Nero (sunan haihuwa Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 37-68) - sarkin Rome, na ƙarshe na daular Julian-Claudian. Hakanan sarakunan majalisar dattijai, Tribune, mahaifin kasar uba, babban firist da kuma dan karamin jakada 5 (55, 57, 58, 60 da 68).
A cikin al'adun Kirista, ana ɗaukar Nero a matsayin mai shirya ƙasa na farko na tsananta wa Kiristoci da kisan manzanni Bitrus da Paul.
Tushen tarihi na duniya ya ba da rahoton tsananta wa Kiristoci a lokacin mulkin Nero. Tacitus ya rubuta cewa bayan gobara a cikin shekaru 64, sarki ya shirya kisan gilla a Rome.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Nero, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin rayuwar Nero.
Tarihin rayuwar Nero
An haifi Nero a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 37 a cikin yankin Italiya na Ancius. Ya kasance daga tsohuwar gidan Domitian. Mahaifinsa, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, ɗan siyasa ne mai son mallakar ƙasa. Uwa, Agrippina thear, 'yar'uwar sarki Caligula ce.
Yara da samari
Nero ya rasa mahaifinsa tun yana ƙaramin yaro, bayan haka kuma innarsa ta ɗauki matsayin renonsa. A wancan lokacin, mahaifiyarsa tana gudun hijira saboda shiga cikin makircin da aka yiwa sarki.
Lokacin da a shekara ta 41 AD wasu 'yan tawaye masu tawaye suka kashe Caligula, Claudius, wanda kawun Nero ne, ya zama sabon sarki. Ya ba da umarnin a saki Agrippina, bai manta da ƙwace dukiyarta ba.
Ba da daɗewa ba, mahaifiyar Nero ta auri Guy Slusaria. A wancan lokacin, tarihin rayuwar yaron ya yi karatun fannoni daban-daban, sannan kuma ya karanci rawa da fasahar kide-kide. Lokacin da Slyusarius ya mutu a cikin 46, jita-jita ta fara yaduwa tsakanin mutane cewa matarsa ta ba shi guba.
Shekaru 3 bayan haka, bayan jerin rikice-rikice na gidan sarauta, matar ta zama matar Claudius, kuma Nero ya zama ɗan sarki kuma mai yiwuwa sarki. Agrippina ta yi mafarkin ɗanta zai hau gadon sarauta, amma ɗan Claudius ya yi mata cikas game da shirinta na baya - Britannicus.
Tana da babban tasiri, matar ta shiga gwagwarmaya mai ƙarfi don iko. Ta sami nasarar rarraba Britannica kuma ta kawo Nero kusa da kujerar sarki. Daga baya, lokacin da Claudius ya fahimci duk abin da ke faruwa, sai ya yanke shawarar mayar da dan nasa kotu, amma bai samu lokaci ba. Agrippina ta sanya masa guba da naman kaza, inda ta gabatar da mutuwar mijinta a matsayin mutuwar mutuƙar.
Hukumar gudanarwa
Nan da nan bayan Claudius ya mutu, aka sanar da Nero ɗan shekara 16 a matsayin sabon sarki. A lokacin tarihin sa, malamin sa shine Stoic falsafa Seneca, wanda ya ba sabon zaɓaɓɓen mai mulki ilimi mai amfani da yawa.
Baya ga Seneca, shugaban sojojin Rome Sextus Burr yana da hannu a cikin haɓaka Nero. Godiya ga tasirin waɗannan mutane a cikin Daular Roman, an samar da ƙididdiga masu amfani da yawa.
Da farko dai, Nero na karkashin cikakken tasirin mahaifiyarsa, amma bayan wasu shekaru sai ya nuna adawa da ita. Abin lura ne cewa Agrippina ta fadi warwas a gaban danta bisa ga shawarar Seneca da Burr, waɗanda ba sa jin daɗin cewa ta tsoma baki a cikin harkokin siyasar jihar.
