Rene Descartes (1596-1650) - Bafaranshe masanin falsafa, lissafi, makaniki, masanin ilmin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, mahaliccin lissafi da alamomin algebraic na zamani, marubucin hanyar shakkar tsattsauran ra'ayi cikin falsafa, inji a kimiyyar lissafi, magabacin reflexology.
Akwai tarihin abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa na tarihin Descartes, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku akwai ɗan gajeren tarihin Rene Descartes.
Tarihin rayuwar Descartes
An haifi René Descartes a garin Lae na Faransa a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1596. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce daga baya za a kira wannan gari Descartes.
Masanin falsafa na gaba ya fito ne daga tsohuwar tsohuwar, amma talauci mai daraja. Baya ga shi, iyayen Rene suna da ƙarin 'ya'ya maza 2.
Yara da samari
Descartes ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan Alkali Joaquim da matarsa Jeanne Brochard. Lokacin da Rene bai kai shekara 1 kawai ba, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu.
Tunda mahaifinsa yayi aiki a Rennes, da kyar yake gida. Saboda wannan dalili, yaron ya tashi daga wurin mahaifiyarsa.
Descartes yaro ne mai rauni da rashin lafiya. Koyaya, ya shaƙu da ilimi iri-iri kuma yana son kimiyya sosai wanda hakan ya sa shugaban gidan ya kira shi cikin raha da sunan "ɗan falsafar."
Yaron ya sami karatun firamare a kwalejin Jesuit na La Flèche, inda aka ba da mahimmanci na musamman ga nazarin ilimin tauhidi.
Abin mamaki ne cewa yayin da Rene ya sami ilimin addini, sai ya ƙara zama mai shakku game da manyan masana falsafa na lokacin.
Yana dan shekara 16, Descartes ya kammala karatu daga kwaleji, bayan ya gama karatun lauya na wani lokaci a Poitiers. Da yake ya zama likita a cikin sharia, saurayin ya tafi Paris, inda ya shiga aikin soja. Rene ya yi yaƙi a Holland, wacce ta yi gwagwarmayar neman 'yancinta, sannan kuma ta halarci yaƙin na gajeren lokaci don Prague.
A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, Descartes ya sadu da shahararren masanin falsafa da lissafi Isaac Beckmann, wanda ya yi tasiri a kan ci gabansa na mutumtaka.
Komawa zuwa Paris, Jesuene sun tsananta wa Rene, waɗanda suka soki shi don tunani kyauta kuma an zarge shi da bidi'a. A saboda wannan dalili, an tilasta malamin falsafa barin ƙasarsa ta Faransa. Ya koma Holland, inda ya kwashe kimanin shekaru 20 yana karatun kimiyya.
Falsafa
Falsafar Descartes ta ginu ne a kan akidar bi-bizi - ra'ayin da ke wa'azin ka'idoji 2, bai dace da juna ba har ma da akasi.
Rene yayi imanin cewa akwai abubuwa masu zaman kansu 2 - manufa da abu. A lokaci guda, ya fahimci kasancewar nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi 2 - tunani da tsawaitawa.
Descartes yayi jayayya cewa mahaliccin duka abubuwan biyu Allah ne. Ya halicce su ne bisa ƙa'idodi da dokoki iri ɗaya.
Masanin kimiyya ya ba da shawarar sanin duniyar da ke kewaye da mu ta hanyar hankali. A lokaci guda, ya yarda cewa zuciyar ɗan adam ajizi ce kuma ta fi ƙasa da cikakkiyar tunanin Mahalicci.
Tunanin Descartes a fagen ilimi ya zama tushe don ci gaban hankali.
Don ilimin wani abu, mutum yakan yi tambaya game da gaskiyar gaskiyar. Mashahurin maganarsa ta wanzu har zuwa yau: "Ina ji - saboda haka ni ne."
Hanyar Descartes
Masanin ya yi imanin cewa kwarewa tana da amfani ga hankali kawai a waɗancan lokuta lokacin da ba shi yiwuwa a gano gaskiya ta hanyar tunani kawai. A sakamakon haka, ya zakulo hanyoyi 4 masu mahimmanci don gano gaskiya:
- Ya kamata mutum ya fara daga mafi bayyane, ba tare da shakka ba.
- Kowane tambaya dole ne a raba shi zuwa ƙananan ƙananan sassa kamar yadda za a buƙaci don amfaninta mai fa'ida.
