Alexander 2 Nikolaevich Romanov - Emperor of All Russia, Tsar na Poland da Grand Duke na Finland. A lokacin mulkinsa, ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye da yawa wadanda suka shafi fannoni da dama. A cikin pre-juyin-juya halin Rasha da tarihin Bulgaria, ana kiransa mai sassauci. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sokewar serfdom da kuma nasarar da aka samu a yakin neman 'yancin kan Bulgaria.
Tarihin rayuwar Alexander 2 ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa daga rayuwar mutum da siyasa.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov.
Tarihin rayuwar Alexander 2
An haifi Alexander Romanov a ranar 17 ga Afrilu (29), 1818 a Moscow. A cikin girmamawa ga haihuwarsa, an yi amfani da salula na bindigogi 201.
An haife shi a cikin dangin gidan sarautar Rasha na gaba Nicholas 1 da matarsa Alexandra Feodorovna.
Yara da samari
Yayinda yake yaro, Alexander Romanov yayi karatu a gida, karkashin kulawar mahaifinsa. Nicholas 1 ya mai da hankali sosai wajen renon ɗansa, ya fahimci cewa a nan gaba dole ne ya mulki babbar ƙasa.
Shahararren mawaƙin Rashanci kuma mai fassara Vasily Zhukovsky shi ne jagoran Tsarevich.
Baya ga fannoni na asali, Alexander ya karanci lamuran soja a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Merder.
Yaron yana da kyawawan halaye na tunani, godiya ga abin da ya hanzarta ƙwarewar ilimin kimiyya daban-daban.
Dangane da shaidu da yawa, a ƙuruciyarsa ya kasance mai ƙwarewa da soyayya. A lokacin tafiya zuwa London (a cikin 1839), yana da ƙaunatacciyar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaunataccen ƙaunataccen saurayi Sarauniya Victoria.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce lokacin da ya yi mulkin Masarautar Rasha, Victoria za ta kasance cikin jerin manyan maƙiyansa.
Sarauta da sake fasalin Alexander II
Da ya kai ga balaga, Alexander, bisa ga nacewar mahaifinsa, ya fara shiga cikin al'amuran ƙasa.
A cikin 1834, mutumin ya kasance a Majalisar Dattijai, sannan ya zama memba na Holy Synod. Daga baya ya shiga cikin Kwamitin Ministocin.
A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, Alexander 2 ya ziyarci birane da yawa a Rasha, sannan kuma ya ziyarci kasashen Turai da yawa. Ba da daɗewa ba ya sami nasarar kammala aikin soja kuma a cikin 1844 aka ba shi matsayin janar.
Kasancewar ya zama kwamandan Sojan Ruwa, Alexander Romanov ya mallaki cibiyoyin ilimin soja.
Bugu da kari, mutumin ya yi nazarin matsalolin manoma, yana ganin rayuwa mai wahala. A lokacin ne ra'ayoyi don jerin gyare-gyare suka balaga a cikin kansa.
Lokacin da Yaƙin Crimea ya fara (1853-1856), Alexander II ya jagoranci dukkan rassan sojojin da ke Moscow.
A lokacin yaƙin, a cikin 1855, Alexander Nikolaevich ya zauna a kan karaga. Wannan ya kasance ɗayan mawuyacin lokuta a tarihin rayuwarsa. Ya riga ya bayyana a lokacin cewa Rasha ba za ta iya yin nasara a yaƙin ba.
Bugu da kari, halinda ake ciki ya kara tabarbarewa sakamakon bala'in rashin kudi a cikin kasafin kudin. Dole ne Alexander ya samar da wani shiri wanda zai taimaki kasar da 'yan uwansa su sami ci gaba.
A cikin 1856, ta hanyar umarnin sarki, jami'an diflomasiyyar Rasha sun kammala zaman lafiya na Paris. Kuma kodayake yawancin sassan yarjejeniyar ba su da fa'ida ga Rasha, amma an tilasta Alexander II ya bi ta kowane fanni don dakatar da rikicin soja.
A cikin wannan shekarar, sarki ya tafi Jamus don ganawa da sarki Friedrich Wilhelm 4. Abin ban sha'awa shi ne cewa Frederick kawun Alexander ne, a gefen uwa.
Bayan tattaunawa mai mahimmanci, shugabannin Jamus da na Rasha sun shiga cikin sirri "ƙawance biyu". Godiya ga wannan yarjejeniya, an kawo ƙarshen toshe manufofin ƙasashen waje na Daular Rasha.
Yanzu Alexander 2 ya daidaita duk al'amuran siyasa na cikin jihar.
A lokacin bazara na 1856, sarki ya ba da umarnin a yi afuwa ga 'yan bautar, Petrashevists, da kuma mahalarta cikin yaƙin Poland. Sannan ya daina daukar ma'aikata na tsawon shekaru 3 kuma ya kawar da matsugunan soja.