A sakamakon haka, matar da aka yi wa laifi ta fara yin lalata da danta, da niyyar ayyana Britannicus a matsayin mai doka. Lokacin da Nero ya sami labarin wannan, sai ya ba da umarnin sanya guba a cikin Britannicus, sannan ya kori mahaifiyarsa daga fada kuma ya bata duk wata daraja.
A wannan lokacin a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Nero ya zama azzalumi mai zalunci, wanda yake da sha'awar al'amuran kansa fiye da matsalolin masarautar. Fiye da duka, yana son samun shahara a matsayin ɗan wasa, mai zane da kiɗa, yayin da bai mallaki wata baiwa ba.
Da yake so ya sami cikakken 'yanci daga kowa, Nero ya yanke shawarar kashe mahaifiyarsa. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya sanya mata guba sau uku, sannan kuma ya shirya faɗuwar rufin ɗakin da take tare da tsara haɗarin jirgin. Koyaya, duk lokacin da matar ta sami nasarar rayuwa.
Sakamakon haka, sai kawai sarki ya tura sojoji zuwa gidanta don su kashe ta. Mutuwar Agrippina an gabatar da ita azaman biya don yunƙurin kisan Nero.
Dan da kansa ya ƙona gawar mamaciyar, ya ba bayin damar binne tokarta a cikin ƙaramin kabari. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce daga baya Nero ya yarda cewa hoton mahaifiyarsa yana damunsa da dare. Har ma ya kira matsafa don taimaka masa kawar da fatalwarta.
Nero yana jin cikakken 'yanci, Nero ya tsunduma cikin raha. Sau da yawa yakan shirya liyafa, wanda ke haɗe da ƙawa, tseren karusai, bukukuwa da kowane irin gasa.
Koyaya, mai mulkin yana da hannu cikin lamuran jihar. Ya sami girmamawar mutane bayan ya kirkiro dokoki da yawa game da rage girman adadin ajiya, tarar da rashawa ga lauyoyi. Kari kan haka, ya ba da umarnin soke dokar game da sake kame wadanda aka sake.
Don yaƙi da rashawa, Nero ya ba da umarnin a ba da amanar mukaman masu karɓar haraji ga masu matsakaicin matsayi. Wani abin sha’awa shine, a karkashin mulkinsa, haraji a jihar sun kusan rabi! Kari kan haka, ya gina makarantu, gidajen kallo da shirya fada don mutane.
A cewar wasu marubutan tarihin Rome a waccan shekarun na tarihin rayuwarsu, Nero ya nuna kansa gwanin iya gudanarwa da kuma mai hangen nesa, sabanin rabin rabin mulkinsa. Kusan dukkan ayyukansa yana da nufin sauƙaƙa rayuwa ga talakawa da ƙarfafa ikonsa saboda farin jinin da yake da shi a tsakanin Romawa.
Koyaya, a cikin fewan shekarun ƙarshe na mulkinsa, Nero ya zama babban azzalumi. Ya kawar da manyan mutane ciki har da Seneca da Burra. Mutumin ya kashe ɗaruruwan talakawan ƙasa waɗanda, a ra'ayinsa, ke raina ikon sarki.
Sannan dan iska ya kaddamar da kamfe a kan Kiristocin, yana tsananta musu ta kowace hanya kuma yana maida su mummunan azaba. A wancan lokacin a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, ya yi tunanin kansa ya zama hazikin mawaƙi da mawaƙi, yana gabatar da aikinsa ga jama'a.
Babu wani daga cikin mukarrabansa da ya yi ƙarfin halin gaya wa Nero da kansa cewa shi mawaƙi ne mai raɗaɗi da mawaƙa. Madadin haka, kowa yayi kokarin yabe shi kuma yabi ayyukan sa. Bugu da ƙari, ɗari ɗari aka yi haya don yaba wa mai mulkin yayin jawabinsa don kuɗi.
Nero ya zama mafi mawuyacin hali cikin kayan shaye shaye da kayan marmari waɗanda suka zubar da baitulmalin jihar. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa azzalumin ya ba da umarnin a kashe attajirai, kuma a ƙwace dukiyoyinsu a madadin Rome.
