin kwallon kwando ya kasance $ 5,000, yayin da aka biya taurari dala 100,000 kowane. Daga 1965 zuwa 1970, matsakaicin albashi ya tashi daga $ 17 zuwa $ 25,000, kuma sama da ‘yan wasa 20 sun karbi sama da $ 100,000 a shekara. A yanzu haka dan wasan kwallon kwando da aka biya mafi tsada shine dan wasan Los Angeles Dodgers Clayton Kershaw. Domin shekaru 7 na kwangilar, an bashi tabbacin karɓar dala miliyan 215 - $ 35.5 miliyan a shekara.
7. Shugaban IOC na 5 Avery Brandage shine zakaran gwajin dafi na tsabtace wasannin mai son. Rashin samun wani gagarumin ci gaba a wasannin motsa jiki, Brandage, wanda ya tashi maraya, ya sami ci gaba a gine-gine da saka hannun jari. A cikin 1928, Brendage ya zama shugaban NOC na Amurka, kuma a 1952 ya zama shugaban IOC. Mai tsananin kyamar gurguzu da kuma kyamar Semite, Brandage ya kawar da duk wani yunƙuri na sasantawa a cikin bayar da lada ga 'yan wasa. A karkashin jagorancinsa, an karɓi buƙatu marasa jinƙai, wanda ya ba da damar ayyana kowane ɗan wasa ƙwararren masani. Ana iya yin hakan idan mutum ya katse babban aikin su fiye da kwanaki 30, yayi aiki a matsayin koci ba tare da la'akari da wasanni ba, ya sami taimako ta hanyar kayan aiki ko tikiti, ko kyautar da ta fi ta $ 40.
8. Gabaɗaya an yarda da cewa Brandage ɗan ƙuntataccen tunani ne, duk da haka, yana da kyau a kalli wannan mai hangen nesa ta wata fuskar daban. Brandage ya zama shugaban IOC a cikin shekarun da USSR da sauran ƙasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu suka faɗa cikin fagen wasanni na duniya. Kasashen sansanin gurguzu, wanda a cikin su hukuma ke tallafawa 'yan wasa a hukumance, fiye da shiga cikin gwagwarmayar lashe lambobin Olympics. Masu gasa, musamman ma Amurkawa, dole ne su motsa, kuma tsammanin bai faranta ba. Wataƙila Brandage ya share fage don abin kunya da kuma keɓe wakilan Soviet Union da sauran ƙasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu daga yunƙurin Olympic. Shekaru da yawa kasancewarsa shugaban NOC na Amurka, mai aikin ba zai iya taimakawa sai dai ya san game da tallafin karatu da sauran kyaututtukan da 'yan wasan Amurka suka samu, amma saboda wasu dalilai, a tsawon shekaru 24 na mulkinsa, bai taba kawar da wannan kunyar ba. Kwarewar wasanni a cikin wasanni ya fara damun sa ne kawai bayan an zabe shi Shugaban IOC. Wataƙila, haɓakar ikon ƙasashen duniya na USSR koyaushe bai ƙyale rikici ya ɓarke ba.
9. Daya daga cikin wadanda aka yiwa lakabi da "farautar kwararru" shine fitaccen dan wasan Amurka Jim Thorpe. A wasannin Olympics na 1912, Thorpe ya ci lambobin zinare biyu, inda ya ci nasara a filin wasa da pentathlon da decathlon. A cewar tatsuniya, Sarki George na Sweden ya kira shi fitaccen dan wasa a duniya, kuma Sarkin Rasha Nicholas II ya ba Thorp lambar yabo ta musamman. Dan wasan ya dawo gida a matsayin jarumi, amma kafawar ba ta son Thorpe sosai - dan Indiya ne, wanda kusan lokacin ya hallaka shi gaba daya. Kungiyar IOC ta Amurka ta juya ga NOC tare da tofin Allah tsine game da dan wasanta - kafin nasarar gasar ta Olympics, Thorpe kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne. IOC ta amsa nan take, ta cire Thorpe na lambobin yabo. A zahiri, Thorpe ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa (Ba'amurke) kuma an biya shi. Professionalwallon ƙafa na ƙwararrun Ba'amurke yana kan matakan farko a wancan lokacin. Kungiyoyi sun wanzu a tsarin kamfanonin 'yan wasa wadanda suka "debo"' yan wasa daga cikin kawaye ko abokai don wasan. Irin waɗannan "ƙwararrun" za su iya yin wasa don ƙungiyoyi biyu daban a cikin kwana biyu. Thorpe mutum ne mai sauri da ƙarfi, an gayyace shi ya yi wasa da farin ciki. Idan yana buƙatar yin wasa a wani gari, an biya shi tikitin bas da abincin rana. A cikin ɗayan ƙungiyar, ya yi wasa na tsawon watanni biyu a lokacin hutun ɗalibinsa, yana karɓar jimillar $ 120. Lokacin da aka ba shi cikakken kwangila, Thorpe ya ƙi - yana da burin yin wasa a wasannin Olympics. Thorpe an sake shi bisa ƙa'ida ne kawai a cikin 1983.
