Masana kimiyya suna so su faɗi cewa duk wata ka'ida tana da daraja idan aka gabatar da ita cikin harshe mai sauƙi wanda zai iya zuwa ga mafi ƙarancin shirye shirye. Dutse ya faɗi ƙasa a cikin irin wannan da irin wannan baka tare da irin wannan saurin, sun ce, kuma ana tabbatar da maganganunsu ta hanyar aiki. Xarin X da aka saka a cikin bayani Y zai mai da shi shuɗi, kuma abu Z da aka ƙara shi a kan wannan maganin zai zama kore. A ƙarshe, kusan duk abin da ke kewaye da mu a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun (ban da wasu abubuwan da ba za a iya fassarawa ba gaba ɗaya) an yi bayaninsu ta mahangar kimiyya, ko kuma a ce, kwatankwacin, alal misali, kowane nau'ikan roba, samfurinsa ne.
Amma tare da irin wannan sabon abu na asali kamar haske, komai ba sauki. A matakin farko, matakin yau da kullun, komai yana da sauki kuma a bayyane: akwai haske, kuma rashinsa duhu ne. Sabuntawa da nunawa, haske ya zo da launuka daban-daban. A cikin haske da ƙananan haske, ana ganin abubuwa daban.
Amma idan kayi zurfin zurfin zurfin ciki, sai ya zamana cewa yanayin haske har yanzu bashi da tabbas. Masana kimiyyar lissafi sun daɗe suna jayayya, sannan suka zo yin sulhu. Ana kiran sa "Wave-corpuscle dualism". Mutane suna faɗi game da waɗannan abubuwa "ba ni ba, kuma ba ku ba": wasu suna ɗaukar haske a matsayin rafin ƙwayoyin-gaɓoɓin jiki, wasu kuma suna zaton haske taguwar ruwa ce. Har ila yau, duka ɓangarorin biyu suna daidai da kuskure. Sakamakon shine turawa na gargajiya - wani lokacin haske shine kalaman, wani lokacin - rafin barbashi, warware shi da kanku. Lokacin da Albert Einstein ya tambayi Niels Bohr menene haske, ya ba da shawarar gabatar da wannan batun ga gwamnati. Za a yanke shawara cewa haske kalau ne, kuma dole ne a hana ɗaukar hoto. Sun yanke shawara cewa haske rafi ne na barbashi, wanda ke nufin cewa za a haramta haramtattun abubuwa.
Zabin gaskiyar da aka bayar a kasa ba zai taimaka wajen fayyace yanayin haske ba, tabbas, amma wannan ba duk ka'idar bayani ba ce, amma kawai wasu sauye-sauyen tsari ne na ilmi game da haske.
1. Daga kwasa-kwasan ilimin lissafi na makaranta, da yawa suna tuna cewa saurin yaduwar haske ko kuma, mafi dacewa, raƙuman lantarki a cikin yanayi ya kai 300,000 km / s (a zahiri, 299,793 km / s, amma ba a buƙatar irin wannan daidaito koda a lissafin kimiyya). Wannan saurin ilimin lissafi, kamar Pushkin na adabi, shine komai namu. Jiki ba zai iya motsawa sama da saurin haske ba, babban Einstein ya gadar mana. Idan ba zato ba tsammani jiki ya yarda da kansa ya wuce saurin haske har ma da mita a cikin awa ɗaya, to hakan zai keta ƙa'idar rashin hankali - wanda aka tsara wanda abin da zai faru a nan gaba ba zai iya shafar na baya ba. Masana sun yarda cewa har yanzu ba a tabbatar da wannan ƙa'idar ba, yayin da suka lura cewa a yau ba za a iya musantawa ba. Kuma sauran kwararru suna zaune a dakunan gwaje-gwaje tsawon shekaru kuma suna karɓar sakamakon da ke musanta ainihin adadi.
2. A shekara ta 1935, fitaccen masanin kimiyyar Soviet Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ya soki lamirin yiwuwar yuwuwar wuce saurin haske. Masanin ilimin kwaskwarima ya tabbatar da gamsuwarsa ta fuskar falsafa. Ya rubuta cewa adadin da Einstein ya fitar ya yi daidai da na littafi mai tsarki na kwanaki shida da aka ɗauka don ƙirƙirar duniya. Abin yana tabbatar da wata ka'ida ce ta daban, amma ba yadda za a yi ta zama tushen duniya.
