Duk da cewa metro na farko ba da daɗewa ba zai cika shekaru 160, amma masana ko manyan mashahurai ba za su iya ba da ma'anar wannan jigilar ba. Kowa ya yarda cewa metro na safarar titi ne, duk da cewa galibi ana ɗaura shi ta wata hanyar zuwa wata hanyar da ta riga ta kasance ta sadarwa ta ƙasa. Hakanan, zaku iya tambayar kowane ma'anar da ke bayyana metro. "Jirgin karkashin kasa"? A wasu garuruwa, bangaren jirgin kasan ya fi na karkashin kasa tsayi. "Wutar lantarki"? Amma fa bai kamata a kirga tarihin metro daga farkon metro "locomotive" a cikin 1863 ba. Ma'anar ma'anar da ba za'a iya musantawa ba ita ce "birane" da "dogo".
Duk da haka duk da takaddama game da lafazin, jiragen ƙasa na jirgin ƙasa suna ɗaukar ɗaruruwan miliyoyin mutane kowace rana a cikin biranen duniya. Babban birni na musamman (kalmar "cirewa daga haɗin Faransanci" layin dogo na babban birni ") ana ɗauke da halayen halaye na babban birni. Motar jirgin Paris ana ɗaukarta mafi dacewa dangane da motsi a cikin gari. Motar jirgin ƙasa ta Stockholm tana da tashoshi ƙalilan kaɗan waɗanda aka yi wa ado sosai. Babban birnin Koriya ta Arewa Pyongyang ya buɗe zurfinsa (tashoshi da yawa suna da zurfin fiye da 100m) don baƙi a cikin yearsan shekarun da suka gabata. Metro mafi zamani a cikin duniya yana aiki a Munich, Jamus.
Rasha ita ma memba ce ta wannan fitacciyar ƙungiyar. Tashar jirgin saman ta Moscow ita ce ɗayan mafi girma, sanannun alamun ƙasa na babban birnin Rasha. Ana ɗaukar hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta St. Petersburg mafi zurfin ciki dangane da matsakaicin nisan tashoshin daga matakin teku.
1. Bayyana buƙatar gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa a cikin Moscow, zaku iya kawo ƙididdiga masu yawa daga adabin. Jaruman adabi sun yi tsalle a kan matakan tarago ba don son alheri ba - ba shi yiwuwa a hau kan motar. Akwai mummunan murkushewa a ciki, aljihun mutane suna aiki, rigima da faɗa sun tashi. Amma lambobi sun fi kaifin magana fiye da alkalami na marubuci. A cikin 1935, tarago na Moscow sun ɗauki fasinjoji sama da biliyan biyu da ke rajista. Wannan adadi ya hada da wadanda suka sayi tikiti daga madugu ko suka yi amfani da fasfo. Zuwa wannan adadi, kuna iya ƙara aƙalla kwata - kuma akwai isassun “zomayen”, kuma wani lokacin maƙerin jirgin ba sa iya tashi a jiki da kewayen fasinjojin. Don haka tashar jirgin ruwa ta zamani ta Moscow, tare da tashoshin ta 237 da jiragen kasa masu saurin fadada, sun yi jigilar fasinjoji biliyan 2 da digo 2 a shekara a matsakaita cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata, tare da 'yar karkacewa ta wata hanyar ko wata.
2. Shirye-shiryen farko da aka shimfida a kalla wani bangare na layukan tarago a tsakiyar kasan karkashin kasa na Moscow ya bayyana a karshen karni na 19. Maganin ya ba da shawarar kansa daga halin da ake ciki yanzu tare da sufuri a cikin birni da kuma ƙwarewar ƙasashen duniya. Babbar matsalar ita ce rashin babbar tashar jirgin kasa a cikin Moscow. Jiragen kasa sun zo tashar mutuwa. Don yin canja wuri, fasinjoji dole su koma zuwa wata tashar ta tarago ko taksi. Wannan bai ƙara sauri da kwanciyar hankali ba game da safarar birane. A Berlin, hukumomin birni sun fuskanci irin wannan matsalar. A farkon 1870s, an warware ta ta haɗa tashoshin tare da layukan tarago kai tsaye. A cikin Moscow, ra'ayin kawar da hanyar wucewa ta wannan hanyar ya balaga ne kawai ta 1897. Sannan ayyuka biyu sun bayyana a lokaci daya. Kamfanin Railway Ryazan-Ural Railway Society ya ba da shawarar gina layin dogo mai hanya biyu a cikin Moscow, wanda zai haɗa da ɓangaren ɓangaren ƙasa da ke wucewa ta tsakiyar. Irin wannan aikin, amma tare da layin radial, an ba da shawarar daban da juna ta injiniyoyi A. Antonovich da E. Nolteyn. Kalmar "metro" dangane da layin dogo da ke karkashin kasa an fara amfani da ita a shekarar 1901 da K. Trubnikov da K. Gutsevich. Aikin su kan hanya kusan maimaita layin Circle, wanda aka gina a shekarun bayan yaƙi. Koyaya, duk ayyukan an ƙi. Mafi mahimmanci shine muryar coci. A cikin 1903, Sergius Metropolitan na Moscow ya rubuta cewa zurfafa cikin ƙasa wulaƙanci ne ga mutum da mafarkin zunubi.
