Maximilien Marie Isidore de Robespierre (1758-1794) - Juyin juya halin Faransa, ɗayan shahararrun mashahuran masanan siyasa na Babban juyin juya halin Faransa. Ya ba da shawarar dakatar da bautar, da hukuncin kisa, da kuma don zaɓen duniya.
Wakili mafi kyawu na Kungiyar Jacobin tun kafuwarta. Mai goyon bayan kifar da masarauta da kafuwar tsarin jamhuriya. Memba na ɗan tawayen Paris Commune, wanda ya yi adawa da manufofin Girondins.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Robespierre, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Maximilian Robespierre.
Tarihin rayuwar Robespierre
An haifi Maximilian Robespierre a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1758 a garin Arras na Faransa. Ya girma a cikin dangin lauya Maximilian Robespierre Sr. da matarsa Jacqueline Marguerite Carro, wacce ita ce 'yar masara.
Yara da samari
Juyin juya halin na gaba yana ɗaya daga cikin yara 5 na iyayensa. Yaro na biyar ya mutu nan da nan bayan ya haihu, kuma bayan mako guda sai mahaifiyar Maximilian, wacce da ƙyar ta kai shekaru 6 da haihuwa.
Bayan wasu shekaru, mahaifina ya bar iyali, bayan haka ya bar ƙasar. A sakamakon haka, Robespierre, tare da ɗan'uwansa Augustin, an ɗauke su zuwa kulawar kakan mahaifiyarsa, yayin da aka kai 'yan'uwa mata wurin kakanin mahaifinsu.
A cikin 1765, aka tura Maximilian zuwa Kwalejin Arras. A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, yaron baya son kasancewa tare da takwarorin sa, ya fi son kadaici a gare su. Kasancewa shi kaɗai tare da kansa, sai ya tsunduma cikin tunani, yana yin tunani a kan batutuwan da suka fi so.
Wataƙila kawai nishaɗin da Robespierre ke yi shine gidan tsuntsaye da kwalliya, waɗanda ke fiskar hatsi a kusa da giyar. Kaka ya so jikansa ya fara sana'ar giya a nan gaba, amma ba a ƙaddara burinsa ya zama gaskiya ba.
Nasarar Maximilian ta ilimi ta ja hankalin mashahuran mashawarta. Canon Aimé ya tabbatar da cewa saurayin ya sami guraben karatu na livres 450. Bayan haka, an tura shi zuwa kwalejin babban birni na Louis the Great.
Tun da dangi ba za su iya iya ba Robespierre tallafi na abin duniya ba, ya fuskanci mawuyacin halin rashin kuɗi. Ba shi da kaya masu kyau da kuɗi don abinci mai kyau. Duk da wannan, ya sami damar zama ɗalibin ɗalibin kwaleji, da sanin Latin da Girkanci, sannan kuma yana da kyakkyawar fahimtar tsohon tarihi da adabi.
Malamai sun lura cewa Maximilian ɗalibi ne mai saukin kai, mai kaɗaici da kuma mafarki. Ya ƙaunaci yawo kan titi, ya rasa tunaninsa.
A lokacin bazara na 1775 Robespierre an zaɓi shi don isar da ƙawancen yabo ga sabon zaɓaɓɓen Sarki Louis XVI. Sannan sarki bai riga ya san cewa saurayin da ke tsaye a gabansa shekaru baya zai zama mai zartar masa da hukunci.
Bayan ya kammala karatunsa, Maximilian ya yanke shawarar daukar fikihu. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Sorbonne kuma ya zama Bachelor of Laws, sunansa ya shiga rajistar lauyoyi na Majalisar Paris.
Juyin Juya Halin Faransa
Bayan samun lasisin lauya, Robespierre ya zama mai sha'awar koyarwar masana falsafa na wannan zamani, sannan kuma ya nuna sha'awar siyasa sosai. A cikin 1789 ya zama memba na mataimakan 12 na Janar Janar.
Babu wani lokaci, Maximilian ya zama ɗayan fitattun masu iya magana da fasaha. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, a lokacin 1789 ya yi jawabai 69, kuma a cikin 1791 - 328!
Ba da daɗewa ba Robespierre ya haɗu da Jacobins - ƙungiyoyin siyasa mafi tasiri na juyin juya halin, wanda ke da alaƙa da ma'anar mulkin jamhuriya da amfani da tashin hankali don cimma burin.
A wannan lokacin tarihin rayuwar, Maximilian ya kasance mai goyan bayan ra'ayoyin Rene Rousseau, yana mai sukar sake fasalin masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Saboda yakin neman zabe da ba zai iya sasantawa ba da neman 'yanci ga dimokiradiyya, da kuma biyayya ga ka'idoji, ya sami lakabin "Ba shi da iko".
Bayan rusa Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa (1791), mutumin ya ci gaba da aiki a Faris. Ya kasance mai adawa da yaƙi da Austriya, tunda, a ra'ayinsa, ta yiwa Faransa babbar illa. Koyaya, 'yan siyasa kalilan ne suka goyi bayan sa a kan wannan batun.
