Jan Hus

Jan Hus (babu Jan iz Gusinets; 1369-1415) - Mai wa'azin Czech, mai ilimin tauhidi, mai tunani da kuma mai akidar Juyin Juya Halin Czech. Gwarzon ƙasa na mutanen Czech.

Koyarwar sa tana da tasiri sosai a jihohin Yammacin Turai. Don imaninsa, an ƙone shi tare da ayyukansa a kan gungumen azaba, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙe-yaƙe na Hussite (1419-1434).

Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Jan Hus, wanda za mu fada a cikin wannan labarin.

Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin Gus.

Tarihin rayuwar Jan Hus

An haifi Jan Hus a cikin 1369 (a cewar wasu kafofin 1373-1375) a cikin garin Bohemian na Husinets (Roman Empire). Ya girma kuma ya girma a cikin dangin talakawa matalauta.

Lokacin da Jan yake kimanin shekaru 10, iyayensa suka tura shi zuwa gidan sufi. Ya kasance yaro mai son bincike, sakamakon haka ya sami manyan maki a cikin dukkan fannoni. Bayan wannan, saurayin ya tafi Prague don ci gaba da karatunsa.

Bayan isowa cikin ɗayan manyan biranen Bohemia, Hus ya sami nasarar cin jarabawar a Jami'ar Prague. A cewar malamai, ya banbanta da kyawawan halaye da son samun sabon ilimi. A farkon 1390s, ya sami BA a cikin Tiyoloji.

Bayan wasu shekaru, Jan Hus ya zama kwararren mai fasaha, wanda hakan ya bashi damar yin lacca a gaban jama'a. A shekara ta 1400 ya zama malami, bayan haka ya fara aikin wa'azi. Bayan lokaci, an ba shi amanar Dean na Liberal Arts.

A cikin 1402-03 da 1409-10, an zabi Huss a matsayin rector na jami'ar garinsa na Prague.

Aikin wa'azi

Jan Hus ya fara wa’azi yana ɗan shekara 30. Da farko, ya gabatar da jawabai a Cocin St. Michael, sannan ya zama rector da kuma mai wa'azin Baitalami Chapel. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce har zuwa mutane 3000 sun zo don sauraron firist!

Yana da kyau a lura cewa a cikin wa'azinsa bai yi magana kawai game da Allah da alkawuransa ba, har ma ya soki wakilan malamai da manyan manoma.

A lokaci guda, yana la'antar ayyukan cocin, ya kira kansa mai bin ta, yana fallasa zunuban cocin da kuma bayyana munanan halayen mutane.

Can baya a tsakiyar 1380s, ayyukan masanin tauhidi na Ingilishi da kawo canji John Wycliffe sun sami farin jini a Jamhuriyar Czech. Af, Wycliffe shine farkon mai fassara Baibul zuwa Turanci na Tsakiya. Daga baya, Cocin Katolika na kiran rubuce-rubucen sa na bidi'a.

A wa'azinsa, Jan Hus ya bayyana ra'ayoyin da suka sabawa manufar tsarin papal. Musamman, ya yi Allah wadai da kira ga masu zuwa:

Ba shi da karɓa don caji don gudanar da farillai da sayar da ofisoshin coci. Malami ya isa ya biya dan karamin kudi daga masu hannu da shuni domin wadatar da kansa da abubuwan da suka fi bukata.
Ba za ku iya yin biyayya da coci a makafi ba, amma, akasin haka, kowane mutum ya kamata ya yi tunani a kan maganganu daban-daban, yin amfani da shawara daga Sabon Alkawari: "Idan makaho ya jagoranci makafi, to dukansu za su faɗa cikin rami."
Ikon da baya kiyaye dokokin Allah kada ya yarda da shi.
Mutane kawai ne ke iya mallakar kadara. Attajiri mara adalci shi barawo ne.
Duk wani Kirista yakamata ya kasance yana neman gaskiya, koda yana cikin haɗarin walwala, zaman lafiya da rayuwa.

Don isar da ra'ayoyinsa ga masu sauraro yadda ya kamata, Huss ya ba da umarnin a zana bangon ɗakin sujada na Baitalami tare da hotuna tare da batutuwa masu koyarwa. Ya kuma tsara waƙoƙi da yawa waɗanda suka zama sananne cikin sauri.

Jan ya sake inganta nahawun Czech, yana mai fahimtar da littattafan har ma ga waɗanda ba su yi karatu ba. Shi ne marubucin ra'ayin cewa kowace sautin magana an tsara ta da takamaiman wasika. Bugu da kari, ya gabatar da alamomin bugawa (wadanda aka rubuta akan haruffa).

A cikin 1409, akwai tattaunawa mai zafi a Jami'ar Prague game da koyarwar Wycliffe. Yana da kyau a lura cewa Akbishop na Prague, kamar Hus, ya goyi bayan ra'ayoyin mai kawo canji Ingilishi. A yayin muhawarar, Yang ya fito fili ya bayyana cewa yawancin koyarwar da aka gabatar wa Wycliffe an fahimci su ne kawai.