Mummunar gobarar da ta mamaye daular a lokacin bazara na 64 shine ɗayan manyan bala'oi. A Rome, jita-jita ya bazu cewa wannan aikin Nero "mahaukaci" ne. Wadanda suke kusa da sarki ba su sake shakkar cewa yana da tabin hankali ba.
Akwai sigar da mutumin da kansa ya ba da umarnin a cinna wa Rome wuta, don haka yana son samun kwarin gwiwa don rubuta waƙoƙin "fitacciyar". Koyaya, wannan zato ya sami sabani game da tarihin rayuwar Nero da yawa. A cewar Tacitus, mai mulkin ya tara sojoji na musamman don kashe wutar da kuma taimakawa ‘yan ƙasa.
Wuta tayi kwana 5. Bayan an kammala shi, ya zama cewa gundumomi 4 ne kawai daga cikin birni 14. Daga cikin haka, Nero ya buɗe fadojin sa don mutanen da ba su da galihu, sannan kuma ya wadata talakawan ƙasa da abinci.
A cikin ambaton wutar, mutumin ya fara ginin "Fadar Sarki ta Nero", wanda ya kasance ba a gama shi ba.
Babu shakka, Nero ba shi da wata alaƙa da wutar, amma ya zama dole a nemi masu laifin - su Krista ne. An zargi mabiyan Kristi da ƙona Rome, a sakamakon haka an fara aiwatar da kisa babba, wanda aka shirya cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki da bambancin ra'ayi.
Rayuwar mutum
Matar Nero ta farko 'yar Claudius ce mai suna Octavia. Bayan haka, ya shiga dangantaka tare da tsohon bawa Acta, wanda ya fusata Agrippina ƙwarai.
Lokacin da sarki yake kimanin shekaru 21, ɗayan kyawawan girlsan mata na lokacin, Poppea Sabina ta tafi da shi. Daga baya, Nero ya rabu da Octavia kuma ya auri Poppaea. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, a nan gaba, Sabina za ta ba da umarnin kashe matar da ta gabata ta mijinta, wanda ke gudun hijira.
Ba da daɗewa ba ma'auratan suka sami yarinya, Claudia Augusta, wacce ta mutu bayan watanni 4. Bayan shekaru 2, Poppaea ta sake samun ciki, amma sakamakon rikicin dangi, Nero buguwa ya harbi matarsa a ciki, wanda ya haifar da zub da ciki da mutuwar yarinyar.
Matar azzalumi ita ce tsohuwar uwargidansa, Statilia Messalina. Wata matar aure ta rasa mijinta bisa umarnin Nero, wanda ya tilasta shi ya kashe kansa.
A cewar wasu takardu, Nero yana da alaƙa tsakanin jinsi guda, wanda yake al'ada ne a wancan lokacin. Shi ne farkon wanda ya yi bikin aure tare da zababbunsa.
Misali, ya auri baban Spore, sannan kuma ya yi masa sutura kamar masarauta. Suetonius ya rubuta cewa "ya ba da jikinsa sau da yawa don lalata ta yadda da ƙyar aƙalla ɗayan membobinsa ba su ƙazantu ba."
Mutuwa
A cikin 67, kwamandojin sojojin lardin karkashin jagorancin Gallius Julius Vindex sun shirya maƙarƙashiya akan Nero. Hakiman gwamnonin Italia suma sun bi sahun masu adawa da sarki.
Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa majalisar dattijai ta ayyana azzalumi maciyin amanar theasa, sakamakon haka dole ya gudu daga daular. Nero na ɗan lokaci yana ɓuya a gidan bawa. Lokacin da wadanda suka hada baki suka gano inda yake boye, sai suka tafi suka kashe shi.
Ganin babu makawa ga mutuwarsa, Nero, tare da taimakon sakatarensa, ya yanke wuya. Kalmar karshe ta mai mulkin itace: "Ga shi - biyayya."
Hotunan Nero