3. Can baya a cikin 1934, masanin kimiyyar Soviet Pavel Cherenkov, yana fitar da hasken ruwa a ƙarƙashin tasirin gamma radiation, ya gano electron, wanda saurin sa ya wuce saurin haske a matsakaicin abin da aka bayar. A shekarar 1958, Cherenkov, tare da Igor Tamm da Ilya Frank (an yi amannar cewa biyun na baya sun taimaka wa Cherenkov don tabbatar da gaskiyar abin da ya gano) sun sami kyautar Nobel. Babu ka'idar sanarwa, ko ganowa, ko kyautar ba ta da wani tasiri.
4. Batun cewa haske yana da abubuwan da suke bayyane da wadanda ba a iya gani an kirkiresu ne kawai a karni na 19. A wannan lokacin, kaidar haske game da ruwa ta mamaye, kuma masana ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, bayan sun ruguza sashen yanayin da ido yake gani, ya ci gaba. Da farko dai, an gano hasken infrared, sannan kuma hasken ultraviolet.
5. Duk irin shakku da muke da shi game da kalmomin masu tabin hankali, jikin mutum da gaske yana fitar da haske. Gaskiya ne, yana da rauni ƙwarai da gaske wanda ba shi yiwuwa a gan shi ido da ido. Irin wannan haske ana kiransa haske mai ƙarancin haske, yana da yanayin ɗumi-ɗumi. Koyaya, ana yin rikodin shari'u lokacin da duk jiki ko ɓangarorin jikinshi suka haskaka ta yadda mutane zasu iya gani. Musamman, a cikin 1934, likitoci sun lura a cikin 'yar Ingilishi nan Anna Monaro, wacce ta sha wahala daga asma, wani haske a yankin kirji. Haske yakan fara ne yayin rikici. Bayan an kammala, hasken ya ɓace, bugun mara lafiyar ya ƙara sauri na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma zafin jiki ya tashi. Irin wannan haske saboda halayen nazarin halittu ne - haskakawar ƙwarin beetles yana da yanayi iri ɗaya - kuma har yanzu ba shi da bayanin kimiyya. Kuma don ganin ƙaramin haske na ƙaramin mutum, dole ne mu ga sau 1,000 da kyau.
6. Tunanin cewa hasken rana yana da motsawa, ma'ana, yana iya yin tasiri a jikin jiki, da sannu zai zama shekaru 150. A 1619, Johannes Kepler, da yake lura da tauraro mai wutsiya, ya lura cewa kowane wutsiyar wakar ana yin sa ne kai tsaye ta hanyar da ba ta dace da Rana ba. Kepler ya ba da shawarar cewa wutsiyar tauraron dan adam wasu abubuwa ne ke juya ta. Sai a shekarar 1873 ne daya daga cikin manyan masu binciken haske a tarihin kimiyyar duniya, James Maxwell, ya ba da shawarar cewa hasken rana ya shafi wutsiyoyi na tauraruwa mai wutsiya. Na dogon lokaci, wannan tunanin ya kasance tsinkayen astrophysical - masana kimiyya sun bayyana gaskiyar cewa hasken rana yana bugun jini, amma ba za su iya tabbatar da shi ba. Sai kawai a cikin 2018, masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar British Columbia (Kanada) sun sami nasarar tabbatar da kasancewar bugun jini a cikin haske. Don yin wannan, sun buƙaci ƙirƙirar babban madubi kuma sanya shi a cikin ɗaki keɓe daga duk tasirin waje. Bayan an haskaka madubin da katako mai amfani da laser, firikwensin sun nuna cewa madubin yana rawar jiki. Rawar jijiyar ta yi kankanta, ba a ma iya auna ta. Koyaya, an tabbatar da kasancewar ƙarfin haske. Manufar yin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya tare da taimakon manyan filafuka masu amfani da hasken rana, waɗanda marubutan almara na kimiyya suka bayyana tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na ashirin, bisa manufa, za a iya fahimta.
7. Haske, ko kuma dai, launinsa, yana shafar ma makafi kwata-kwata. Likitan Ba'amurke Charles Zeisler, bayan da aka kwashe shekaru yana bincike, ya dauki wasu shekaru biyar ya naushi rami a bangon editocin kimiyya kuma ya buga takarda a kan wannan gaskiyar. Zeisler ya sami nasarar gano cewa a kwayar idon mutum, ban da ƙwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun waɗanda ke da alhakin gani, akwai ƙwayoyin da ke haɗe kai tsaye zuwa yankin ƙwaƙwalwar da ke kula da yanayin juzu'in. Launin launuka a cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin yana da laushi da launin shuɗi. Sabili da haka, haske mai launin shuɗi - gwargwadon yanayin zafin jiki na haske, wannan haske ne mai ƙarfin sama da 6,500 K - yana shafar makafi makafi kamar yadda yake wa mutanen da suke da hangen nesa na yau da kullun.
