Kirill (a duniya Konstantin alkunya Falsafa; 827-869) da Methodius (a duniya Mika'ilu; 815-885) - waliyyan Cocin Otodoks da Katolika, ‘yan’uwa daga garin Tasalonika (wanda yanzu ke Tasalonika), masu kirkirar tsohon harafin Slavonic da yaren Slavonic na Ikilisiya, mishan mishan.
Akwai hujjoji masu ban sha'awa da yawa a tarihin rayuwar Cyril da Methodius waɗanda za a ambata a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, kafin ku kasance gajeriyar tarihin rayuwar 'yan'uwan Cyril da Methodius.
Tarihin rayuwar Cyril da Methodius
Babban cikin 'yan uwan biyu shine Methodius (Michael kafin yayi girma), wanda aka haifa a 815 a cikin garin Byzantine na Tasalonika. Shekaru 12 daga baya, a shekara ta 827, aka haifi Cyril (gabanin ciwon sanyi Constantine). Iyayen masu wa'azin nan gaba sun sami 'ya'ya maza 5.
Yara da samari
Cyril da Methodius sun fito ne daga dangi masu daraja kuma sun girma cikin dangin shugaban sojoji mai suna Leo. Masu tarihin rayuwa har yanzu suna jayayya game da asalin wannan dangin. Wasu suna danganta su ga Slav, wasu ga Bulgaria, wasu kuma ga Helenawa.
Yayinda yake yaro, Cyril da Methodius sun sami kyakkyawar ilimi. Ya kamata a lura cewa da farko 'yan'uwan ba su da haɗin kai ta abubuwan da suka dace. Don haka, Methodius ya tafi aikin soja, sannan daga baya ya hau kujerar gwamnan lardin Byzantine, yana nuna kansa gwanin iya mulki.
Tun daga ƙuruciyarsa, Cyril ya bambanta da son wuce gona da iri. Ya ɓata lokacinsa na kyauta ya karanta littattafai, waɗanda a waccan zamanin suke da daraja sosai.
Yaron ya bambanta da ƙwarewar ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙwarewar tunani. Kari akan haka, ya kware a yaren Greek, Slavic, Hebrew da Aramaic. Bayan karatu a Jami'ar Magnavr, ɗan shekaru 20 ya riga ya koyar da falsafa.
Hidimar Kirista
Ko a cikin samartakarsa, Cyril ya sami kyakkyawar dama don zama babban jami'i, kuma a nan gaba, babban kwamandan askarawan. Duk da haka, ya yi watsi da aikinsa na duniya, yana yanke shawarar danganta rayuwarsa da tiyoloji.
A waɗannan shekarun, hukumomin Byzantine sun yi duk abin da ya dace don yaɗa koyarwar Orthodox. Don yin wannan, gwamnatin ta tura jami'an diflomasiyya da mishan zuwa yankunan da addinin Islama ko wasu addinai suka shahara. A sakamakon haka, Cyril ya fara shiga cikin ayyukan mishan, yana wa'azin ƙa'idodin Kiristanci ga sauran ƙasashe.
A wannan lokacin, Methodius ya yanke shawarar barin aikin siyasa da soja, yana bin ƙaninsa zuwa gidan sufi. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa yana da shekara 37 ya ɗauki alwashin ibada.
A cikin 860, an gayyaci Cyril zuwa fada ga sarki, inda aka umurce shi da ya shiga aikin Khazar. Haƙiƙar ita ce wakilan Khazar Kagan sun yi alƙawarin karɓar Kiristanci, in har sun gamsu da ingancin wannan imanin.
A rikicin da ke tafe, an bukaci mishan mishan su tabbatar da gaskiyar addininsu ga Musulmai da ra'ayoyi. Cyril ya ɗauki babban wansa Methodius tare da shi kuma ya tafi wurin Khazars. A cewar wasu majiyoyi, Kirill ya sami nasarar yin nasara a wata tattaunawa da ya yi da limamin musulmin, amma duk da wannan, maguzancin bai canza imaninsa ba.
Duk da haka, Khazars ba su hana theiran uwansu ƙabilu waɗanda ke son karɓar Kiristanci yin baftisma ba. A wancan lokacin, wani muhimmin abu ya faru a tarihin rayuwar Cyril da Methodius.
A lokacin da suka dawo gida, ‘yan’uwan suka tsaya a Crimea, inda suka sami damar gano kayan tarihin Clement, Fafaroma Mai Tsarki, wanda daga baya aka yi jigilarsu zuwa Rome. Daga baya, wani babban al'amari ya faru a rayuwar masu wa'azi.
Da zarar basaraken ƙasashen Moravian (ƙasar Slavic) Rostislav ya nemi taimakon gwamnatin Konstantinoful. Ya nemi da a aika masa da masana tauhidi na Kirista, wadanda za su iya bayanin koyarwar kirista ga mutane ta hanya mai sauki.
Don haka, Rostislav ya so kawar da tasirin bishops na Jamus. Wannan tafiya ta Cyril da Methodius ta shiga cikin tarihin duniya - an ƙirƙiri haruffan Slavic. A Moravia, ’yan’uwa sun yi aikin ilimantarwa mai girma.
