Petr Arkadievich Stolypin (1862-1911) - ɗan mulkin mallaka na Daular Rasha, sakataren jiha na Mai Martaba Sarki, ainihin ɗan majalisar jihar, mai ba da shawara. Fitaccen mai kawo canji, wanda a lokuta daban-daban ya kasance gwamnan birane da yawa, sannan ya zama Ministan cikin gida, kuma a ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya zama Firayim Minista.
An san shi a matsayin ɗan ƙasa wanda ya taka rawar gani wajen murƙushe juyin juya halin 1905-1907. Ya zartar da wasu kudade da suka shiga cikin tarihi azaman Stolypin agrarian sake fasalin, babban mahimmin abin da aka gabatar shine gabatar da mallakar gonaki na makiyaya masu zaman kansu.
Stolypin ya mallaki rashin tsoro da azama. 11 an yi niyyar kisan kai kuma an yi shi kan dan siyasan, wanda na karshe ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwarsa.
Akwai tarihin gaskiya masu yawa na ban sha'awa na Stolypin, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanka gajeriyar tarihin Peter Stolypin.
Tarihin Stolypin
An haifi Pyotr Stolypin a ranar 2 ga Afrilu (14), 1862 a cikin garin Dresden na kasar Jamus. Ya girma kuma ya girma a cikin gidan Janar Arkady Stolypin da matarsa Natalya Mikhailovna. Bitrus yana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya da' yan'uwa maza 2 - Mikhail da Alexander.
Yara da samari
Stolypins na sanannen dangi ne masu daraja waɗanda suka wanzu a ƙarni na 16. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, akan layin mahaifinsa, Peter dan uwan ne na biyu ga sanannen marubucin Mikhail Lermontov.
Mahaifiyar mai kawo canji nan gaba ta kasance daga dangin Gorchakov, wacce ta samo asali ne tun daga daular Rurik.
A cikin yarinta, an ba Peter duk abin da ya cancanta, tun da iyayensa masu wadata ne. Lokacin da yake shekara 12, ya fara karatu a dakin motsa jiki na Vilna.
Shekaru 4 daga baya, Stolypin ya koma gidan wasan motsa jiki na Oryol. A wancan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, an fifita shi da taka tsantsan da halaye na gari.
Bayan kammala karatun motsa jiki, Peter mai shekaru 19 ya tafi St. Petersburg, inda ya shiga Jami'ar Imperial a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa Dmitry Mendeleev da kansa ɗayan malami ne.
Ayyukan Peter Stolypin
Kasancewarsa ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar noma, Pyotr Stolypin ya hau mukamin sakatare na kwaleji. Bayan shekaru 3 kawai, ya zama mai ba da shawara na musamman.
Da shigewar lokaci, aka sanya Peter zuwa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, inda aka ba shi amanar mukamin shugaban kotun Coven na masu sulhu. Don haka, a zahiri ya mallaki manyan iko, yana cikin matsayin kyaftin. Amma sai da kyar ya cika shekaru 26.
A cikin shekaru da yawa da ya yi yana aiki a Kovno, da kuma lokacin da yake gwamna a Grodno da Saratov, Stolypin ya mai da hankali sosai ga bangaren aikin gona.
Petr Arkadievich ya yi nazarin fasahohi iri-iri, yana ƙoƙarin inganta inganci da yawan amfanin gona. Ya yi gwaji da sababbin irin shuka, yana lura da yadda suke girma da sauran halaye.
Stolypin ta buɗe makarantun koyan sana'a da kuma ɗakunan motsa jiki na mata na musamman. Lokacin da nasarorin nasa suka bayyana ga hukuma, an tura dan siyasar zuwa Saratov, inda ya ci gaba da aikinsa. A can ne Yaƙin Russo-Jafananci ya same shi, sannan rikici ya biyo baya (1905).
Pyotr Stolypin da kansa yayi magana tare da fusatattun taron, yana gudanar da neman hanyar kusantar mutane da kwantar musu da hankali. Godiya ga ayyukansa marasa tsoro, tashin hankali a lardin Saratov a hankali ya lafa.
Nicholas 2 ya nuna godiyarsa sau biyu ga Peter, sannan ya ba shi mukamin na Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida. Ya kamata a lura cewa Stolypin baya son ya mallaki wannan matsayi, tunda ya nemi babban nauyi daga gareshi. Af, ministocin da suka gabata 2 an yi musu kisan gilla.
A wannan lokacin, tarihin rayuwar Pyotr Stolypin an riga an yi ƙoƙari 4, amma duk lokacin da ya sami damar fita daga ruwan,
Mawuyacin sabon aikin ga mutumin shi ne cewa akasarin wakilan Duma na Jiha suna da ra'ayin sauyi, suna adawa da gwamnati mai ci.
Wannan ya haifar da rushewar Duma ta Farko, bayan haka kuma Stolypin ya fara hada mukaminsa da na firayim minista. A cikin jawaban jama'a, ya nuna ƙwarewar iya magana, yana bayyana jimloli da yawa waɗanda daga baya suka zama masu fukafukai.
Pyotr Arkadievich ya yi yaƙi da ƙungiyoyin neman sauyi, yana gudanar da zartar da ƙididdiga masu muhimmanci da yawa.
Peter Stolypin ya sake fasalin
Sauye-sauyen Stolypin ya shafi yankuna da yawa, gami da manufofin ƙasashen waje, na ƙaramar hukuma, likitanci, adalci da al'adu. Koyaya, ya aiwatar da garambawul mafi girma a cikin sa ta fannin noma.
