Vasily Alexandrovich Sukhomlinsky (1918-1970) - Soviet sabon malami kuma marubucin yara. Wanda ya kirkiro da tsarin koyar da tarbiya bisa la'akari da yarda da halayen yaro a matsayin mafi girman darajar, wanda yakamata a tafiyar da tsarin tarbiyya da ilimi.
Akwai tarihin gaskiya masu yawa na Sukhomlinsky, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Vasily Sukhomlinsky.
Tarihin rayuwar Sukhomlinsky
Vasily Sukhomlinsky an haife shi ne a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1918 a ƙauyen Vasilyevka (yanzu yankin Kirovograd). Ya girma a cikin dangin talauci Alexander Emelyanovich da matarsa Oksana Avdeevna.
Yara da samari
An dauki Sukhomlinsky Sr a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun mutane a ƙauyen. Ya kasance mai shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a, ya fito a jaridu a matsayin selkor, ya jagoranci gidan bukin gonar gama kai, sannan ya koyar da yara sana'ar (kafinta).
Mahaifiyar malamin nan gaba ta mallaki gida, kuma ta yi aiki a gonar gama-gari kuma an haskaka mata a matsayin suturar mata. Baya ga Vasily, an haifi yarinya Melania da yara maza biyu, Ivan da Sergey a cikin dangin Sukhomlinsky. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce duk sun zama malamai.
Lokacin da Vasily ke da shekaru 15, ya tafi Kremenchuk don neman ilimi. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar ma'aikata, ya sami nasarar cin jarabawa a makarantar koyar da ilimin koyarwa.
Yana dan shekara 17, Sukhomlinsky ya fara koyarwa a wata makarantar wasiku da ke kusa da garin sa Vasilievka. A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, ya yanke shawarar canzawa zuwa Poltava Pedagogical Institute, wanda ya kammala karatun shi a 1938.
Kasancewarsa kwararren malami, Vasily ta koma gida. A can ya fara koyar da yaren Ukrainian da adabi a makarantar sakandare ta Onufriev. Komai ya tafi daidai har zuwa farkon Babban Yaƙin rioasa (1941-1945), a farkonsa ya tafi zuwa gaba.
Bayan 'yan watanni, Sukhomlinsky ya ji rauni ƙwarai da rauni a lokacin ɗayan yaƙe-yaƙe kusa da Moscow. Duk da haka, likitocin sun yi nasarar ceton ran sojan. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce ɗan guntun ɓawo ya kasance a cikin kirjinsa har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa.
Bayan an sallame shi daga asibiti, Vasily ya sake son zuwa gaban, amma hukumar ta same shi bai cancanci yin aiki ba. Da zaran rundunar Red Army ta sami nasarar kwato Yukren daga hannun ‘yan Nazi, nan take ya koma gida, inda matarsa da karamin dansa ke jiransa.
Bayan sun isa kasarsa ta asali, Sukhomlinsky ya sami labarin cewa Gestapo sun azabtar da matarsa da yaronsa. Shekaru uku bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, ya zama shugaban makarantar sakandare. Abin sha'awa, yayi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa rasuwarsa.
Aikin Pedagogical
Vasily Sukhomlinsky marubuci ne na tsarin koyarwa na musamman dangane da ka'idojin ɗan adam. A ra'ayinsa, malamai ya kamata su ga kowane ɗayan halaye na daban, wanda ya kamata a daidaita tarbiyya, ilimi da kirkirar abubuwa.
Biyan haraji ga ilimin kwadago a makaranta, Sukhomlinsky ya yi adawa da ƙwarewar farko (daga shekara 15), wanda doka ta tanada. Yayi jayayya cewa ci gaban mutum zai iya yiwuwa ne kawai inda makaranta da dangi zasu yi aiki tare.
