Armand Jean du Plessis, Duke de Richelieu (1585-1642), wanda aka fi sani da Cardinal Richelieu ko Red Cardinal - Cardinal na Cocin Roman Katolika, ɗan kishin ƙasa kuma ɗan ƙasar Faransa.
Ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatarorin jihar don soja da harkokin waje a cikin lokacin 1616-1617. kuma ya kasance shugaban gwamnati (minista na farko na sarki) daga 1624 har zuwa rasuwarsa.
Akwai abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin Cardinal Richelieu, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Richelieu.
Tarihin Cardinal Richelieu
An haifi Armand Jean de Richelieu a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1585 a Faris. Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan masu wadata da ilimi.
Mahaifinsa, François du Plessis, babban jami'in shari'a ne wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Henry 3 da Henry 4. Mahaifiyarsa, Suzanne de La Porte, ta fito ne daga dangin lauyoyi. Kadinal na gaba shine na huɗu cikin 'ya'ya biyar na iyayensa.
Yara da samari
Armand Jean de Richelieu an haife shi yaro mai rauni da rashin lafiya. Yayi rauni sosai har anyi masa baftisma watanni 7 kawai bayan haihuwa.
Saboda rashin lafiyarsa, Richelieu ba ya wasa da takwarorinsa. Asali, ya sadaukar da duk lokacin da yake hutu ga karatun littattafai. Bala'i na farko a cikin tarihin rayuwar Armand ya faru ne a 1590, lokacin da mahaifinsa ya mutu. Yana da kyau a lura cewa bayan mutuwarsa, shugaban gidan ya bar bashi da yawa.
Lokacin da yaron ya kai shekaru 10, an tura shi karatu a Kwalejin Navarre, an tsara shi ne don 'ya'yan manyan mutane. Karatun yana da sauki a gare shi, sakamakon haka ya kware da Latin, Spanish da Italiyanci. A cikin wadannan shekarun rayuwarsa, ya nuna matukar sha'awar nazarin tarihin dadadden tarihi.
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga kwaleji, duk da rashin lafiya, Armand Jean de Richelieu ya so zama soja. Don yin wannan, ya shiga makarantar koyon dawakai, inda ya karanci wasan zinare, hawan dawakai, rawa da halaye masu kyau.
A wannan lokacin, babban wan wanene mai jiran gado, mai suna Henri, ya riga ya zama mai martaba majalisa. Wani ɗan’uwa, Alphonse, shi ne zai ɗauki ofishin bishop a Luzon, wanda aka ba wa dangin Richelieu ta umarnin Henry III.
Koyaya, Alphonse ya yanke shawarar shiga cikin tsari na zuhudu na Cartes, sakamakon haka Armand ya zama bishop, ko yana so ko baya so. A sakamakon haka, an tura Richelieu don ya karanci falsafa da tiyoloji a cibiyoyin ilimin yankin.
Karɓar nadin ɗayan ɗayan rikice-rikice ne na farko a tarihin Richelieu. Ya isa Rome don ganin Paparoma, ya yi ƙarya game da shekarunsa don a naɗa shi. Bayan ya cimma nasa, saurayin ya tuba kawai daga abin da yayi.
A karshen shekarar 1608 Armand Jean de Richelieu ya samu daukaka zuwa bishop. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce cewa Henry 4 bai kira shi komai ba sai "bishop ɗina". Ba tare da faɗi cewa irin wannan kusancin da masarautar ya firgita sauran 'yan sarakunan ba.
Wannan ya haifar da ƙarshen aikin kotu na Richelieu, bayan haka ya koma diocese ɗin sa. A wancan lokacin, saboda yaƙe-yaƙe na addini, Luson Diocese ya kasance mafi talauci a duk yankin.
Koyaya, godiya ga shirye-shiryen da Cardinal Richelieu ya tsara cikin tsanaki, lamarin ya fara inganta. A karkashin jagorancinsa, an sake gina babban cocin da gidan bishop. A lokacin ne mutumin ya iya nuna ikon sa na kawo canji a zahiri.
Siyasa
Richelieu hakika ɗan siyasa ne mai hazaka sosai kuma mai tsara abubuwa, bayan yayi abubuwa da yawa don ci gaban Faransa. Wannan kawai yabon Bitrus 1 ne, wanda ya taɓa ziyarci kabarinsa. Sannan sarkin Rasha ya yarda cewa ga irin wannan minista kamar yadda kadinal yake, zai ba da rabin mulki idan ya taimaka masa ya mallaki rabin.
