Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) - Baƙon Ba'amurke kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya karɓi takaddun 1,093 a Amurka kuma kusan 3,000 a wasu ƙasashe na duniya.
Wanda ya kirkiro garmaho, ya inganta waya, waya, kayan aikin silima, ya kirkiro daya daga cikin zabin farko na cin nasara ga fitila mai haskaka wutar lantarki, wanda ya kasance tsabtace sauran hanyoyin.
Edison ya sami mafi girman girmamawar Amurka, Lambar Zinare ta Majalisa. Memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Amurka kuma memba mai daraja na kasashen waje na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin Edison, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanka gajeriyar tarihin Thomas Edison.
Tarihin Edison
An haifi Thomas Edison a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1847 a garin Amurka na Maylen (Ohio). Ya girma kuma an girma shi a cikin dangi mai sauƙi tare da ɗan kuɗi kaɗan. Tare da iyayensa, Samuel Edison da Nancy Eliot, shi ne ƙarami cikin yara 7.
Yara da samari
Yayinda yake yaro, Edison ya fi gajarta fiye da takwarorinsa, kuma shima bashi da koshin lafiya. Bayan ya gama fama da zazzaɓin zazzaɓi, sai ya zama kurma a kunnensa na hagu. Uba da mahaifiya sun kula da shi, tunda a baya sun rasa yara biyu (a cewar wasu kafofin, uku) yara.
Thomas ya kasance mai ban sha'awa musamman tun yana ƙarami. Ya lura da masu aikin hura wuta da masassaƙa a tashar jirgin ruwa. Hakanan, yaron na iya ɓoyewa na dogon lokaci a wani keɓaɓɓen wuri, yana sake sake rubutun wasu alamun.
Koyaya, lokacin da Edison ya tafi makaranta, ana ɗaukarsa kusan mafi munin ɗalibi. Malaman sun yi magana game da shi a matsayin "iyakantacce" yaro. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa bayan watanni 3, an tilasta wa iyaye su ɗauki ɗansu daga makarantar ilimi.
Bayan haka, mahaifiyar ta fara ba wa Thomas ilimi na farko. Ya kamata a lura cewa ya taimaka wa mahaifiyarsa ta sayar da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari a kasuwa.
Edison yakan je laburare, yana karanta ayyukan kimiyya daban-daban. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, lokacin da yaron bai kai shekara 9 ba, ya kware a littafin - "Halitta da Gwajin Falsafa", wanda ya kunshi kusan dukkanin bayanan kimiyya da fasaha na wancan lokacin.
Ba karamin abin birgewa bane cewa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa na tarihinsa, Thomas Edison yayi kusan dukkan gwaje-gwajen da aka ambata a littafin. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, yana da sha'awar gwajin sinadarai, wanda ke buƙatar wasu tsadar kuɗi.
Lokacin da Edison yake kusan shekaru 12, ya fara sayar da jaridu a tashar jirgin ƙasa. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa bayan lokaci aka ba saurayin damar gudanar da gwajinsa a cikin motar jigilar jirgin ƙasa.
Bayan ɗan lokaci, Thomas ya zama mawallafin jaridar jirgin kasa ta 1. Kusan lokaci guda, ya fara shiga cikin wutar lantarki. A lokacin rani na 1862, ya sami nasarar ceton ɗan maigidan tashar daga jirgin da ke motsawa, wanda, a cikin godiya, ya yarda ya koya masa kasuwancin waya.
Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa Edison ya sami damar samar da layin waya na farko, wanda ya hada gidansa da gidan aboki. Ba da daɗewa ba wuta ta tashi a cikin motar kaya inda ya gudanar da gwajinsa. A sakamakon haka, kwandastan ya kori matashin kemist din daga cikin jirgin tare da dakin binciken sa.
Yayinda yake matashi, Thomas Edison ya sami damar ziyartar biranen Amurka da yawa, yana kokarin shirya rayuwarsa. A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, galibi ba shi da abinci, tunda ya kashe mafi yawan kuɗin da yake samu a kan sayen littattafai da gudanar da gwaje-gwaje.
Ventionsirƙira
Za'a iya bayyana sirrin nasarar shahararren mai kirkirar tare da jumlar da Edison kansa ya rubuta: "Genius 1% ne na ilhami kuma 99% na zufa ne." Thomas hakika mai aiki ne mai wahala, yana cinye duk lokacinsa a cikin lab.
Godiya ga jajircewarsa da burin cimma wannan buri, Thomas ya sami damar mallakar lasisin mallaka 1,093 a Amurka kuma sau uku a cikin wasu ƙasashe. Nasararsa ta farko ta zo yayin aiki ga Kamfanin Zinariya da Kamfanin Telegraph.
Edison ya yi aiki ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ya iya gyara kayan aikin waya, wanda hakan ba zai yiwu ba ga kwararrun masu sana'a. A cikin 1870 kamfanin da farin ciki ya sayi daga mutumin ingantaccen tsarin tallan tallan musayar hannayen jari a kan zinare da farashin hannayen jari.