Tare da malaman makarantar Pavlysh, wanda darekta ya kasance Vasily Alexandrovich, ya gabatar da tsarin asali na aiki tare da iyaye. Kusan a karon farko a cikin jihar, makarantar iyayen ta fara aiki a nan, inda ake gabatar da laccoci da tattaunawa tare da malamai da masana halayyar dan adam, da nufin aiwatar da ilimi.
Sukhomlinsky ya yi imanin cewa son kai na yara, mugunta, munafunci da rashin ladabi sune abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin ilimin iyali. Ya yi imani cewa kafin kowane yaro, har ma da mawuyacin hali, dole ne malamin ya bayyana waɗancan wuraren da zai iya kaiwa kololuwa mafi girma.
Vasily Sukhomlinsky ya gina tsarin koyo a matsayin aiki mai cike da farin ciki, yana mai da hankali ga samuwar ra'ayin ɗalibai a duniya. A lokaci guda, da yawa sun dogara ga malamin - kan salon gabatar da kayan da sha'awar ɗalibai.
Mutumin ya kirkiro wani tsari mai kayatarwa na "ilmin kyakkyawa", ta hanyar amfani da dabarun mutuntaka na duniya. A cikakke, an tsara ra'ayoyinsa a cikin "Nazarin Ilimin Kwaminisanci" (1967) da sauran ayyukan.
Sukhomlinsky ya bukaci a ilmantar da yara saboda su kasance masu daukar nauyin dangi da al'umma kuma, mafi mahimmanci, ga lamirinsu. A cikin sanannen aikinsa "Nasihu 100 don Malamai," ya rubuta cewa yaron yana bincika ba kawai duniyar da ke kewaye da shi ba, amma kuma ya san kansa.
Tun daga yarinta, ya kamata a koya wa yaro da son aiki. Domin ya haɓaka sha'awar neman ilimi, iyaye da malamai suna buƙatar girmamawa da haɓaka cikin girman girman ma'aikacin. Wato, ya zama wajibi ga yaro ya fahimta kuma ya sami nasarar nasa a wajen koyo.
Dangantaka tsakanin mutane an fi bayyana ta aiki - lokacin da kowannensu yayi wani abu ga ɗayan. Kuma kodayake ya dogara da malami, yana bukatar ya gaya wa iyayensa damuwar sa. Don haka, ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa kawai za su iya tayar da mutumin kirki daga yaro.
Akan kwadago da sanadin lalata yara
A cewar Vasily Sukhomlinsky, wanda ke yin bacci da wuri, ya yi bacci isasshen lokaci, kuma ya tashi da wuri yana jin daɗi. Hakanan, lafiyayyar lafiya na bayyana yayin da mutum ya ba da awa 5-10 na aikin tunani bayan farkawa daga bacci.
A cikin sa'o'i masu zuwa, mutum ya rage ayyukan kwadago. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa nauyi na ilimi, musamman haddace kayan, karbabbe ne a cikin awanni 5-7 da suka gabata kafin lokacin kwanciya.
Dangane da ƙididdiga, Sukhomlinsky yayi jayayya cewa a cikin shari'ar lokacin da yaron ya shiga cikin darasi na awanni da yawa kafin ya kwanta, bai zama mai nasara ba.
Dangane da lalata yara, Vasily Alexandrovich shima ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa da yawa. A cewarsa, mafi girman laifin da ba a yi ba, ya fi rashin hankali, bukatunsu da bukatun danginsu.
Irin waɗannan maganganun Sukhomlinsky sun zartar akan binciken. Malamin ya ce ba wani dangi na matasa da suka karya doka da ke da dakin karatu na dangi: "... A cikin dukkan iyalai 460 na kirga litattafai 786 ... Babu wani daga cikin masu aikata laifin da zai iya ambaton wani yanki na waka, opera ko kidan daki."
Mutuwa
Vasily Sukhomlinsky ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1970 yana da shekara 51. A lokacin rayuwarsa, ya yi rubuce-rubuce guda 48, sama da labarai 600, da kuma labarai kusan 1,500 da tatsuniyoyi.
Hotunan Sukhomlinsky