Cyril da Methodius sun fassara littattafan Girka, sun koya wa Slav karatu da rubutu kuma sun nuna yadda ake gudanar da ibada. Jirgin kasan su ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru 3, yayin da suka yi nasarar cimma sakamako mai mahimmanci. Ayyukansu na ilimantarwa sun shirya Bulgaria don baftisma.
A cikin 867, an tilasta wa ’yan’uwa su tafi Rome, a kan zargin yin saɓo. Cocin Yammacin sun kira Cyril da Methodius 'yan bidi'a, tunda suna amfani da yaren Slavic don karanta wa'azin, wanda a lokacin ake ɗaukar zunubi.
A wancan zamanin, kowane batun ilimin tauhidi za'a iya tattauna shi cikin Girkanci, Latin ko Ibrananci. A kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Rome, Cyril da Methodius sun tsaya a cikin masarautar Blatensky. Anan suka sami damar gabatar da wa'azin, tare da koyar da jama'ar yankin kasuwancin littafi.
Da suka isa Italiya, mishaneri suka gabatar wa limaman cocin kayayyakin Clement, wanda suka zo da shi. Sabon Paparoma Adrian II ya yi matukar farin ciki da kayan tarihin har ya ba da damar ayyuka a cikin harshen Slavic. Wani abin ban sha'awa shi ne cewa a yayin wannan taron an ba Methodius matsayin bishop.
A cikin 869, Cyril ya mutu, sakamakon haka Methodius da kansa ya ci gaba da aikin mishan. A wannan lokacin, ya riga ya sami mabiya da yawa. Ya yanke shawarar komawa Moravia don ci gaba da aikin da ya fara a can.
Anan Methodius ya fuskanci adawa mai tsanani a gaban limaman Jamusawa. Thronean uwan Svyatopolk ne ya karɓi gadon sarautar marigayi Rostislav, wanda ke biyayya ga manufofin Jamusawa. Latterarshen sun yi iya ƙoƙarinsu don hana aikin malamin.
Duk wani ƙoƙari na gudanar da ayyukan allahntaka cikin yaren Slavic ya tsananta. Abin mamaki ne cewa Methodius har ma an ɗaure shi a gidan sufi na tsawon shekaru 3. Paparoma John VIII ya taimaka aka sake Rumawa.
Kuma duk da haka, a cikin majami'u, har yanzu an hana gudanar da sabis a cikin harshen Slavic, ban da huɗuba. Yana da kyau a lura cewa duk da duk hanin, Methodius ya ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan allah a asirce a cikin Slavic.
Ba da daɗewa ba, babban bishop ya yi wa basaraken Czech baftisma, wanda kusan ya sha azaba mai tsanani. Koyaya, Methodius ya yi nasarar ba kawai don kaucewa azabtarwa ba, amma har ma ya sami izini don gudanar da ayyuka cikin yaren Slavic. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, ya sami nasarar kammala fassarar Littattafan Tsohon Alkawari.
Kirkirar haruffa
Cyril da Methodius sun shiga cikin tarihi da farko a matsayin waɗanda suka ƙirƙira haruffan Slavic. Hakan ya faru ne a ƙarshen 862-863. Abin lura ne cewa 'yan shekarun da suka gabata,' yan'uwan sun riga sun yi ƙoƙari na farko don aiwatar da ra'ayinsu.
A waccan lokacin a tarihinsu, sun rayu ne a gangaren Dutsen Little Olympus a cikin gidan ibada na gida. Ana ɗaukar Cyril a matsayin marubucin haruffa, amma wanne ne ya zama asiri.
Masana sun karkata ga harafin Glagolitic, kamar yadda haruffa 38 da ke ciki suka nuna. Idan mukayi magana game da haruffan Cyrillic, to tabbas Kliment Ohridsky ne ya aiwatar dashi. Koyaya, a kowane hali, ɗalibin har yanzu yana amfani da aikin Cyril - shine ya keɓe sautunan yare, wanda shine mahimmin mahimmanci a cikin ƙirƙirar rubutu.
Tushen harafin shine rubutun Hellenanci - haruffa suna da kamanceceniya, sakamakon haka kalmar aikatau ta rikice da haruffan gabas. Amma don tsara sautunan Slavic na halayya, an yi amfani da haruffa Ibrananci, daga cikinsu - "sh".
Mutuwa
A lokacin tafiya zuwa Rome, Cyril ya kamu da rashin lafiya mai tsanani, wanda ya zama sanadin mutuwarsa. Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa Cyril ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 869 yana da shekara 42. A wannan rana, mabiya darikar Katolika suna bikin ranar tunawa da waliyyai.
Methodius ya fi ɗan'uwansa shekaru 16, ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 885 yana da shekara 70. Bayan mutuwarsa, daga baya a Moravia sun sake hana fassarar litattafan litattafai, kuma mabiyan Cyril da Methodius sun fara fuskantar tsanantawa mai tsanani. A yau masu bautar mishan na Byzantine ana girmama su a Yamma da Gabas.
Hoton Cyril da Methodius
