Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell (1872-1970) - Baturen falsafa, masanin ilmin lissafi, lissafi, marubuci, masanin tarihi da jama'a. Mai tallata wanzuwar zaman lafiya da rashin yarda da Allah. Ya ba da gudummawa mara ƙima ga dabarun lissafi, tarihin falsafa da ka'idar ilimi.
Russell ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa harsunan Ingilishi da neopositivism. A shekarar 1950 aka bashi lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin adabi. Ana ɗauka ɗayan fitattun masu tunani a cikin ƙarni na 20.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a tarihin rayuwar Russell, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin rayuwar Bertrand Russell.
Tarihin Russell
An haifi Bertrand Russell a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1872 a gundumar Welsh na Monmouthshire. Ya girma kuma ya tashi a cikin manyan mashahuran gidan John Russell da Katherine Stanley, waɗanda suke na tsohuwar layin 'yan siyasa da masana kimiyya.
Mahaifinsa ɗa ne ga Firayim Ministan Ingila kuma shugaban Whig Party. Baya ga Bertrand, iyayensa suna da ɗa Frank da yarinya Rahila.
Yara da samari
Yawancin dangin Bertrand an rarrabe su ta hanyar iliminsu da matsayinsu a cikin al'umma. Russell Sr. na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa pacifism, ka'idar wacce aka kafa ta a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya zama sananne shekaru da yawa daga baya. A nan gaba, yaron zai zama mai cikakken goyon bayan ra'ayin mahaifinsa.
Mahaifiyar Bertrand ta yi gwagwarmaya sosai don neman 'yancin mata, wanda ya haifar da ƙiyayya daga Sarauniya Victoria.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine cewa a cikin shekaru 4, mai ilimin falsafa na gaba ya zama maraya. Da farko, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu daga cutar diphtheria, kuma bayan wasu shekaru, mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar mashako.
A sakamakon haka, kakarsu, Countess Russell, wacce ke bin ra'ayoyin Puritan, sun yi renon yaran. Matar ta yi duk abin da ya dace don samarwa jikokinta ilimi mai kyau.
Koda a farkon yarinta, Bertrand ya haɓaka sha'awa a fannoni daban daban na kimiyyar ƙasa. Yaron ya dauki lokaci mai tsawo yana karatun littattafai, kuma yana matukar son lissafi. Ya kamata a lura cewa har a lokacin ya gaya wa masu ƙwazo cewa bai yarda da wanzuwar Mahalicci ba.
Bayan ya kai shekaru 17, Russell ya sami nasarar cin jarabawar a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge. Daga baya ya sami digiri na digiri na Arts.
A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, ya zama mai sha'awar ayyukan John Locke da David Hume. Bugu da kari, ya yi nazarin ayyukan tattalin arziki na Karl Marx.
Dubawa da ayyukan falsafa
Bayan ya kammala karatunsa, an nada Bertrand Russell a matsayin jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya, da farko a Faransa sannan a Jamus. A cikin 1986 ya fitar da muhimmin aiki na farko "Dimokiradiyya na Zamanin Jamusawa", wanda ya kawo masa girma.
Bayan dawowarsa gida, an bar Russell ya gabatar da laccoci kan tattalin arziki a Landan, wanda hakan ya kara masa farin jini.
A cikin 1900 ya sami gayyata zuwa Majalisar Falsafa ta Duniya a Faris, inda ya sami damar ganawa da manyan masana kimiyya na duniya.
A cikin 1908, Bertrand ya zama memba na Royal Society, babbar kungiyar masana kimiyya a Burtaniya. Daga baya, tare da haɗin gwiwar Whitehead, ya wallafa littafin Principia Mathematica, wanda ya ba shi daraja a duniya. Marubutan sun bayyana cewa falsafa tana fassara dukkan ilimin kimiya, kuma hankali ya zama tushen kowane bincike.
Dukansu masana kimiyya suna da ra'ayin cewa ana iya fahimtar gaskiya ne kawai ta hanyar fahimta, ma'ana, ta hanyar kwarewar azanci. Russell ya mai da hankali sosai ga tsarin jihar, yana sukar tsarin jari hujja.
Mutumin ya yi ikirarin cewa duk bangarorin masana'antu ya kamata mutane masu aiki su gudanar da su, ba 'yan kasuwa da jami'ai ba. Abin mamaki ne cewa ya kira ƙarfin jihar babban abin da ke haifar da duk masifu a duniya. A lamuran zabe, ya bada shawarar daidaito tsakanin maza da mata.
A jajibirin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko (1914-1918) Russell ya kasance da ra'ayin dabaru na zaman lafiya. Ya kasance memba ne na al'umma - "Karkatar da takunkumi", wanda ya haifar da fusata tsakanin gwamnati mai ci. Mutumin ya bukaci 'yan kasar su ki shiga aikin soja, wanda aka gabatar da shi a gaban shari'a.
Kotun ta yanke hukuncin karbo tarar daga Bertrand, ta kwace dakin karatun sa tare da hana shi damar ziyartar Amurka don yin karatu. Koyaya, bai yi watsi da hukuncin da aka yanke masa ba, kuma don maganganu masu mahimmanci a cikin 1918 an tsare shi tsawon watanni shida.
A cikin tantanin halitta, Russell ya rubuta Gabatarwa ga Falsafar ilimin lissafi. Har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin, ya ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan yaƙi, yana haɓaka ra'ayoyinsa sosai. Daga baya, masanin falsafar ya yarda cewa yana sha'awar Bolsheviks, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin rashin jin daɗi tsakanin hukumomi.