Armand Jean de Richelieu ya shiga cikin rikice-rikice da yawa, yana neman mallakar bayanan da yake buƙata. Wannan ya haifar da kasancewarsa wanda ya kafa babbar hanyar leken asiri ta Turai.
Ba da daɗewa ba, kadinal ɗin ya zama kusa da Marie de Medici da ƙaunatacciyar Concino Concini. Ya yi nasarar samun tagomashinsu da sauri kuma ya sami mukamin minista a majalisar zartarwar Uwargidan Sarauniya. An damka masa mukamin Mataimakin Janar na Jihohi.
A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, Cardinal Richelieu ya nuna kansa a matsayin kyakkyawan mai kare bukatun malamai. Godiya ga iya tunaninsa da iya magana, zai iya kashe kusan duk wani rikici da ya taso tsakanin wakilan ƙauyukan uku.
Koyaya, saboda irin wannan kusanci da amintaccen dangantaka da masarautar, kadinal ɗin yana da abokan hamayya da yawa. Bayan shekaru biyu, Louis 13 mai shekaru 16 ya shirya maƙarƙashiya a kan wanda mahaifiyarsa ta fi so. Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa Richelieu ya san game da yunƙurin kisan gillar da aka shirya kan Concini, amma duk da haka ya fi son ya zauna a gefe.
A sakamakon haka, lokacin da aka kashe Concino Concini a lokacin bazara na 1617, Louis ya zama sarkin Faransa. Hakanan, an tura Maria de Medici zuwa zaman talala a fadar Blois, kuma dole Richelieu ta koma Luçon.
Bayan kimanin shekaru 2, Medici ya sami damar tserewa daga gidan. Da zarar an sami 'yanci, matar zata fara tunanin wani shiri na tunbuke danta daga gadon sarauta. Lokacin da Cardinal Richelieu ya san wannan, sai ya fara aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin Maryamu da Louis 13.
Bayan shekara guda, uwa da ɗa sun sami sulhu, sakamakon haka sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce cewa yarjejeniyar ta kuma ambaci kadinal, wanda aka ba shi izinin komawa kotun masarautar Faransa.
A wannan lokacin Richelieu ya yanke shawarar kusantar Louis. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa ba da daɗewa ba ya zama Ministan Faransa na farko, yana riƙe da wannan muƙamin na tsawon shekaru 18.
A cikin tunanin mutane da yawa, ma'anar rayuwar kadinal ita ce sha'awar wadata da iko mara iyaka, amma ba haka lamarin yake ba. A zahiri, ya yi iya ƙoƙarinsa don tabbatar da cewa Faransa ta ci gaba a fannoni da dama. Duk da cewa Richelieu na cikin malamai ne, amma yana da hannu dumu-dumu cikin harkokin siyasa da soja na ƙasar.
Kadinal ɗin ya shiga cikin duk wasu yaƙe-yaƙe na soja da Faransa ta shiga. Don kara karfin fada a ji na jihar, ya yi iya kokarinsa sosai don kera jiragen yaki masu shirin yaki. Bugu da kari, kasancewar rundunar ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban huldar kasuwanci da kasashe daban-daban.
Cardinal Richelieu ya kasance marubucin canje-canje da dama na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ya dakatar da lalata, ya sake tsara aikin gidan waya, sannan kuma ya kirkiro mukamai wadanda masarautar Faransa ta nada. Kari kan haka, ya jagoranci murkushe boren Huguenot, wanda ya zama barazana ga Katolika.
Lokacin da rundunar Burtaniya ta mamaye wani yanki na gabar tekun Faransa a 1627, Richelieu ya yanke shawarar da kansa ya jagoranci aikin soja. Bayan 'yan watanni bayan haka, sojojinsa suka yi nasarar karbe ikon sansanin Furotesta na La Rochelle. Kimanin mutane 15,000 suka mutu saboda yunwa kaɗai. A cikin 1629, aka yi shelar ƙarshen wannan yaƙin na addini.