10. Kodayake wasannin motsa jiki kamar su kwallon kwando, kwallon gora, kwallon Amurka da kwallon kwando ba su da wata ma'amala da yawa, amma wasannin lig-lig a Amurka suna da irin wannan samfurin. Ga Turawa, yana iya zama wawa. Clubs - alamu - ba mallakin masu su bane, amma ƙungiyar ce kanta. Yana ba da izini ga shugabanni da shuwagabannin gudanarwa haƙƙin tafiyar da kulab. Waɗanda za su dawo dole ne su bi umarni da yawa, waɗanda ke bayyana kusan dukkan fannoni na gudanarwa, daga ƙungiya zuwa kuɗi. Duk da cewa akwai sarkakiya, tsarin ya tabbatar da kansa sosai - kudaden shigar 'yan wasa da kulake na karuwa koyaushe. Misali, a cikin kakar 1999/2000, dan wasan kwallon kwando mafi tsoka a lokacin, Shaquille O'Neal, ya sami ɗan abin da ya haura dala miliyan 17. A cikin kakar 2018/2109, dan wasan Golden State Stephen Curry ya karɓi dala miliyan 37.5 tare da fatan haɓaka faci zuwa miliyan 45. O'Neill a ƙarshen kakar zai sami wuri a tsakiyar na bakwai ta matakin albashi. Kuɗaɗen shiga na ƙungiyoyi suna ƙaruwa daidai gwargwado. Wasu kulab na iya zama marasa riba, amma ƙungiyar gabaɗaya koyaushe tana ci gaba.
11. Fitacciyar ‘yar wasan kwallon Tennis ita ce’ yar kasar Faransa Susan Lenglen. A shekarar 1920, ta lashe gasar kwallon Tennis ta Olympics a Amsterdam. A cikin 1926, Lenglen ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar da ta karɓi $ 75,000 don wasannin nunawa a Amurka. Yawon bude idon, baya ga ita, ya samu halartar zakarar Amurka Mary Brown, zakaran gasar Olympic sau biyu Vince Richards da wasu loweran wasan da ke ƙasa da yawa. Ayyuka a cikin New York da sauran biranen sun yi nasara, kuma tuni a cikin 1927 aka fara Gasar Kasuwancin Amurka ta farko. A cikin 1930s, tsarin gasar duniya ya ci gaba, kuma Jack Kramer ya sauya fasalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Shi ne, tsohon ɗan wasan kwallon tennis a baya, wanda ya fara gudanar da gasa tare da ƙaddarar wanda ya yi nasara (kafin hakan, ƙwararrun sun yi wasanni da yawa da ba su da alaƙa da juna). Fitowar mafi kyawun yan koyo zuwa ƙwararrun wasan tanis. Bayan gajeriyar gwagwarmaya a shekarar 1967, aka sanar da fara abin da ake kira "Open Era" - an soke hana 'yan koyo daga shiga wasannin kwararru kuma akasin haka. A zahiri, duk 'yan wasan da ke halartar gasar sun zama ƙwararru.