8. Idon mutum yana da saurin fahimtar haske. Wannan furucin mai kara yana nufin cewa ido yana amsawa zuwa mafi karancin tasirin haske - photon daya. Gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar a 1941 a Jami'ar Cambridge ya nuna cewa mutane, ko da tare da matsakaicin hangen nesa, sun yi daidai da foton 5 cikin 5 da aka aika zuwa garesu. Gaskiya ne, saboda wannan idanu dole ne su “saba” da duhu a cikin fewan mintuna kaɗan. Kodayake maimakon "sabawa" a cikin wannan yanayin ya fi daidai amfani da kalmar "daidaita" - a cikin duhu, idanun ido, waɗanda ke da alhakin fahimtar launuka, a hankali suna kashewa, kuma sandunan sun shigo cikin wasa. Suna ba da hoto ɗaya, amma sun fi kulawa.
9. Haske ra'ayi ne mai mahimmanci musamman a zane. A sanya shi a sauƙaƙe, waɗannan tabarau ne a cikin haske da inuwar ɓangaren zane. Mafi kyawun yanki na hoton shine kyalli - wurin da haske yake daga idanun mai kallo. Mafi duhun wuri shine inuwar abin da aka nuna ko mutum. Tsakanin waɗannan tsauraran matakan akwai da yawa - akwai gradations 5 - 7. Tabbas, muna magana ne game zanen abu, kuma ba game da nau'ikan da mai zane yake neman bayyanawa kansa duniya ba, da dai sauransu.Kodayake daga masu ra'ayi iri ɗaya na farkon karni na ashirin, inuwar shuɗi ta faɗi cikin zanen gargajiya - a gabansu, an yi inuwar inuwa a cikin baƙi ko launin toka. Duk da haka - a cikin zane ana ɗauka mummunan tsari don yin wani abu mai haske da fari.
10. Akwai wani abin mamakin da ake kira sonoluminescence. Wannan shine bayyanar haske mai haske a cikin ruwa wanda aka ƙirƙiri igiyar ruwa mai ƙarfi. An bayyana wannan abin a cikin shekarun 1930, amma an fahimci asalinsa shekaru 60 daga baya. Ya zama cewa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar duban dan tayi, an ƙirƙira kumfa cavitation a cikin ruwa. Yana kara girmansa na wani lokaci, sannan ya fadi da karfi. A lokacin wannan rushewar, ana fitar da makamashi, yana ba da haske. Girman kumfa guda ɗaya tak kaɗan ne, amma sun bayyana a cikin miliyoyin, suna ba da haske na kwanciyar hankali. Na dogon lokaci, karatun sonoluminescence yayi kama da kimiyya saboda kimiyya - wanene ke da sha'awar samfuran haske na 1 kW (kuma wannan babbar nasara ce a farkon karni na 21) tare da tsada? Bayan duk wannan, janareta na duban dan tayi kanta ta cinye wutar lantarki sau ɗari. Gwaje-gwaje na ci gaba tare da kafofin watsa labarai na ruwa da ƙarfin ultrasonic a hankali sun kawo ikon tushen haske zuwa 100 W. Ya zuwa yanzu, irin wannan annuri yana ɗaukar ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma masu kyakkyawan fata sun yi imanin cewa sonoluminescence zai ba da damar samun samfuran haske kawai, har ma yana haifar da yanayin haɗakar yanayin zafi.
11. Zai zama alama, menene zai iya zama daidai tsakanin irin waɗannan haruffan adabi kamar injiniyan hauka rabin daga "The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin" na Alexei Tolstoy da kuma likita mai amfani Clobonny daga littafin "The Travels and Adventures of Captain Hatteras" na Jules Verne? Dukansu Garin da Clawbonny sun yi amfani da ƙwarewa wajen amfani da ɗora haske don samar da yanayin zafi mai ƙarfi. Dokta Clawbonny ne kawai, bayan da ya zare tabarau daga wata kankara, ya sami damar samun wuta ya kuma je shi da abokansa daga yunwa da mutuwar sanyi, kuma Injiniya Garin, bayan da ya kirkiro wani hadadden kayan aiki mai kama da na’urar leza, ya halaka dubunnan mutane. Af, samun wuta tare da tabarau na kankara abu ne mai yiwuwa. Kowa na iya maimaita kwarewar Dr. Clawbonny ta daskarewa kankara a cikin kwanon kwano.