A cikin 1920, Bertrand Russell ya tafi Rasha, inda ya zauna kimanin wata guda. Shi da kansa yana magana da Lenin, Trotsky, Gorky da Blok. Bugu da kari, an ba shi damar yin karatu a Kamfanin Lissafi na Petrograd.
A cikin lokacin hutu, Russell ya yi magana da talakawa kuma ya kara da rashin jin daɗin Bolshevism. Daga baya, ya fara sukar kwaminisanci, yana mai kiran kansa mai ra'ayin gurguzu. A lokaci guda, ya bayyana cewa, har zuwa wani lokaci, duniya har yanzu tana buƙatar kwaminisanci.
Masanin kimiyya ya ba da labarin yadda ya yi tafiya zuwa Rasha a cikin littafin "Bolshevism da West". Bayan haka, ya ziyarci kasar Sin, sakamakon haka ne aka buga sabon aikinsa mai taken "Matsalar kasar Sin".
A lokacin tarihin rayuwar 1924-1931. Russell ya yi karatu a biranen Amurka daban-daban. A lokaci guda, ya zama mai sha'awar ilimin koyarwa. Mai wannan tunani ya soki tsarin ilimin Ingilishi, yana mai kira da a bunkasa kirkirar kirkire-kirkire a cikin yara, tare da kawar da son kai da aikin hukuma.
A 1929, Bertrand ya buga Aure da Moabi'a, wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Adabi a shekara ta 1950. Kirkirar makaman nukiliya ya yi matukar damun masanin falsafar, wanda a tsawon rayuwarsa ya kira mutane zuwa ga zaman lafiya da jituwa da dabi'a.
A tsakiyar 1930s, Russell ya fito fili ya soki Bolshevism da fascism, yana mai da ayyuka da yawa ga wannan batun. Gabatar da Yaƙin Duniya na II ya tilasta masa ya sake yin tunani game da ra'ayin sa na zaman lafiya. Bayan kamawar Hitler na Poland, daga ƙarshe ya yi watsi da zaman lafiya.
Bugu da ƙari, Bertrand Russell ya yi kira ga Biritaniya da Amurka su ɗauki matakin soja tare. A 1940 ya zama Farfesa na Falsafa a Kwalejin City na New York. Wannan ya haifar da fushi a tsakanin malamai, wanda ya yi yaƙi da su kuma ya inganta atheism.
Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, Russell ya ci gaba da rubuta sababbin littattafai, ya yi magana a rediyo, da kuma lacca ga ɗalibai. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, ya kasance mai goyon bayan manufar Yakin Cacar Baki saboda ya yi imanin cewa hakan na iya hana Yakin Duniya na Uku.
A wannan lokacin, masanin kimiyya ya soki USSR har ma yana ganin ya zama dole a tilasta shugabancin Soviet su miƙa wuya ga Amurka a ƙarƙashin barazanar tashin bama-bamai na atom. Koyaya, bayan bam din atom ya bayyana a Tarayyar Soviet, ya fara ba da fatawar hana haramcin mallakar makaman kare dangi a duk duniya.
Ayyukan jama'a
A yayin gwagwarmayar neman zaman lafiya, Bertrand Russell ya yi kira ga dukkan bil'adama da su yi watsi da makaman nukiliya, tunda a irin wannan yakin ba za a samu masu nasara ba, sai masu asara.
Bayanin Rushe-Einstein na zanga-zangar ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Pugwash Scientists Movement, ƙungiyar da ke ba da shawarar kwance ɗamarar yaƙi da rigakafin yaƙin thermonuclear. Ayyukan Burtaniya sun sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin sanannun mayaƙan salama.
A daidai lokacin da rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuba ya yi tsami, Russell ya juya zuwa ga shugabannin Amurka da USSR - John F. Kennedy da Nikita Khrushchev, yana roƙon su zuwa ga bukatar tattaunawar zaman lafiya. Daga baya, masanin falsafar ya soki shigowar sojoji cikin Czechoslovakia, gami da halartar Amurka a yakin Vietnam.
Rayuwar mutum
A tsawon shekarun tarihin sa, Bertrand Russell ya yi aure sau 4, kuma yana da mata da yawa. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Alice Smith, wanda aurensa bai yi nasara ba.
Bayan wannan, mutumin yana da gajerun lamurori tare da 'yan mata daban-daban, ciki har da Ottolin Morrell, Helen Dudley, Irene Cooper Ullis da Constance Malleson. A karo na biyu Russell ya sauka daga hanya tare da marubuciya Dora Black. A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, ma'auratan sun sami ɗa da yarinya.
Ba da daɗewa ba, ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar barin, tun lokacin da mai tunanin ya fara ma'amala da saurayi Joan Falwell, wanda ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 3. A cikin 1936, ya ba da shawara ga Patricia Spencer, mai kula da 'ya'yansa, wanda ya yarda ya zama matarsa. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine cewa Bertrand ya girmi wanda aka zaɓa shekaru 38.
Ba da daɗewa ba ma'auratan suka sami ɗa. Koyaya, haihuwar ɗa bai kiyaye wannan auren ba. A cikin 1952, mai tunani ya saki matarsa, yana ƙaunaci marubuci Edith Fing.
Tare suka halarci tarurruka, suka yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban kuma suka tsunduma cikin ayyukan anti-militarist.
Mutuwa
Bertrand Russell ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1970 yana da shekara 97. Cutar mura ce sanadiyyar mutuwarsa. An binne shi a Gwyneth County, Welsh.
A yau, ayyukan ɗan Burtaniya suna da mashahuri sosai. A cikin tsokaci game da tarin tunawa da "Bertrand Russell - malamin falsafa na karni" an lura cewa gudummawar Russell ga ilimin lissafi shi ne mafi mahimmanci da asali tun daga zamanin Aristotle.
Hoto daga Bertrand Russell
