Plutarch, cikakken suna Mestrius Plutarch - tsohon marubucin Girka da masanin falsafa, wanda ya shahara a zamanin Rome. An fi saninsa da marubucin littafin "Comparative Biographies", wanda ya bayyana hotunan shahararrun mashahuran siyasa na Tsohon Girka da Rome.
Tarihin tarihin Plutarch ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa daga rayuwarsa da ta jama'a.
Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin rayuwar Plutarch.
Tarihin Plutarch
An haifi Plutarch a cikin 46 a ƙauyen Heronia (Roman Empire). Ya girma kuma ya tashi cikin dangi mai arziki.
Arin bayani game da farkon shekarun tarihin rayuwar Plutarch ba su san komai ba.
Yara da samari
Yayinda yake yaro, Plutarch, tare da ɗan'uwansa Lamprius, sunyi karatun littattafai daban-daban, suna karɓar ingantaccen ilimi a Athens. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Plutarch yayi karatun falsafa, lissafi da kuma lafazi. Ya fi koya ilimin falsafa daga kalmomin Platonist Ammonius.
Bayan lokaci, Plutarch, tare da ɗan'uwansa Ammonius, sun ziyarci Delphi. Wannan tafiyar ta taka rawar gani a tarihin rayuwar marubucin nan gaba. Ta yi tasiri sosai ga rayuwarsa da ta adabi (duba kyawawan abubuwa game da adabi).
Bayan lokaci, Plutarch ya shiga aikin farar hula. A lokacin rayuwarsa, ya rike mukaman gwamnati fiye da daya.
Falsafa da Adabi
Plutarch ya koya wa yaransa maza karatu da rubutu da hannunsa, kuma sau da yawa yakan shirya tarurrukan matasa a cikin gida. Ya kirkiri wata makarantar koyarwa mai zaman kanta, tana matsayin mai ba da shawara da kuma lacca.
Mai tunani ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin mabiyan Plato. Koyaya, a zahiri, ya gwammace da tara kayan kwalliya - hanyar gina tsarin falsafa ta hanyar hada abubuwa da yawa da aka aro daga wasu makarantun falsafa.
Ko a lokacin karatunsa, Plutarch ya sadu da tsarin rayuwa - ɗaliban Aristotle, da Stoics. Daga baya ya yi kakkausar suka ga koyarwar 'yan Sitokai da Epikurus (duba Epicurus).
Masanin falsafar yakan zagaya duniya. Godiya ga wannan, ya sami nasarar kusantar Roman Neopythagoreans.
Abubuwan adabi na Plutarch na da girma kwarai da gaske. Ya rubuta game da ayyuka 210, yawancinsu sun wanzu har zuwa yau.
Mafi shahararrun sune "Comparative Biographies" da kuma zagayowar "Moral", wanda ya kunshi ayyuka 78. A cikin aikin farko, marubucin ya gabatar da tarihin rayuwar Girkawa da na Rumawa guda 22 da suka haɗu.
Littafin ya kunshi tarihin Julius Caesar, Pericles, Alexander the Great, Cicero, Artaxerxes, Pompey, Solon da sauran su. Marubucin ya zabi nau'i-nau'i ne bisa kamannin haruffa da ayyukan wasu mutane.
Sake zagayowar "Dabi'u", wanda Plutarch ya wallafa, ba wai kawai ilimantarwa bane, har ma da aikin ilimantarwa. Ya yi magana da masu karatu game da magana, rashin kunya, hikima, da sauran fannoni. Hakanan, a cikin aikin, an mai da hankali kan kula da yara.
Plutarch shima bai tsallake siyasa ba, wanda ya shahara sosai tsakanin Girkawa da Romawa.
Ya tattauna siyasa a cikin wasu ayyuka kamar su "Umarni a kan Harkokin Jiha" da "Kan Sarauta, Dimokiradiyya da Oligarchy."
Daga baya, an ba Plutarch ɗan ƙasar Rome, kuma ya karɓi ofis na jama'a. Koyaya, ba da daɗewa ba canje-canje masu tsanani suka faru a tarihin rayuwar mai falsafa.
Lokacin da Titus Flavius Domitian ya hau mulki, an fara zaluntar ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki a jihar. A sakamakon haka, an tilasta wa Plutarch komawa Chaeronea don kada a yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda ra'ayoyinsa da maganganunsa.
Marubucin ya ziyarci duk manyan biranen Girka, yana yin muhimman abubuwan lura da tattara abubuwa da yawa.
Wannan ya ba Plutarch damar wallafa irin waɗannan ayyukan kamar "On Isis da Osiris", wanda ya bayyana yadda ya fahimci tsohuwar tarihin Masar, da kuma bugun juzu'i 2 - "Tambayoyin Girkanci" da "Tambayoyin Roman".
Waɗannan ayyukan sun binciki tarihin manyan iko biyu, tarihin rayuwar Alexander the Great da wasu ayyukan da yawa.
Mun sani game da ra'ayoyin falsafar Plato saboda irin littattafan kamar "Tambayoyin Platonic", "Akan Sabanin Sarkakiya", "Tattaunawar Tebur", "Kan Rushewar Magana" da dai sauransu.
Rayuwar mutum
Ba mu da masaniya game da dangin Plutarch. Ya auri Timoksen. Ma'auratan suna da yara maza huɗu da mace ɗaya. A lokaci guda, 'ya da ɗayan ɗa sun mutu tun suna ƙuruciya.
Ganin yadda matarsa ke kwadayin yaran da suka rasa, ya rubuta mata musamman rubutun "Ta'aziya ga Matar", wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa yau.
Mutuwa
Ba a san takamaiman ranar da Plutarch ya mutu ba. Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa ya mutu a shekara ta 127. Idan wannan gaskiya ne, to ya rayu ta wannan hanyar tsawon shekaru 81.
Plutarch ya mutu a garinsa na Chaeronea, amma an binne shi a Delphi - bisa ga nufinsa. An kafa wani abin tarihi a kan kabarin mai hikima, wanda masu binciken kayan tarihi suka gano a cikin 1877 yayin aikin hakar.
Sunan rami a kan Wata da wani tauraron dan adam 6615 mai suna Plutarch.