3. Veniamin Makovsky ya taka rawar gani a cikin ginin metro na Moscow. Injiniyan mai shekaru 27, wanda bai mallaki komai ba, a cikin 1932 da gaba gaɗi ya yi magana shi kaɗai game da kusan dukkanin injiniyoyi da masana kimiyya waɗanda suka yi aiki a kan ƙirar metro na Moscow. Makovsky ya ba da shawarar gina ƙasa mai zurfin zurfin ƙasa, yayin da tsoffin ƙwararrun makarantu da baƙi suka tattauna hanyoyin guda biyu ne kawai: aikin shimfida layuka a cikin ramuka da layuka marasa zurfi. Dukkanin hanyoyin an tabbatar da cewa sun fada Moscow cikin durkushewar zirga-zirga - ya zama wajibi ne a tono mahimman jijiyoyin jigilar mutane. A halin yanzu, a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1931, Moscow ta tashi tsaye sosai ba tare da hana zirga-zirga ba - saboda cunkoson ababen hawa, tarago ba sa iya hawa kan layi, bas da motocin tasi ba su aiki. Amma har ma wannan misalin bai saukakakkun kwararrun masanan daga matakan ka'idar zuwa duniya mai zunubi ba. Makovsky ya yi hanyar zuwa sakatare na farko na kwamitin gari na CPSU (b) Lazar Kaganovich. Ya goyi bayan matashin injiniya, amma wannan bai yi tasiri ga ƙwararrun masanan ba. Makovsky ya buga wata kasida a cikin Pravda - a banza. Umarnin JV Stalin ne kawai na kansa don mai da hankali kan aikin tushe mai zurfi ne ya motsa al'amarin. Nasara Makovsky? Komai yadda abin yake. Veniamin Lvovich mutum ne mai ladabi, kuma da sauri aka tura shi cikin taron. Bayan samun umarni biyu a cikin shekarun shirin farko na shekaru biyar, shi, duk da yawan ruwan sama na kyaututtuka da ya faɗo kan magina metro, bai sami oda ko lambar yabo ba har ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Don haɓaka ramin garkuwar garkuwar garkuwa, ya karɓi kyautar Stalin, amma digiri na biyu kuma kawai a cikin 1947.
4. Metro ne mai tsada yardar. A lokaci guda, yawancin farashi ba su da ganuwa ga fasinja - jirgin yana ta hanzari ta cikin ramin, a bangon wanda kawai zaka iya ganin igiyoyin igiyoyi. Kudin farashin tashoshin kwalliya sun fi bayyane. Tashoshin marmari na matakan farko na metro na Moscow sun haifar da haɗuwa tsakanin Muscovites. A cikin rahotanni na NKVD, an yi magana game da mutanen da ke taɓarɓarewa a cikin ɗakunan tarayya da na ƙasa, babu wadatattun makarantu da wuraren renon yara, kuma a nan an jefa irin wannan kuɗin a ƙarshen tashar. Haƙiƙa, adon tashoshin yana da tsada sosai - a cikin shekarun 1930 manyan masu zane da gine-ginen USSR sun riga sun koyi ɗanɗanar kyawawan kuɗaɗe, kuma marmara, dutse da ƙyalli ba su kasance cikin kayan kammala masu arha ba. Koyaya, farashin kammala tashoshi da lobbies, gwargwadon matsakaicin kimantawa, ya kai kashi 6% na duk farashin don ginin matakin farko na metro. Bugu da ari, wannan adadi ya zama mafi ƙaranci saboda ci gaban ayyukan samarwa da ingantaccen horo na ma'aikata.
