Edward Joseph Snowden (an haife shi a shekara ta 1983) - Ba'amurke masanin fasaha kuma wakili na musamman, tsohon ma'aikacin CIA da Hukumar Tsaro ta Amurka (NSA).
A lokacin bazara na 2013, ya ba da bayanan sirri na kafofin watsa labarai na Burtaniya da Amurka daga NSA game da yawan sa ido kan hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin 'yan kasashen da dama na duniya ta hanyar ayyukan leken asirin Amurka.
A cewar Pentagon, Snowden ya saci manyan fayilolin ajiya miliyan 1.7, da yawa daga cikinsu sun shafi manyan ayyukan soja. A dalilin wannan, gwamnatin Amurka ta sanya shi cikin jerin kasashen duniya da take nema.
Akwai tarihin gaskiya masu yawa masu ban sha'awa a cikin tarihin Snowden, wanda zamu gaya game da shi a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Edward Snowden.
Tarihin rayuwar Snowden
An haifi Edward Snowden a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1983 a jihar North Carolina ta Amurka. Ya girma kuma ya girma a cikin dangin Coast Guard Lonnie Snowden da matarsa, Elizabeth, wacce lauya ce. Baya ga Edward, iyayensa suna da yarinya mai suna Jessica.
Duk lokacin yarinta Snowden ya kasance a cikin Elizabeth City, sannan kuma a Maryland, kusa da hedkwatar NSA. Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a kwaleji, inda ya kware a kan ilimin kwamfuta.
Daga baya, Edward ya zama dalibi a Jami’ar Liverpool, yana karbar digiri na biyu a shekarar 2011. Shekaru uku bayan haka, an dauke shi aikin soja, inda wani lamari mara dadi ya same shi. Yayin atisayen soja, ya karye ƙafafu biyu, wanda hakan ya sa aka sallame shi.
Daga wannan lokacin a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Snowden yana da alaƙa ta kut da kut da aikin da ya shafi shirye-shirye da fasahar IT. A wannan yankin, ya kai babban matsayi, bayan ya sami damar nuna kansa a matsayin ƙwararren masani.
Sabis a cikin CIA
Tun yana ƙarami, Edward Snowden da gaba gaɗi ya ɗaga tsaran aikin. Ya sami ƙwarewar sa ta farko a NSA, yana aiki a tsarin tsaro na wani ɓoye. Bayan wani lokaci, an ba shi aiki ga CIA.
Bayan ya zama jami'in leken asiri, sai aka tura Edward karkashin inuwar diflomasiyya zuwa Switzerland a matsayin Ambasadan Amurka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Ya kasance ya tabbatar da tsaron hanyoyin sadarwar komputa. Ya kamata a lura cewa mutumin ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawo fa'idodi kawai ga al'umma da ƙasarsa.
Koyaya, a cewar Snowden da kansa, a Switzerland ne ya fara ganewa sosai cewa aikinsa a cikin CIA, kamar duk ayyukan ayyukan leken asirin Amurka gaba ɗaya, yana kawo wa mutane mummunar cuta fiye da kyau. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa yana da shekaru 26 ya yanke shawarar barin CIA kuma ya fara aiki a kungiyoyin da ke karkashin NSA.
Da farko, Edward yayi aiki da Dell, bayan haka yayi aiki a matsayin dan kwangila na Booz Allen Hamilton. Duk shekara sai kara rikicewa yakeyi da ayyukan NSA. Saurayin ya so ya fadawa 'yan kasar sa da kuma duniya baki daya gaskiya game da ayyukan kungiyar na gaske.
A sakamakon haka, a cikin 2013, Edward Snowden ya yanke shawarar daukar mataki mai matukar hadari - don bayyana bayanan sirrin da ke tona asirin ayyukan Amurka na musamman a cikin sanya ido kan 'yan kasa na duniya baki daya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, Snowden ya so ya "bude" a shekarar 2008, amma bai yi haka ba, yana fatan Barack Obama, wanda ya hau mulki, zai maido da tsari. Koyaya, fatansa bai ƙaddara ya zama gaskiya ba. Sabon zababben shugaban ya bi ka’idoji irin na magabata.
Bayyanawa da gabatar da kara
A cikin 2013, tsohon wakilin CIA ya fara aiki a kan tallan bayanan sirri. Ya tuntubi furodusan fim Laura Poitras, mai ba da rahoto Glenn Greenwald, da mai tallata labarai Burton Gellman, yana kiran su don ba da labaru masu kayatarwa.
Yana da mahimmanci a sani cewa mai shirya shirye-shiryen ya yi amfani da imel masu lamba a matsayin hanyar sadarwa, inda ya aikawa da ‘yan jarida takardun sirri kusan 200,000.
Matsayinsu na sirri ya yi yawa wanda ya wuce mahimmancin kayan da aka buga a baya akan WikiLeaks game da laifukan Afghanistan da Iraki. Bayan wallafa takardun da Snowden ya bayar, sai wani abin kunya a duniya ya barke.
Dukan 'yan jaridun duniya sun yi rubutu game da kayan da aka ayyana, sakamakon haka ne gwamnatin Amurka ta soki lamirin. Abubuwan da Edward ya bayyana sun cika da gaskiya game da sa ido kan 'yan ƙasa na jihohi 60 da sassan gwamnatin Turai 35 ta hanyar ayyukan leken asirin Amurka.
Jami'in leken asirin ya ba da labarin game da shirin na PRISM, wanda ya taimaka wa jami'an sirri don bin tattaunawar tsakanin Amurkawa da baƙi masu amfani da Intanet ko tarho.