Cardinal Richelieu ya ba da shawarar a rage haraji, amma bayan Faransa ta shiga Yaƙin shekaru talatin (1618-1648) an tilasta masa ya ƙara haraji. Wadanda suka yi nasara a yakin da aka dauki lokaci ana yi sune Faransawa, wadanda ba wai kawai suka nuna fifikonsu akan abokan gaba ba, amma kuma sun kara yankunansu.
Kuma duk da cewa Red Cardinal din bai rayu don ganin karshen rikicin soja ba, Faransa ta bashi nasarorin ne musamman a kansa. Richelieu ya kuma ba da babbar gudummawa ga haɓaka fasaha, al'adu da adabi, kuma mutanen da suka yi imani da addinai daban-daban sun sami 'yancin daidai.
Rayuwar mutum
Matar mai sarauta Louis 13 ita ce Anne ta Austria, wanda mahaifinta na ruhaniya shi ne Richelieu. Kadinal ɗin yana son sarauniya kuma ya kasance a shirye don abubuwa da yawa.
Da yake son ganinta sau da yawa kamar yadda ya kamata, bishop ɗin ya yi faɗa tsakanin ma'aurata, wanda sakamakon hakan Louis 13 ya daina yin magana da matarsa. Bayan haka, Richelieu ta fara kusantar Anna, tana neman ƙaunarta. Ya fahimci cewa ƙasar na buƙatar magajin gadon sarauta, don haka ya yanke shawarar "taimaka" da sarauniyar.
Matar ta fusata da halayen kadinal din. Ta fahimci cewa idan wani abu ba zato ba tsammani ya faru da Louis, to Richelieu zai zama mai mulkin Faransa. A sakamakon haka, Anna ta Austriya ta ƙi kasancewa kusa da shi, wanda babu shakka ta ci mutuncin kadinal ɗin.
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Armand Jean de Richelieu ya kasance yana sha'awar sarauniyar. Koyaya, shi ne ya zama mutumin da ya iya sasanta ma'auratan. A sakamakon haka, Anna ta haifi 'ya'ya maza 2 daga Louis.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine cewa kadinal ya kasance mai kaunar cat mai kauna. Yana da kuliyoyi 14, waɗanda yake wasa da su kowace safiya, suna barin duk al'amuran jihar na gaba.
Mutuwa
Jim kadan kafin rasuwarsa, lafiyar Cardinal Richelieu ta tabarbare sosai. Sau da yawa ya kan suma, yana ta kokarin ci gaba da yi wa jihar aiki. Ba da daɗewa ba, likitoci suka gano ikon sarrafa shi.
'Yan kwanaki kafin mutuwarsa, Richelieu ya sadu da sarki. Ya gaya masa cewa yana ganin Cardinal Mazarin a matsayin magajinsa. Armand Jean de Richelieu ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1642 yana da shekara 57.
A cikin 1793, mutane sun shiga cikin kabarin, sun lalata kabarin Richelieu kuma suka yayyaga gawar da aka shafa. Ta hanyar umarnin Napoleon III a 1866, an sake binne ragowar kadinal.
Ofayan opponentsan adawar sa da fitattun masu tunani, François de La Rochefoucauld, marubucin ayyukan falsafa da ɗabi'a sun yaba da cancantar Cardinal Richelieu a gaban Faransa:
“Duk yadda maƙiyan Kadinal suka yi farin ciki lokacin da suka ga ƙarshen tsananta musu ya zo, abin da ya biyo baya ba tare da wata shakka ba ya nuna cewa wannan rashi ya haifar da babbar illa ga jihar; kuma tunda Cardinal din ya kuskura ya canza kamanninsa sosai, shine kawai zai iya samun nasarar kiyaye shi idan mulkinsa da rayuwarsa zasu daɗe. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, babu wanda ya fahimci ikon masarauta da kyau kuma babu wanda zai iya haɗa shi gaba ɗaya a hannun autocrat. Tsananin mulkinsa ya haifar da zubar da jini mai yawa, manyan mutane na masarautar sun karye kuma sun wulakanta, an dorawa mutane nauyin haraji, amma kamawar La Rochelle, murkushe jam'iyyar Huguenot, raunana gidan Austriya, irin wannan girman a cikin shirye-shiryensa, irin wannan sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin aiwatarwar su ya kamata ya mamaye mulkin zalunci mutane da kuma daukaka ya memory tare da yabo shi justly cancanci. "
Francois de La Rochefoucauld. Memoirs
Hotunan Richelieu