5. Shirye-shiryen gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa a cikin St.Petersburg ya bayyana a baya fiye da Moscow. Matsayi na babban birni a Daular Rasha, ƙwarewar kayan aiki a cikin birni tare da yawan koguna da magudanan ruwa, da kuma “yammacin yamma” na Arewacin Palmyra suma sun yi tasiri. A cikin St. Petersburg akwai baƙi da yawa da ke da cikakkun ra'ayoyi game da sufuri, kuma mutanen Ilimin Rasha. Tuni a farkon karni na 19, Emperor Alexander I ya karbi shawarwari da yawa don gina hanyar jirgin kasa a cikin babban birni. Ayyuka sun bayyana a kai a kai, amma yawancinsu basu da aikin injiniyan farko. Marubutan sun dogara da gaskiyar cewa London da Paris sun riga sun sami metro, kuma bai kamata St. Petersburg ya tsaya a baya ba. Bayan haka juyin juya hali ya bayyana, babban birni ya koma Moscow. Tunanin gina metro a yanzu an dawo da Leningrad ne kawai a cikin 1940, ɗan shekara sama da fara Babban Yaƙin rioasa da kuma toshewa. Zane da gina an sake dawowa ne kawai a cikin 1947, kuma a Nuwamba 15, 1955, matakin farko na Leningrad metro ya fara aiki azaman sabis na yau da kullun.
6. Kamar kowane babban taro na mutane, ɓoyayyen wuri yana da maƙiya ga terroristsan ta'adda. A yayin harin ta'addanci, duka keɓe metro daga doron ƙasa da kuma matsalolin da likitoci da masu ceto ke fuskanta yayin bayar da agajin gaggawa ga waɗanda abin ya shafa suna aiki ne don maharan. Tsakanin 1883 da 1976, babban abin da kawai aka kai wa harin ta'addanci shi ne Tashar Landan ta Landan. An kiyasta cewa tsawon shekaru a hare-haren ta'addanci (sun kasance 10 daga cikinsu), mutane 7 sun mutu kuma kusan 150 sun ji rauni, kuma galibin wadanda suka ji rauni sun ji rauni a tambura. A cikin 1977, fashewar fashewar da 'yan kishin kasa na Armeniya suka shirya ya kashe mutane 7 a cikin garin na Moscow tare da jikkata wasu 37. Amma 1994 ya zama iyakar iyaka. Fashe-fashe biyu a cikin jirgin karkashin kasa na Baku babban birnin Azerbaijan sun kawo girbi na jini na mutane 27 da kusan 100 suka ji rauni. Tun daga wannan lokacin, da rashin alheri, hare-haren jirgin karkashin kasa sun zama gama gari. Ko dai a tuna da wadanda suka fi kowa zubar da jini a cikin su, ko kuma ba a saba da su ba, kamar harin ta'addanci a cikin jirgin karkashin kasa na Tokyo ta amfani da iskar gas mai guba. A cikin 1995, fesa sarin ta hanyar iska mai karfin metro a babban birnin Japan ya kashe 13 kuma ya kashe mutane fiye da 6,000.
7. Fasinjojin Metro ba kawai barazanar ta'addanci suke musu ba. Sanya kayan aiki, rashin cancanta ko rikicewar ma'aikata, da firgita kawai na iya haifar da mummunan haɗari. A cikin 1996, kusan mutane 300 suka mutu a cikin gobara a cikin garin Baku metro. Mafi yawansu sunada guba ne ta hanyar iskar carbon monoxide da sauran kayayyakin konewa. Direban ya gano wuta a kan shimfidar tsakanin tashoshin biyu kuma baiyi tunanin wani abu mafi kyau ba kamar tsayar da jirgin kasan a cikin wata karamar siririyar rami. Tunkuɗa wutar ta kunna wutar, layin cikin motar ya kama da wuta. Mutane sun fara barin motocin cikin firgici ta tagogin, suna kama igiyoyin wutar da ke gudana ta bangon, wanda kuma ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane da yawa. A cikin tashar jirgin saman Moscow, mafi girman bala'i ya faru a cikin 2014 lokacin da ma'aikata suka gyara kibiya da waya 3 mm. Ba zata iya ɗaukar nauyin ba, kuma motocin gaba na jirgin sun faɗi a bango da sauri. An kashe mutane 24. A Landan a shekara ta 1987, gobarar da ta auku ta sanadin sigarin da aka jefa a cikin kekeniya ta kashe mutane 31. Fasinjojin jirgin metro na Paris suma sun mutu saboda guntun sigari. A cikin 1903, motar ƙarshe ta jirgin ta kama da wuta a kan hanyar tsakanin tashar. Ba a cire shi ba, amma saboda matsalolin sadarwa da firgita na ma'aikatan tashar, direban jirgin na gaba ya yi karo da wata hayaki mara hayaki. Sakamakon wannan lamarin sau biyu, mutane 84 sun mutu.