Don haka ba wanda zai iya tunanin cewa rikicin soja zai ci gaba har tsawon shekaru 25 kuma zai haifar da akasi sakamakon wadanda suka yi gwagwarmaya - Louis 16 da Brissot tare da abokansa. Robespierre ya halarci ci gaban rantsuwa ga jami'ai, har ma da tsara kundin tsarin mulki na 1791.
Dan siyasar ya yi kira da a soke hukuncin kisan, amma bai sami wani martani ba a tsakanin abokan aikin nasa. A halin da ake ciki, sojojin Faransa sun yi asara a yaƙe-yaƙe da Austrian. Sojoji da yawa sun wuce zuwa gefen abokan gaba, saboda amincewa da gwamnati yana raguwa yana raguwa kowace rana.
Da yake so ya hana rugujewar jihar, Robespierre ya fara kiran 'yan uwansa da su yi juyin-juya hali. A lokacin rani na 1792 an yi rikici. Shugaban Jacobins ya shiga cikin sanarwar da aka kira ta Paris Commune, bayan haka aka zaɓe shi zuwa Taron tare da Georges Jacques Danton.
Wannan shine yadda tawaye da Girondins ya fara. Ba da daɗewa ba, Maximilian ya fara gabatar da jawabai inda yake buƙatar a kashe sarkin na Faransa ba tare da fitina ko bincike ba. Ya mallaki wannan magana: "Louis dole ne ya mutu, kamar yadda uba dole ne ya rayu."
Sakamakon haka, a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1793, Louis 16 ya kashe guillotine. Jacobins sun sami ɗan tallafi daga sans-culottes da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Babban taron ya yanke shawarar kafa ƙayyadadden farashin burodi, kuma Robespierre da kansa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Paris Commune.
Mayu na wannan shekarar ya kasance alama ce ta tashin hankali inda Girondins suka sha wahala fiasco. Faransa ta fada cikin rudani, sakamakon haka Yarjejeniyar ta ba da umarnin kafa kwamitoci, yana ba su 'yancin yin aiki.
Robespierre ya ƙare da Kwamitin Ceto, yana inganta manufar ƙauracewa Kiristanci. A ra'ayinsa, daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan juyin juya halin shi ne gina al'umma ta wani sabon tsari, wanda ya danganci dabi'ar sabon addini.
A cikin 1794, an ayyana ultungiyar Maɗaukaki a cikin ƙasar, wanda ya kasance tsafin addini, a cikin jerin jerin bukukuwan juyin juya halin gwamnati na hukuma. Gwamnati ce ta kafa wannan ƙungiyar ta gwagwarmaya da Kiristanci, kuma sama da komai akan Katolika.
A cikin jawaban nasa, Robespierre ya bayyana cewa ba za a iya cimma burin ba sai da taimakon ta'addanci. Bayan an gama yakin da Ostiriya, Majalisar Dokokin ta fara aiki a Faransa, abin da ya sa aka rusa kwamitocin. A cikin jihar, sannu-sannu an maye gurbin aikin hannu da aikin inji.
A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kasar ta fara murmurewa daga shekaru goma na tabarbarewar tattalin arziki. An gudanar da gyare-gyare a fagen ilimi, wanda cocin ba za ta iya ƙara yin tasiri ba.
A lokacin bazara na 1794, an zartar da doka wacce za a hukunta kowane ɗan ƙasa saboda nuna ƙyamar jamhuriya. Daga baya, Maximilian Robespierre ya yi kira da a kashe abokan Danton, wadanda suka kasance abokan hamayyar siyasa na mutanen Jacobins.
Bayan haka, mai neman sauyi ya shirya wani aiki don girmama ultungiyar ofungiyar Maɗaukaki. Wadanda ake zargin ba su iya neman kariya da tallafi ba, yayin da ikon Robespierre ke ta kara kasa a kowace rana. Ta haka ne Babban Ta'addanci ya fara, a lokacin mulkin kama karya na Jacobin ya rushe.
Yawancin lokaci, a ranar 27 ga Yuli, Robespierre tare da mutane masu tunani ɗaya aka gabatar da shi a gaban shari'a. Saboda makircin, an haramta su, kuma Maximilian da kansa an hambarar da shi.
Rayuwar mutum
Budurwar da Robespierre ta fi so ita ce Eleanor Duplet. Sun ji daɗin juna ba kawai tausayin juna ba, amma kuma suna da ra'ayi iri ɗaya na siyasa.
Wasu masu rubutun tarihin suna da'awar cewa Maximilian ya miƙa hannu da zuciya ga Eleanor, yayin da wasu ke musun irin wannan bayanin. Kasance haka kawai, batun bai taba zuwa bikin aure ba. Wani abin ban sha’awa shi ne, yarinyar ta fi saurayinta shekaru 38 tana saka masa makoki har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarta, ba tare da yin aure ba.
Mutuwa
Maximilian Robespierre ta hanyar guillotine a ranar 28 ga Yulin, 1794. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yana da shekaru 36. An binne gawarsa, tare da sauran mutanen Jacobins da aka kashe, a cikin babban kabari kuma an rufe shi da lemun tsami don kada wata alama ta juyin juya halin ta kasance.
Hotunan Robespierre