Pyotr Stolypin ya yi ƙoƙari don sa manoman su zama cikakkun masu mallakar ƙasar. Ya tabbatar da cewa manoma za su iya karɓar rancen da zai amfani kansu.
Bugu da kari, jihar tayi alkawarin ta kowace hanya don tallafawa kungiyoyin manoma.
Canji mai mahimmanci na biyu shine zemstvo - gabatarwar hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda suka rage tasiri kan ayyukan attajiran ƙasa. Wannan sake fasalin ya ci gaba mai matukar wahala musamman a yankunan yamma, inda mutane suka saba da dogaro da mutane.
Stolypin shine mai ƙaddamar da wani muhimmin lissafin da ya shafi masana'antu. Dokokin daukar ma'aikata, tsawon ranar aiki ya canza, an gabatar da inshora kan rashin lafiya da hadurra, da dai sauransu.
Tun da Firayim Ministan yake son haɗa kan al'ummomin da ke zaune a Rasha, sai ya ƙirƙiri ma'aikatar ƙasashe. Burinsa shi ne neman sasantawa kan batutuwa da dama tsakanin wakilan kowace al'umma, ba tare da wulakanta al'adunsu, yarensu da addininsu ba.
Stolypin ya yi amannar cewa irin waɗannan ayyukan za su taimaka wajen kawar da rikice-rikice na addini da na addini.
Sakamakon gyare-gyaren Stolypin
Sauye-sauyen Stolypin ya haifar da ra'ayoyi mabanbanta tsakanin masana da yawa. Wasu na ganin shi kadai ne wanda a nan gaba zai iya hana Juyin juya halin Oktoba ya kuma ceci kasar daga tsawan yaƙe-yaƙe da yunwa.
A cewar wasu masu rubutun tarihin, Pyotr Stolypin yayi amfani da tsauraran matakai da tsattsauran ra'ayi don gabatar da nasa ra'ayin. Sauye-sauyen da ya aiwatar sun kasance masu zurfin bincike daga masana kimiyya tsawon shekaru da yawa, sakamakon haka aka ɗauke su a matsayin tushen Mikhail Gorbachev's Perestroika.
Idan ya zo ga Stolypin, da yawa suna tuna Grigory Rasputin, wanda yake babban aminin gidan masarauta ne. Ya kamata a sani cewa Firayim Ministan ba shi da mummunan ra'ayi game da Rasputin, yana aika masa da zargi mai yawa.
A kan rokon Peter Arkadievich ne Rasputin ya bar kan iyakokin Masarautar Rasha, ya yanke shawarar yin aikin hajji zuwa Kudus. Zai dawo ne kawai bayan mutuwar ɗan siyasan.
Rayuwar mutum
Stolypin ya yi aure yana da shekara 22. Da farko, matarsa ita ce amaryar ɗan'uwansa Mikhail, wanda ya mutu tare da yarima Shakhovsky. Yayin da yake mutuwa, ana zargin Mikhail ya nemi Peter ya auri amaryarsa.
Ko da gaske yana da wuya a faɗi, amma Stolypin ya yi bikin aure da Olga Neidgardt, ɗayan kuyangin girmamawa ga Empress Maria Feodorovna
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, Olga ita ce babbar jikanyar jikokin kwamandan almara Alexander Suvorov.
Wannan ƙungiyar ta zama mai farin ciki. Iyalin Stolypin suna da yara mata 5 da ɗa ɗaya. Daga baya, dan mai kawo canji zai bar Rasha ya zama mai tallata talla a Faransa.
Mutuwa
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an yi ƙoƙari guda 10 marasa nasara akan Pyotr Stolypin. A lokacin daya daga cikin yunƙurin kisan gillar na baya-bayan nan, masu kisan sun so yin ma'amala da Firayim Minista a Tsibirin Aptekarsky da abubuwan fashewa.
A sakamakon haka, Stolypin ya tsira, yayin da mutane da yawa marasa laifi suka mutu nan take. Bayan wannan abin bakin ciki ya fara aiki da doka akan kotuna masu "saurin", wanda aka fi sani da "Tlyly tie". Wannan yana nufin hukuncin kisa kai tsaye ga 'yan ta'addar.
Bayan wannan, 'yan sanda sun sami damar gano wasu makirce-makircen da yawa, amma jami'an ba su iya kare dan siyasan daga mummunan yunkurin kisan gillar 11 ba.
Lokacin da Stolypin da dangin sarauta suka kasance a Kiev, a yayin buɗe ginin abin tunawa ga Alexander 2, mai ba da labari a ɓoye Dmitry Bogrov ya karɓi saƙo cewa 'yan ta'adda sun isa garin don kashe sarki.
Amma a zahiri Bogrov ne ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin kuma ba akan Nikolai 2 ba, amma a kan Firayim Minista. Kuma tunda amintaccen mai ba da bayanin, yana da izinin wucewa zuwa akwatin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, inda manyan jami'ai ne kawai ke zaune.
Yayin da yake kusantar Stolypin, Bogrov ya yi harbi sau biyu a kan wanda aka azabtar, wanda ya mutu sakamakon raunin nasa kwanaki 4 daga baya. Petr Arkadievich Stolypin ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Satumba (18), 1911 yana da shekara 49.
Hotunan Stolypin