Lokaci ya yi da ɗayan mahimman canje-canje a tarihin rayuwar Alexander Nikolaevich. Ya ba da umarnin ɗaukar batun kawar da ɓarna, ta hanyar 'yantar da talakawa ƙasa.
A cikin 1858, an zartar da doka, wanda a kan haka ne manoman ke da 'yancin siyen filin da aka ba shi. Bayan haka, ƙasar da aka saya ta zama mallakar kansa.
A lokacin 1864-1870. Alexander na biyu ya goyi bayan dokokin Zemsky da na Birni. A wannan lokacin, ana aiwatar da mahimman canje-canje a fagen ilimi. Har ila yau, sarkin ya soke aikin wulakanta azaba ta jiki.
A lokaci guda, Alexander II ya zama mai nasara a yakin Caucasian kuma ya hade yawancin Turkestan zuwa yankin kasar. Bayan haka, ya yanke shawarar shiga yaƙi da Turkiyya.
Hakanan, tsar na Rasha ya sake cika kasafin kuɗin ƙasa ta hanyar siyar da Alaska ga Amurka. Kara karantawa game da wannan anan.
Da dama daga cikin masana tarihi suna jayayya cewa mulkin Alexander II, ga duk fa'idodin da yake da shi, yana da babbar illa: sarki ya bi tsarin "manufofin Germanophile" wanda ya ci karo da bukatun Rasha.
Romanov ya kasance yana jin tsoron Frederick, yana taimaka masa don ƙirƙirar hadaddiyar ƙungiyar soja ta Jamus.
Duk da haka, a farkon mulkinsa, sarki ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci, wanda a sakamakon haka aka girmama shi da kyau a kira shi "Mai 'Yanci".
Rayuwar mutum
Alexander 2 ya bambanta da irin sonsa na musamman. Yayinda yake saurayi, kuyangar girmamawa Borodzina ta dauke shi har ya zama dole iyayen yarinyar suyi mata aure cikin gaggawa.
Bayan haka, kuyangar girmamawa Maria Trubetskaya ta zama sabuwar ƙaunatacciyar Tsarevich. Ba da daɗewa ba ya sake ƙaunace tare da baiwar girmamawa - Olga Kalinovskaya.
Saurayin yana son yarinyar sosai don saboda neman aure da ita, a shirye yake ya sauka da gadon sarautar.
A sakamakon haka, iyayen magajin gadon sun shiga cikin halin, suna dagewa kan ya auri Maximiliana na Hesse, wanda daga baya aka san shi da suna Maria Alexandrovna.
Wannan aure ya zama mai nasara sosai. Ma'auratan sunada yara maza 6 da mata 2.
Bayan lokaci, ƙaunataccen matarsa ta kamu da rashin lafiya mai tarin yawa. Cutar ta ci gaba kowace rana, ta zama sanadin mutuwar sarauniya a 1880.
Ya kamata a lura cewa a lokacin rayuwar matarsa, Alexander 2 ya ci gaba da yaudare ta da mata daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, an haifi yara marasa halal daga waɗanda yake so.
Ba zawarawa, tsar ya auri 'yar shekara 18 mai martaba Ekaterina Dolgorukova. Ya kasance auren mutuƙar aure, ma'ana, an kammala tsakanin mutane masu bambancin yanayin zamantakewar.
Yaran da aka haifa a cikin wannan ƙungiyar ba su da ikon hawa gadon sarauta. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce cewa an haifi duk yara a lokacin da matar sarki ke da rai.
Mutuwa
A tsawon shekarun tarihinsa, Alexander 2 ya sha fama da yunkurin kisan kai da yawa. A karo na farko Dmitry Karakozov ya mamaye rayuwar tsar. Sannan suna so su kashe sarki a Faris, amma a wannan lokacin ya kasance da rai.
Wani yunƙurin kisan gilla ya faru a cikin Afrilu 1879 a St. Petersburg. Masu kirkirar sa membobin kwamitin zartarwa ne na "Narodnaya Volya". Sun yanke shawarar tarwatsa jirgin sarauta, amma bisa kuskure sun tarwatsa motar da ba daidai ba.
Bayan wannan, kariyar Alexander II ta kara karfi, amma hakan bai taimaka masa ba. Lokacin da karusar daular ke hawa tare da bakin Kogin Catherine, Ignatius Grinevetsky ya jefa bam a ƙafafun dawakan.
Koyaya, sarkin ya mutu daga fashewar bam na biyu. Mai kisan ya jefa ta a ƙafafun sarki lokacin da ya sauka daga karusar. Alexander 2 Nikolaevich Romanov ya mutu ranar 1 ga Maris (13), 1881 yana dan shekara 62.
Hoton Alexander 2