- Kuna buƙatar farawa tare da mafi sauƙi, matsawa zuwa mafi rikitarwa.
- A kowane mataki, ana buƙatar tabbatar da gaskiyar gaskiyar abubuwan da aka yanke don samun ilimin gaskiya da ƙaddara a ƙarshen binciken.
Marubucin tarihin Descartes ya bayyana cewa waɗannan ƙa'idodin, waɗanda masanin falsafa koyaushe yake bi da su yayin rubuta ayyukansa, ya nuna a fili burin al'adun Turai na ƙarni na 17 don yin watsi da dokokin da aka kafa da kuma gina sabon, ingantaccen kuma makasudin kimiyya.
Lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi
Asalin aikin falsafa da lissafi na Rene Descartes ana ɗaukarsa a zaman Tattaunawa akan Hanyar. Yana bayanin asalin ilimin lissafi, da kuma ka'idoji don nazarin na'urori masu hangen nesa da abubuwan mamaki.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa masanin shine farkon wanda ya sami nasarar kirkirar dokar fitilar haske. Shi ne marubucin mai bayyanawa - dash a kan bayanin da aka ɗauka a ƙarƙashin tushen, yana farawa don nuna adadi da ba a sani ba ta alamomin - "x, y, z", da maƙewa - ta alamomin "a, b, c".
René Descartes ya kirkiro tsarin lissafin lissafi, wanda har yanzu ana amfani dashi don magance matsaloli. Hakanan ya sami nasarar haɓaka tsarin daidaitawa wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar ilimin lissafi da lissafi.
Descartes ya mai da hankali sosai kan nazarin ayyukan algebraic da "na inji", yana mai bayyanawa a lokaci guda cewa babu wata hanya guda ɗaya da za a iya nazarin ayyukan ƙarancin ɗan adam.
Mutumin yayi nazarin lambobi na gaske, kuma daga baya ya nuna sha'awar lambobi masu rikitarwa. Ya gabatar da tunanin kirkirarrun munanan tushe wanda yake hade da ma'anar hadaddun lambobi.
Wasu mahimman masana kimiyya na lokacin sun yarda da nasarorin da René Descartes ya samu. Abubuwan da ya gano sun kafa tushen aikin kimiyyar Euler da Newton, da kuma sauran masana lissafi da yawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, Descartes ya tabbatar da wanzuwar Allah ta mahangar kimiyya, yana ba da hujjoji masu yawa.
Rayuwar mutum
Ba a san da yawa game da rayuwar masanin ba. Yawancin marubutan tarihi na Descartes sun yarda cewa bai taɓa yin aure ba.
A cikin girma, mutumin yana soyayya da wani bawan da yayi masa ciki har ya haifi yarinya Francine. Rene yana cikin rashin sani cikin soyayya da shege yar sa, wacce ta mutu da zazzabin zazzabi tana da shekaru 5.
Mutuwar Francine ta kasance babban rauni ga Descartes kuma mafi girman bala'i a rayuwarsa.
Zamanin lissafi ya yi da'awar cewa a cikin al'umma yana da girman kai da laconic. Ya fi son kasancewa shi kaɗai tare da shi, amma tare da abokansa har ilayau zai iya zama mai annashuwa da aiki cikin sadarwa.
Mutuwa
Shekaru da yawa, ana tsananta wa Descartes saboda tunaninsa na kyauta da kuma sabon tsarin kimiyya.
Shekara guda kafin rasuwarsa, masanin ya zauna a Stockholm, yana karbar goron gayyata daga Sarauniyar Sweden Christina. Ya kamata a lura cewa kafin hakan suna da dogon rubutu a kan batutuwa daban-daban.
Kusan nan da nan bayan ya koma Sweden, masanin falsafar ya kamu da mummunan sanyi ya mutu. René Descartes ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1650 yana da shekara 53.
A yau akwai sigar da aka bayyana cewa wacce Gucartes ya sami guba tare da arsenic. Waɗanda suka fara kisan nasa na iya zama wakilan Cocin Katolika, waɗanda suka wulakanta shi.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar René Descartes, an saka ayyukansa a cikin "Fihirisar Littattafan Haramtattu", kuma Louis XIV ya ba da umarnin dakatar da koyar da falsafancinsa a duk cibiyoyin ilimi a Faransa.