Kudin da aka karɓa ya isa Thomas ya buɗe taron bita don samar da alamomi don musayar. Bayan shekara guda, ya mallaki irin wannan bita.
A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tarihin rayuwar Edison ya sami nasara sosai. Ya kafa Paparoma, Edison & Co. A cikin 1873, wani mutum ya gabatar da wata muhimmiyar ƙirƙira - hanyar waya ta hanyoyi huɗu, ta hanyar da zai yiwu a lokaci guda aika saƙonni har 4 akan waya ɗaya.
Don aiwatar da dabaru masu zuwa, Thomas Edison ya buƙaci ingantaccen dakin gwaje-gwaje. A cikin 1876, kusa da New York, fara gini a kan wani katafaren hadadden da aka tsara don binciken kimiyya.
Daga baya, dakin gwaje-gwajen ya hada daruruwan masana kimiyya. Bayan dogon aiki da zurfafawa, Edison ya kirkiro garmaho (1877) - na'urar farko don yin rikodi da kuma sake buga sauti. Tare da taimakon allura da tsare, ya yi rikodin waƙar yara, wanda ya ba duk 'yan ƙasar mamaki.
A cikin 1879, Thomas Edison ya gabatar da abin da wataƙila shahararren abu ne a tarihin rayuwarsa na kimiyya - fitilar filament na carbon. Rayuwar sabis na irin wannan fitilar ta daɗe sosai, kuma samarwarta ta buƙaci ƙasa da tsada.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, fitilun da suka gabata sun ƙone na 'yan awanni kawai, sun cinye wutar lantarki da yawa kuma sun fi tsada sosai. Hakanan abin birgewa shine gaskiyar cewa ya gwada kayan aiki har 6,000 kafin zaɓi carbon azaman filament.
Da farko, fitilar Edison tana cin wuta tsawon awanni 13-14, amma daga baya rayuwarta ta karu kusan sau 100! Ba da daɗewa ba ya gina tashar wutar lantarki a ɗayan gundumomin New York, wanda ya haifar da fitilu 400 suna walƙiya. Adadin masu amfani da wutar lantarki ya karu daga 59 zuwa kusan mutane 500 cikin watanni da yawa.
A cikin 1882 abin da ake kira "yakin koguna" ya barke, wanda ya dauki sama da karni. Edison ya kasance mai ba da shawara game da amfani da hanyar kai tsaye, wanda aka watsa ba tare da wata asara ba a kan tazara mai nisa.
Hakanan, sanannen Nikola Tesla na duniya, wanda asalinsa ya ke aiki da Thomas Edison, ya yi jayayya cewa ya fi dacewa a yi amfani da alternating current, wanda za a iya yada shi ta nesa mai nisa.
Lokacin da Tesla, bisa ga bukatar mai aiki, ya tsara injunan AC guda 24, bai sami dala $ 50 da aka yi masa alƙawarin aikin ba. A cikin fushi, Nikola ya yi murabus daga aikin Edison kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya zama abokin takararsa kai tsaye. Tare da tallafin kudi daga masana'antar masana'antu ta Westinghouse, ya fara yada sabon yanayin yanzu.
An kawo karshen yakin ruwan ne kawai a 2007: babban injiniyan kamfanin Consolidate Edison a bainar jama'a ya yanke waya ta karshe ta inda aka kawo New York hanyar kai tsaye.
Abubuwan da Thomas Edison ya kirkira sun hada da makurofon carbon, mai raba maganaɗisu, fluoroscope - na'urar X-ray, kinetoscope - fasahar sinima ta farko don nuna hoto mai motsi, da batirin mai tsini.
Rayuwar mutum
A cikin shekarun da ya gabata game da tarihin kansa, Edison ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa ta farko ma'aikaciyar daukar hoto ce Mary Stillwell. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, nan da nan bayan bikin, mutumin ya tafi aiki, ya manta da daren bikin.
A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, ma'auratan suna da 'ya mace da yara maza biyu. Babban yaran, Marriott da Thomas, sun sami laƙabi "Point" da "Dash", don girmama lambar Morse, tare da hasken mahaifinsu. Matar Edison ta mutu tana da shekara 29 sakamakon cutar ƙwaƙwalwa.
Mace ta biyu ta masu kirkirar wata yarinya ce mai suna Mina Miller. Edison ya koya mata lambar Morse ta hanyar bayyana ƙaunarta a gareta cikin wannan yaren. Wannan ƙungiyar kuma ta haifi maza biyu da mace ɗaya.
Mutuwa
Mai kirkirar ya shagaltu da kimiyya har zuwa mutuwarsa. Thomas Edison ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1931 yana da shekara 84. Dalilin mutuwarsa shine ciwon suga, wanda ya fara samun ci gaba sosai a cikin recentan shekarun nan.
Hotunan Edison