8. Wurare uku na farko a cikin martabar masu mallakar mafi yawan jiragen karkashin kasa a duniya sun mamaye biranen Beijing na (691 km), Shanghai (676 km) da Guangzhou (475 km). Jirgin kasan na Moscow yana matsayi na biyar, tare da tsayin kilomita 397 a ɗan bayan metro na London. Idan aka yi la'akari da saurin ci gaban metro na Moscow a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ba da daɗewa ba London za a bar ta a baya. Petersburg metro ya kasance na 40 a duniya dangane da tsawon layin. Mafi qarancin metro a duniya yana aiki a Lausanne, Switzerland (kilomita 4.1). Rukunin metro mafi gajarta kuma sun haɗa da Gujarat (Indiya), Maracaibo (Venezuela), Dnipro (Ukraine) da Genoa (Italia).
9. Dangane da yawan tashoshi, shugaban da ba a tababa a kansa shi ne jirgin karkashin kasa na New York - tsayawa 472. Na 2 - Na 3 wuraren jiragen karkashin kasa na Shanghai da na Beijing ne, gaba da biranen Paris da Seoul. Jirgin kasan Moscow yana cikin matsayi na 11 tare da tashoshi 232. Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta St. Petersburg tana ɗaukar matsayi na 55 tare da tashoshi 72. Los Tekes metro a cikin babban birnin Venezuela Caracas ya ƙunshi tashoshi 5 kawai, metros a Gujarat, Maracaibo da Dnieper suna da tashar guda ɗaya kawai.
10. Duk tsofaffin metros biyar a duniya sun fara aiki a cikin karni na 19. Jirgin kasan farko na karkashin kasa ya fara aiki a London a 1863. Tabbas, babu wata magana game da wutar lantarki - jiragen lokoot sun ja jiragen ƙasa. Kusan shekaru 30 “The Tube”, kamar yadda Ingilishi ke kiran sa, ya kasance ita kaɗai ce irin wannan hanyar a duniya. Sai kawai a cikin 1892 aka fara buɗe metro a Chicago (Amurka), sannan jiragen karkashin ƙasa suna biye da su a Glasgow (UK), Budapest (Hungary) da Boston USA).
11. Jirgin metro na Moscow da na Petersburg suna haɓakawa kusan a kusa da kwatancen. Duk da yake ana amfani da sabbin tashoshi a cikin tashar jirgin ruwa ta Moscow kowace shekara, kuma ana inganta ingantaccen hanyar sadarwar metro koyaushe, a cikin St. Petersburg, kusan ci gaba yana da sanyi. An buɗe sabbin tashoshi biyu - Novokrestovskaya da Begovaya - a cikin 2018. Bude su ya kasance daidai da lokacin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA, kuma kudaden sun fito ne daga shirin da gwamnatin tarayya tayi niyya. A cikin 2019, an buɗe tashar Shushary, wacce za ta buɗe a cikin 2017. Don ci gaban metro, St.Petersburg ba shi da isassun albarkatun kuɗi. Attemptoƙarin bayar da kuɗi don gina sabbin layuka da tashoshi bisa lamuran Moscow - metro yana tafiyar da jigilar fasinjoji, kuma gwamnatin birni a nata kuɗin tana faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwar - ya gaza saboda rashin albarkatu a cikin kasafin kuɗin gida. Sabili da haka, yanzu hukumomin St. Petersburg sunyi magana sosai game da ci gaban metro. Yawancin sabbin tashoshi za su buɗe a cikin Moscow a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
12. Baya ga Moscow da St. Petersburg, metro a Rasha tana aiki a wasu biranen 5: Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Samara, Yekaterinburg da Kazan. Duk waɗannan hanyoyin jirgin, a zahiri, suna nuna yawancin shirye-shiryen Soviet, don haka sakamakon aikin jiragen ƙasa na iya zama abin mamaki. Misali, tashar jirgin karkashin kasa ta Novosibirsk, wacce ta kunshi layuka 2 tare da tashoshi 13, tana daukar fasinjoji sama da sau uku a kowace shekara fiye da hanyar Nizhegorodskoye metro (layuka 2, tashoshi 15). Kusan daidai yake da a cikin Nizhny Novgorod, fasinjojin fasinjan (kusan mutane miliyan 30 a shekara) ana amfani da su ne ta Kazan metro (layin 1, tashoshi 11). Kuma a cikin Kazan marasa ƙarfi tashar Samara ɗaya kawai ke amfani da mutane miliyan 14 kawai.
