Max Planck

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck - Bajamushe mai ilimin lissafin lissafi, wanda ya kirkiro ilimin kimiyyar lissafi. Lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi (1918) da sauran manyan kyaututtuka, memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Prussia da sauran al'ummomin kimiyya daban-daban na kasashen waje.

Akwai abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Max Planck wanda wataƙila baku san shi ba.

Don haka, a nan ga ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwar Max Planck.

Tarihin rayuwar Max Planck

An haifi Max Planck ne a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1858 a garin Kiel na Jamus. Ya girma kuma ya girma cikin dangin tsohon dangi masu daukaka.

Kakan Max da kakan-sa farfesa ne na ilimin tauhidi, kuma kawun mahaifinsa sanannen lauya ne.

Mahaifin masanin kimiyyar lissafi na gaba, Wilhelm Planck, ya kasance farfesa a fikihu a Jami'ar Keele. Uwa, Emma Patzig, 'yar wani fasto ce. Baya ga Max, ma'auratan suna da ƙarin yara huɗu.

Yara da samari

Shekaru 9 na farko a rayuwarsa Max Planck sun shafe a Kiel. Bayan haka, shi da danginsa suka koma Bavaria, saboda an ba mahaifinsa aiki a Jami'ar Munich.

Ba da daɗewa ba aka aika yaron ya yi karatu a Gymnasium na Maximilian, wanda aka ɗauka ɗayan manyan cibiyoyin ilimi a Munich.

Planck ya sami manyan maki a duk fannoni, kasancewar yana cikin sahun mafi kyawun ɗaliban wasan motsa jiki.

A wannan lokacin, tarihin Max yana da sha'awar ainihin ilimin kimiyya. Hermann Müller malamin lissafi ya burge shi matuka, wanda ya koya game da dokar kiyaye makamashi.

Ofalibai na ɗabi'a ne suka kwashe ɗalibin da ke son sanin abin da ke faruwa, taimakon jama'a, kuma ya sami jin daɗin kiɗa.

Max Planck ya raira waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta maza kuma ya buga fiyano da kyau. Bugu da ƙari, ya zama mai matukar sha'awar ka'idar kiɗa kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin tsara ayyukan kiɗa.

Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Planck cikin nasara ya ci jarabawa a Jami’ar Munich. A lokaci guda, saurayin ya ci gaba da koyon kiɗa, galibi yana kunna gaɓa a cikin cocin da ke yankin.

Ba da daɗewa ba, Max har ma ya yi aiki a matsayin mawaƙa a ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta ɗalibai kuma ya gudanar da ƙaramin makaɗa.

Bisa ga shawarar mahaifinsa, Planck ya fara karatun ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Philip von Jolly. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce Jolly ya shawarci ɗalibin da ya bar wannan ilimin, tunda, a ra'ayinsa, yana gab da ƙare kansa.

Duk da haka, Max ya yanke shawara sosai don fahimtar tsarin ilimin lissafi, don haka ya fara nazarin ayyuka daban-daban akan wannan batun kuma ya halarci laccoci akan kimiyyar gwajin gwaji ta Wilhelm von Betz.

Bayan ganawa da sanannen masanin kimiyyar lissafi Hermann Helmholtz, Planck ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Berlin.

A wannan lokacin tarihin rayuwar, dalibin yana halartar laccoci daga masanin lissafi Karl Weierstrass, kuma yana bincika ayyukan farfesa Helmholtz da Kirgoff. Daga baya, ya yi nazarin aikin Claesius akan ka'idar zafi, wanda hakan ya sa shi himmatuwa cikin nazarin ilimin yanayin zamani.

Kimiyyar

Tun yana dan shekara 21, Max Planck ya sami digirin digirgir bayan ya kare takaddama kan doka ta biyu ta thermodynamics. A cikin aikin nasa, ya sami nasarar tabbatar da cewa ta hanyar aiwatar da kai, ba a sauya zafi daga jikin mai sanyi zuwa mai ɗumi.

Ba da daɗewa ba, masanin kimiyyar lissafi ya wallafa sabon aiki a kan ilimin kimiyar motsa jiki kuma ya karɓi matsayin ƙaramin mataimaki a sashen kimiyyar lissafi na jami'ar Munich.

Bayan 'yan shekaru, Max ya zama babban malami a Jami'ar Kiel sannan a Jami'ar Berlin. A wannan lokacin, tarihin rayuwarsa yana kara samun karbuwa a wurin masana kimiyyar duniya.

Daga baya, an aminta da Planck ya shugabanci Kwalejin koyar da ilimin lissafi. A cikin 1892, masanin kimiyyar mai shekaru 34 ya zama farfesa na cikakken lokaci.

Bayan haka, Max Planck yayi zurfin nazari game da yanayin zafi na jikin. Ya kai ga natijan cewa electromagnetic radiation ba zai iya cigaba ba. Yana gudana ne ta hanyar kwatancen mutum, wanda girman sa ya dogara da mitar da aka watsa.