12. Kamar yadda kuka sani, babban masanin kimiyyar Ingilishi Isaac Newton shine ya fara raba farin haske zuwa launukan bakan gizo da muka saba a yau. Koyaya, da farko Newton ya kirga launuka 6 a cikin bakan sa. Masanin ya kasance gwani a bangarori da dama na kimiyya da fasaha na wancan lokacin, kuma a lokaci guda yana matukar sha'awar adadi. Kuma a ciki, lamba 6 ana ɗauka a matsayin shaidan. Sabili da haka, Newton, bayan dogon bayani, Newton ya ƙara launuka launin da ya kira "indigo" - muna kiranta "violet", kuma akwai launuka 7 na farko a cikin bakan. Bakwai lamba ce mai sa'a.
13. Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Kwalejin Makarantar Dakarun da ke sa ido kan makamai masu linzami yana nuna bindiga mai aiki da kuma juzuwar laser. "Makamin nan gaba" an kera shi ne a makarantar kimiyya a shekarar 1984. Wani rukuni na masana kimiyya karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Viktor Sulakvelidze gaba daya sun jure wa saitin halittar: don kera kananan bindigogi wadanda ba su da kisa, wadanda kuma ba sa iya kutsawa cikin fatar kumbon. Gaskiyar ita ce, an yi nufin yin amfani da bindigogin leza ne don kare sararin samaniyar Soviet a cikin kewayar. Ya kamata su makantar da abokan hamayya su buga kayan gani. Babban abin birgewa ya kasance Laser mai yin famfo mai gani da ido. Kwasan ya yi daidai da fitila mai walƙiya. Hasken daga gare ta ya sami ɗauke da sinadarin fiber-optic wanda ya samar da katako mai amfani da laser. Yankin lalata ya kai mita 20. Don haka, akasin maganar, janar-janar ba koyaushe ke shirya kawai don yaƙe-yaƙe ba.
14. Tsoffin masu sanya ido na zamani da kayan aikin hangen nesa na dare sun bada koren hotuna ba don son ran masu kirkira ba. Duk abin da aka yi bisa ga kimiyya - an zaɓi launi don ya gajiyar da idanu kamar yadda ya kamata, ya ba mutum damar kula da hankali, kuma, a lokaci guda, ba da mafi kyawun hoto. Dangane da yanayin waɗannan sigogin, an zaɓi launin kore. A lokaci guda, an riga an ƙayyade launin baƙi - yayin aiwatar da bincike don ƙwarewar ɓoye a cikin shekarun 1960, nunin sauti na siginar rediyo da aka karɓa daga sararin samaniya an nuna shi a kan masu dubawa a cikin sigar gumakan kore. Nan take mayaudara masu rahoto suka fito da "koren maza".
15. Mutane koyaushe suna kokarin haskaka gidajensu. Ko ga mutanen zamanin da, wadanda suke ajiye wuta a wuri guda tsawon shekaru, wutar ba wai kawai don girki da dumama ba ne, har ma da haske. Amma don haskaka tituna a cikin tsari, ya ɗauki dubban shekaru na ci gaban wayewa. A cikin ƙarni na XIV-XV, hukumomin wasu manyan biranen Turai sun fara tilasta wa mutanen gari yin hasken titi a gaban gidajensu. Amma farkon tsarin karkatar da titi a cikin babban birni bai bayyana ba sai 1669 a Amsterdam. Wani mazaunin yankin Jan van der Heyden ya ba da shawarar sanya fitilu a gefen titunan domin mutane su fada kasa cikin magudanan ruwa da yawa kuma su fuskanci hare-haren ta'addanci. Hayden ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na gaske - 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ya ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar kashe gobara a Amsterdam. Abin hukuntawa ne kan hukunce-hukuncen - hukuma ta ba Hayden wata sabuwar kasuwanci mai wahala. A cikin labarin haske, komai ya tafi kamar yadda aka tsara - Hayden ya zama mai tsara aikin hasken. Abin yabawa ne ga hukumomin birni, ya kamata a lura cewa a kowane yanayi, birni mai birgewa ya sami kyakkyawan tallafi. Hayden bawai kawai ya girka akwatinan lambu guda 2,500 a cikin garin ba. Ya kuma ƙirƙira fitila na musamman na irin wannan ƙirar mai nasara wanda aka yi amfani da fitilun Hayden a Amsterdam da sauran biranen Turai har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19.