Shirin ya ba da damar sauraron tattaunawa da tarurruka na bidiyo, da damar shiga kowane akwatin e-mail, da kuma mallakar duk bayanan masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar. Abin sha'awa, manyan ayyuka da yawa sun haɗa kai da PRISM, gami da Microsoft, Facebook, Google, Skype da YouTube.
Snowden ya ba da gaskiyar cewa babban kamfanin wayar hannu, Verizon, ya aika da metadata zuwa NSA kowace rana don duk kiran da aka yi a Amurka. Wani saurayi yayi magana game da shirin bin sawu na sirri Tempora.
Tare da taimakonsa, sabis na musamman na iya katse zirga-zirgar Intanet da tattaunawar tarho. Hakanan, jama'a sun koyi game da software da aka sanya akan "iPhone", wanda ke ba da damar bin sawun masu waɗannan na'urori.
Daga cikin manyan bayanan da Edward Snowden ya yi har da yadda Amurkawa suka yi ta tattaunawa ta wayar tarho na mahalarta taron G-20, wanda aka gudanar a Burtaniya a shekarar 2009. A cewar wani rahoton da aka rufe na Pentagon, mai shirya shirin ya mallaki kimanin takardu miliyan 1.7.
Yawancinsu suna da alaƙa da ayyukan soja da aka gudanar a cikin rassa daban-daban na sojojin. A cewar masana, a nan gaba, za a bayyana wadannan kayan a hankali domin rage darajar gwamnatin Amurka da ta NSA.
Wannan ba duka jerin abubuwan gaskiya bane na Snowden bane, wanda dole ne ya biya mai yawa. Bayan ya bayyana asalinsa, an tilasta masa ya gudu daga ƙasar cikin gaggawa. Da farko, ya buya a Hongkong, bayan haka ya yanke shawarar neman mafaka a Rasha. A ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2013, tsohon wakilin ya nemi Moscow don neman mafakar siyasa.
Shugaban na Rasha, Vladimir Putin, ya kyale Snowden ya ci gaba da zama a Tarayyar ta Rasha da sharadin cewa ba zai sake shiga ayyukan ta da hankali ba daga hukumar leken asirin Amurka. A cikin gida, abokan aikin Edward sun la'anci aikin nasa, suna masu jayayya cewa ta ayyukansa ya haifar da lalacewar da ba za a iya gyarawa ba ga hukumar leken asirin da mutuncin Amurka.
Hakanan, Tarayyar Turai ta mai da martani mara kyau game da gurfanar da Snowden. A saboda wannan dalili, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta sha yin kira ga EU da kada ta hukunta jami'in leken asirin, amma, akasin haka, don ba shi kariya.
A wata hira da jaridar Washington Post, Edward ya ce: “Na riga na yi nasara. Abin da kawai na ke so shi ne in nuna wa jama’a yadda ake gudanar da shi ”. Mutumin ya kuma kara da cewa koyaushe yana aiki ne don kyautatawa, ba wai rugujewar NSA ba.
Yawancin wasannin bidiyo da yawa daga baya an sake su bisa ga tarihin Snowden. Hakanan, an fara buga littattafai da shirye-shirye game da jami'in leken asirin a ƙasashe daban-daban. A cikin faɗuwar shekarar 2014, shirin fim na awanni 2 mai taken Citizenfour. Gaskiya ta Snowden ”sadaukarwa ga Edward.
Fim din ya lashe irin manyan lambobin yabo na fim kamar Oscar, BAFTA da Sputnik. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, a sinimomin Rasha wannan hoton ya zama jagora wajen rarraba tsakanin finafinan da ba na almara ba a cikin 2015.
Rayuwar mutum
A wata hira, Snowden ya yarda cewa yana da mata da yara. Sananne ne sananne cewa tun shekara ta 2009 mai rawa Lindsay Mills ya kasance ƙaunataccensa.
Da farko dai, ma'auratan sun yi rayuwar aure ne a daya daga cikin tsibiran Hawaiian. A cewar da yawa daga majiyoyi, a wannan lokacin Edward yana zaune tare da danginsa a Rasha, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hotunan da suke fitowa lokaci-lokaci a Yanar gizo.
Idan kun yi imani da maganar 'yan jaridar da suka yi magana da Ba'amurke, to Snowden mutum ne mai kirki da hankali. Ya fi son yin rayuwa mai nutsuwa da aunawa. Mutumin ya kira kansa mai rikitarwa. Ya karanta abubuwa da yawa, kasancewar tarihin Rasha ya ɗauke shi, amma ya ba da ƙarin lokaci akan Intanet.
Hakanan akwai yaduwar imani cewa Edward mai cin ganyayyaki ne. Hakanan baya shan giya ko kofi.
Edward Snowden a yau
Edward sau da yawa ya bayyana yardarsa don komawa Amurka, ƙarƙashin shari'ar yanke hukunci. Duk da haka, a halin yanzu, babu wani mai mulkin kasar da ya ba shi irin wannan garantin.
Yau mutumin yana aiki akan ƙirƙirar shirin wanda zai iya kare masu amfani daga barazanar waje. Yana da kyau a lura cewa duk da cewa Snowden ya ci gaba da sukar manufofin Amurka, amma yakan yi magana mara kyau game da ayyukan hukumomin Rasha.
Ba da daɗewa ba, Edward ya gabatar da lacca ga shugabannin Mossad, yana nuna shaidu da yawa na NSA ya kutsa kai cikin tsarin ayyukan leken asirin Isra’ila. Tun daga yau, har yanzu yana cikin haɗari. Idan ya fada hannun Amurka, zai fuskanci kimanin shekaru 30 a kurkuku, kuma mai yiwuwa hukuncin kisa.
Hotunan Snowden