12. Sanin kowa ne cewa ƙwarewar ƙwararrun ɗan wasa baya da tsayi, aƙalla a matakin qarshe. Amma ƙididdiga ta nuna cewa ya fi daidai a kira ƙwararrun masu sana'a ɗan gajere. Dangane da ƙididdigar wasannin lig na Amurka, matsakaicin ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando yana wasa a matakin mafi girma ƙasa da shekaru 5, hockey da 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kimanin shekaru 5.5, da' yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa sama da shekaru 3. A wannan lokacin, dan wasan kwallon kwando ya sami nasarar samun kusan dala miliyan 30, dan wasan kwallon kwando - 26, dan wasan hockey - 17, da dan wasan kwallon kafa "kawai" dala miliyan 5.1. Amma taurarin farko na NHL sun ba da hockey, suna samun matsayin ƙaramin magatakarda, aiki a matsayin mahauci, ko kuma damar buɗe ƙaramin shagon kiɗa. Ko da shahararren ɗan wasa Phil Esposito ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a masana'antar ƙarfe tsakanin lokacin NHL har zuwa 1972.
13. Kwarewar kwallon tennis wasa ne na masu arziki sosai. Duk da miliyoyin daloli a cikin kyaututtukan kyaututtuka, yawancin masu sana'a suna asarar kuɗi. Masu sharhi sun kirga cewa domin daidaita farashin jirgi, abinci, masauki, albashin koci, da sauransu tare da kyautar kyauta zuwa sifili, dole ne dan wasan kwallon tennis ya samu kusan $ 350,000 a kowace kaka. Wannan yana la'akari da lafiyar ƙarfe, lokacin da ba'a tsallake wasannin ba kuma babu kuɗin likita. Akwai ƙasa da irin waɗannan playersan wasan 150 a duniya don maza kuma sama da 100 mata kawai. Tabbas, akwai kwangilar tallafawa da biyan kuɗi daga fedeungiyoyin wasan tanis. Amma masu daukar nauyin suna mai da hankalinsu ga 'yan wasa daga saman saman, kuma kungiyoyin tarayya suna biyan karancin tallafin karatu, kuma ba a duk kasashe ba. Amma kafin kwararren dan wasa ya je kotu a karon farko, dole ne a saka dubunnan daloli a kansa.
14. Emmanuel Yarborough shine mafi kyawun hoto game da saɓani tsakanin ƙwararrun masu wasa da masu son wasannin yaƙi. Mutumin kirki mai nauyin kilogram 400 yayi kaɗan a cikin sumo ga yan koyo. Kwararren sumo ya zama ba na shi ba - ƙwararrun masarufi sun yi aiki mai wuya. Yarborough ya koma cikin fada ba tare da dokoki ba, wanda ya fara samun salo, amma shi ma bai yi nasara a can ba - nasara 1 da ci 3. Yarborough ya mutu yana da shekara 51 bayan yawan bugun zuciya.
15. Kudin shiga na kwararrun 'yan wasa da masu shirya gasar kai tsaye ya dogara da sha'awar masu sauraro. A wayewar gari na wasanni masu ƙwarewa, siyar da tikiti shine babban tushen samun kuɗi. A rabi na biyu na karni na 20, talabijin ya zama mai tasowa, yana ba da kaso mafi tsoka na samun kuɗi a yawancin wasanni. Wanda ya biya ya kira wakar. A cikin wasu wasanni, saboda watsa shirye-shiryen telebijin, dole ne a canza dokokin wasan kwata-kwata. Baya ga sauye-sauye na kwaskwarima da ke faruwa kusan kowace shekara a wasan ƙwallon kwando da hockey, wasanni da suka fi kawo sauyi sune wasan tanis, kwallon raga da kuma kwallon tebur. A cikin wasan kwallon tennis a farkon shekarun 1970, an yi watsi da dokar cewa dan wasan kwallon tennis ya ci saiti akalla wasanni biyu. Mun kawar da doguwar lilo ta hanyar gabatar da takaddama - wani gajeren wasa, wanda ya ci nasarar shi ma ya ci saiti. Akwai irin wannan matsalar a wasan ƙwallon raga, amma a can ma ya ƙara tsananta saboda don samun maki, dole ne ƙungiyar ta yi wasa. Ka'idar "kowane ball batu ne" ya sanya wasan kwallon raga ya zama ɗayan wasannin da suka fi ƙarfin gaske. Arƙashin ɓoye ikon jan ƙwallo tare da kowane ɓangare na jiki, gami da ƙafafu.A ƙarshe, wasan kwallon tebur ya ƙara girman ƙwallo, ya rage adadin innings da ɗan wasa ɗaya ke yi a jere daga 5 zuwa 2 kuma ya fara wasa zuwa maki 11 maimakon 21. Gyaran garambawul ya haifar da tasirin tasirin duk waɗannan wasannin.