13. A cikin jirgin karkashin kasa na New York, jiragen kasa suna tafiya kan tsari kamar yadda zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa ke tafiya a biranen Rasha. Wato, don barin hanya madaidaiciya, bai isa ba ku san layin metro da alkiblar motsi ("daga tsakiya" ko "zuwa tsakiya"). Jirgin kasan da ke kan hanya mai kyau na iya kashewa ya bi ta wata hanyar. Sabili da haka, dole ne fasinjan ya san lambar hanya, sau da yawa tare da wasiƙar ƙari, kuma ya tabbata cewa jirgin da ke zuwa ba jirgin ƙasa ne ba. Idan a cikin Moscow wani matafiyi akan layin Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya yana tashar Mitino kuma ya ɗauki jirgin ƙasa ya doshi tsakiyar, zai iya tabbatar da cewa zai isa tashar Semyonovskaya na wannan layin. A cikin New York, duk da haka, irin wannan fasinjan, dogaro da makircin, yana fuskantar haɗarin tuki a wurin da bai dace ba.
14. A cikin tarihinta, metro na Moscow baiyi aiki ba kawai a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1941. A wannan rana, firgici ya fara a Moscow, sanadiyyar wata nasara ta sojojin Jamusawa. A cikin jagorancin metro, umarnin Commissar na Railways Lazar Kaganovich, wanda ya zo ranar da ta gabata, ya kara tsanantawa, don shirya metro don lalata, da jiragen don fitarwa. Ma'aikatar tsakiya kawai ta gudu. Zai yiwu a maido da tsari a rana guda, jiragen sun fara ne bayan cin abincin rana a ranar 17 ga Oktoba. Jirgin kasan, kamar yadda ake tsammani, ya yi aiki azaman mafaka. An yi amfani da hanyar: a siginar "Hawan iska" an katse layukan masu tuntuɓar, an katange hanyoyin ta garkuwar katako, ta juya zuwa cikin bene. Yaƙin ya kuma gano waɗanda abin ya shafa a cikin metro - wani bam na sama da ya kashe mutane 16 a tashar Arbatskaya da ba ta da nisa, kuma washegari a wannan tashar mutane 46 suka mutu a cikin turmutsitsin da ya faru sanadiyyar hari ba zato ba tsammani. Amma metro din ma ya ba da rai - a lokacin yakin an haifi yara sama da 200 a karkashin kasa.
15. A kan misalin halaye game da marubucin tambarin metro na Moscow - jan harafi "M", juyin halittar al'umma a bayyane yake bayyane. Kafin yakin duniya na II, sana'o'in "kayan" suna da daraja a duk duniya: ƙwararrun ma'aikaci, injiniyan injiniya, da dai sauransu.A cikin ɗayan labaran O'Henry, wani farfesa Ba'amurke ya gabatar da kansa ga iyayen budurwarsa a matsayin tubali, don wanene farfesa kuma menene aikinsa gaba ɗaya? Idan sakamakon aikinku ba za a ji shi da hannuwanku ba kuma a yi amfani da shi a rayuwa ta ainihi, a mafi kyawun kuna bauta wa waɗanda ke aiki, kuma mafi munin ku ɗan tsalle ne. Saboda wannan halayyar, ba za a iya kafa marubucin harafi na farko "M", wanda ya bayyana a tashoshin jirgin metro na Moscow a cikin 1935. Akwai gasa ta jama'a tare da kyauta, amma abin ya faskara. Sananne ne tabbatacce cewa an haifi alamar ne a cikin sashin gine-ginen Metrostroy. Sashen ya kasance shahararren Samuil Kravets, wanda ya gina Derzhprom da ginin Gwamnatin SSR ta Ukraine a Kharkov. Babban ma'aikacin sashen shine Ivan Taranov, wanda ke da hannu dumu dumu a cikin ayyukan dukkan tashoshin farko. Wasu daga cikinsu sun zana sananniyar wasiƙar. Bai taɓa shiga cikin tunaninsu ba don yin alfahari da irin wannan ƙaramar magana kamar “ƙirƙirar tambari”. Amma lokacin da a cikin shekarar 2014 aka sake fasalin tambarin metro na Moscow, wannan ɗayan sutudiyo ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mai zane ya kasance cikin wannan. Bayan kammala aikin, maigidan sutudiyo yayi alfaharin sanar da cewa tawagarsa tayi aiki mai kyau.