Babban adawa daga limaman cocin ya tilasta wa babban bishop janye goyon bayansa daga Hus. Ba da daɗewa ba, bisa umarnin Katolika, an tsare wasu abokan Jan kuma aka zarge su da bidi'a, waɗanda, a cikin matsin lamba, suka yanke shawarar watsi da ra'ayinsu.

Bayan wannan, antipope Alexander V ya ba da bijimin kan Huss, wanda ya haifar da dakatar da wa'azinsa. A lokaci guda, duk ayyukan Jan na shakku sun lalace. Koyaya, hukumomin yankin sun nuna goyon baya gareshi.

Duk da irin zaluncin, Jan Hus ya sami babban daraja a tsakanin talakawa. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce lokacin da aka hana shi karanta huɗuba a cikin ɗakunan bauta, ya ƙi yin biyayya, yana roƙon Yesu Kiristi da kansa.

A 1411, Akbishop na Prague Zbinek Zajic ya kira Hus dan bidi'a. Lokacin da Sarki Wenceslas na hudu, wanda yake biyayya ga mai wa'azin, ya sami labarin hakan, sai ya kira maganganun Zayits a matsayin tsegumi kuma ya ba da umarnin a ƙwace dukiyar waɗancan limaman da suka yada wannan “ɓatancin”.

Jan Hus ya yi kakkausar suka game da sayar da sha'awa, ta hanyar sayen wanda ake zargin mutum ya 'yanta kansa daga zunubansa. Ya kuma yi adawa da ra'ayin malamai na daga takobi ga abokan hamayyarsu.

Cocin sun fara tsananta wa Hus, saboda wannan dalilin ne ya tilasta shi gudu zuwa Kudancin Bohemia, inda mazauna yankin ba sa bin umarnin fafaroma.

Anan ya ci gaba da la'anta da sukar shugabannin coci da na masu mulki. Mutumin ya yi kira ga Littafi Mai Tsarki ya zama babban iko ga limamai da majami'un coci.

Laifi da kisa

A 1414, an gayyaci Jan Hus zuwa Cathedral of Constance, da nufin dakatar da Babban Yammacin Yammacin Yammacin Turai, wanda ya haifar da Papa-Uku-Uku. Yana da ban mamaki cewa masarautar Sigismund ta Luxembourg ta ba da cikakken tsaro ga Czech.

Koyaya, lokacin da Jan ya iso Constance kuma ya karɓi wasiƙar kariya, sai ya zamana cewa sarki ya gabatar masa da wasiƙar tafiye tafiyen da ta saba. Paparoman da mambobin majalisar sun zarge shi da karkatacciyar koyarwa da kuma shirya korar Jamusawan daga Jami’ar Prague.

Daga nan aka kamo Gus aka saka shi a ɗayan ɗakunan gidan. Magoya bayan mai wa’azin da aka yanke wa hukuncin sun zargi Majalisar da keta doka da kuma rantsuwar masarauta ta kare Jan, inda Paparoman ya amsa cewa shi da kansa bai yi wa kowa alkawarin komai ba. Kuma lokacin da suka tunatar da Sigismund game da wannan, har yanzu bai kare fursunan ba.

A tsakiyar 1415, raan Moravian, Seimas na Bohemia da Moravia, sannan daga baya manyan mutanen Czech da Poland suka aika da takarda zuwa Sigismund suna neman a saki Jan Hus, tare da 'yancin yin magana a Majalisar.

A sakamakon haka, sarki ya shirya sauraron karar Hus a babban cocin, wanda aka yi sama da kwanaki 4. An yanke wa Jan hukuncin kisa, bayan haka Sigismund da manyan cocin sun yi ta lallashin Hus kan ya yi watsi da ra'ayinsa, amma suka ki.

A ƙarshen shari’ar, waɗanda aka yanke wa hukuncin sun sake yin kira ga Yesu. A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1415, an kona Jan Hus a kan gungume. Akwai wata tatsuniya da ke nuna cewa tsohuwar matar, saboda niyya ta ibada, ta dasa itace a gobara, sai ya ce ya ce: "Oh, sauki a tsarkake!"

Mutuwar mai wa’azin Czech ta haifar da samuwar da kuma karfafa harkar Hussite a Jamhuriyar Czech kuma yana daga cikin dalilan barkewar yakin Hussite, tsakanin mabiyansa (Hussites) da Katolika. Ya zuwa yau, Cocin Katolika ba ta gyara Hus ba.

Duk da wannan, Jan Hus gwarzo ne na ƙasa a mahaifarsa. A cikin 1918, aka kafa Cocin Hussite na Czechoslovak, wanda yanzu yake da mabiya kusan 100,000.