A sakamakon haka, masanin kimiyyar lissafi ya samo asali don rarraba makamashi a cikin bakan cikakkar jikin bakar fata.

A cikin 1900, Planck ya ba da rahoto game da abin da ya gano kuma ta haka ne ya zama mai kafa - ka'idar jimla. A sakamakon haka, bayan 'yan watanni, bisa la'akari da tsarinsa, ana lasafta kimar Boltzmann akai.

Max yana sarrafawa don ƙayyade yawan Avogadro - adadin atoms a cikin ƙwayar cuta ɗaya. Gano masanin kimiyyar lissafin Jamusanci ya ba Einstein damar kara inganta ka'idar jimla.

A shekara ta 1918 Max Planck an ba shi lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi "saboda girmamawar gano makamashin quanta."

Bayan shekaru 10, masanin ya sanar da yin murabus, yana ci gaba da aiki tare da Kaiser Wilhelm Society for Basic Sciences. Bayan wasu shekaru, ya zama shugaban ta.

Addini da falsafa

Planck ya yi karatu ne a cikin ruhun Lutheran. Kafin cin abincin dare, koyaushe yana yin addu'a sannan kawai ya ci gaba da cin abinci.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, daga 1920 har zuwa ƙarshen zamaninsa, mutumin ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatarwa.

Max ya yi imanin cewa kimiyya da addini suna da babban matsayi a rayuwar ɗan adam. Koyaya, ya yi adawa da haɗewar su.

Masanin kimiyya ya fito fili ya soki kowane nau'i na ruhaniya, astrology da theosophy, wanda a wancan lokacin ya sami babban farin jini a cikin al'umma.

A cikin karatun sa, Planck bai taba ambaton sunan Kristi ba. Bugu da ƙari, masanin ilmin lissafi ya jaddada cewa duk da cewa tun yana saurayi "yana cikin yanayi na addini", bai yi imani "da na mutum ba, balle allahn Kirista."

Rayuwar mutum

Matar farko ta Max ita ce Maria Merck, wacce ya santa tun yarinta. Daga baya, ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza 2 - Karl da Erwin, da kuma tagwaye 2 - Emma da Greta.

A cikin 1909, ƙaunatacciyar matar Planck ta mutu. Bayan wasu shekaru, mutumin ya auri Margarita von Hesslin, wacce ta kasance yayar marigayiya Mariya.

A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, an haifi yaron Herman ga Max da Margarita.

Bayan lokaci, a cikin tarihin Max Planck, akwai jerin masifu da ke tattare da dangin sa na kusa. Lan farinsa Karl ya mutu a tsakiyar Yaƙin Duniya na Farko (1914-1918), kuma 'ya'yan mata biyu sun mutu a lokacin haihuwa tsakanin 1917-1919.

Theana na biyu daga aurensa na farko an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a 1945 saboda shiga cikin ƙulla makirci ga Hitler. Kuma kodayake mashahurin masanin kimiyyar lissafi ya yi iyakar kokarinsa don ceton Erwin, babu abin da ya same shi.

Planck na ɗaya daga cikin tsirarun mutanen da suka kare yahudawa lokacin da Nazi ke kan mulki. A yayin ganawa da Fuhrer, ya lallashe shi ya yi watsi da fitinar wannan mutanen.

Hitler, a cikin al'adarsa, ya bayyana kimiyyar lissafi ga fuskarsa, duk abin da yake tunani game da yahudawa, bayan haka Max bai sake tayar da wannan batun ba.

A karshen yakin, gidan Planck ya lalace yayin daya daga cikin hare-haren bam din, kuma masanin kanshi da kansa ya tsira. Sakamakon haka, aka tilasta wa ma'auratan tserewa zuwa cikin daji, inda wani mai shayarwa ya ba su mafaka.

Duk waɗannan abubuwan sun gurgunta lafiyar mutum sosai. Ya sha wahala daga cututtukan zuciya na kashin baya, wanda ya ba shi wahala matuka don motsawa.

Godiya ga kokarin Farfesa Robert Pohl, an tura sojojin Amurka don Planck da matarsa don taimaka masa ya koma Göttingen lafiya.

Bayan ya kwashe makonni da yawa a asibiti, Max ya fara samun sauki sosai. Bayan an sallame shi, ya sake tsunduma cikin ayyukan kimiyya da laccoci.

Mutuwa

Jim kadan kafin mutuwar wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, aka sake kiran Kaiser Wilhelm Society da Max Planck Society, saboda gudummawar da ta bayar wajen ci gaban kimiyya.

A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1947, Planck ya gabatar da lacca ta ƙarshe ga ɗalibai, bayan haka lafiyarsa ta ƙara taɓarɓarewa ta kowace rana.

Max Planck ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1947 yana da shekara 89. Dalilin mutuwarsa bugun jini ne.