Jean Coven, Jean Calvin (1509-1564) - Masanin ilimin tauhidi na Faransa, mai gyara coci kuma wanda ya kafa Calvinism. Babban aikin sa shine Umarni a cikin Bangaskiyar Kirista.
Akwai tarihin rayuwar Calvin da yawa wadanda zamu tattauna a wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin rayuwar John Calvin.
Tarihin Calvin
An haifi Jean Calvin a ranar 10 ga watan Yulin, 1509 a garin Noyon na Faransa. Ya girma kuma ya girma cikin dangin lauya Gerard Coven. Mahaifiyar mai neman kawo canji nan gaba ta mutu tun yana saurayi.
Yara da samari
Kusan ba a san komai game da yarinta John Calvin ba. Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa lokacin da ya kai shekara 14, yayi karatu a ɗayan manyan jami'o'in Faris. A wannan lokacin, ya riga ya sami matsayin malami.
Mahaifin ya yi duk abin da zai yiwu domin ɗansa ya ci gaba da tsallake tsaran aikin coci ya zama mutumin da ke da kuɗi. A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, Jean ya yi karatun hankali, tauhidi, shari'a, yare da sauran fannonin kimiyya.
Calvin yana son karatunsa, sakamakon haka ya kasance yana amfani da duk lokacin hutu wajen karatun littattafai. Kari kan haka, ya rika halartar tattaunawar hankali da falsafa lokaci-lokaci, yana nuna kansa a matsayin mai iya magana. Daga baya ya gabatar da wa'azin na wani lokaci a daya daga cikin cocin Katolika.
Yayinda yake girma, John Calvin ya ci gaba da karatun doka a nacewar mahaifinsa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yadda lauyoyi ke samun kudi mai kyau. Kuma kodayake mutumin yana samun ci gaba a karatun fikihu, nan da nan bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, ya bar hannun dama, yana yanke shawarar danganta rayuwarsa da tiyoloji.
Calvin yayi nazarin ayyukan masana tauhidi daban-daban, sannan kuma ya karanta Baibul da sharhinsa. Tsawon lokacin da ya karanta Nassosi, yana ƙara shakkar gaskiyar imanin Katolika. Koyaya, da farko bai yi adawa da Katolika ba, amma ya yi kira ga "ƙaramin" gyare-gyare.
A shekara ta 1532, muhimman abubuwa biyu sun faru a tarihin rayuwar John Calvin: ya karbi digirin digirgir kuma ya wallafa rubutunsa na farko na kimiyya "On Meekness", wanda ya kasance sharhi ne kan aikin mai tunani Seneca.
Koyarwa
Da yake ya zama mutum mai ilimi, Jean ya fara nuna juyayi ga ra'ayoyin Furotesta. Musamman, aikin Martin Luther, wanda ya yi tawaye ga limaman Katolika ya burge shi sosai.
Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa Calvin ya shiga sabuwar ƙungiyar da aka kafa ta masu goyon bayan ra'ayoyin gyarawa, kuma ba da daɗewa ba, godiya ga gwaninta na iya magana, ya zama shugaban wannan al'umma.
A cewar mutumin, babban aikin Kiristocin duniya shi ne kawar da cin zarafin hukuma ta firistoci, wanda ke faruwa sau da yawa. Babban rukunan koyarwar Calvin shine daidaiton dukkan mutane da jinsi a gaban Allah.
Ba da daɗewa ba, Jean ya fito fili ya bayyana kin amincewa da Katolika. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa Maɗaukaki da kansa ya yi kira ga hidimarsa don yaɗa gaskiyar imani. A lokacin, ya riga ya zama marubucin sanannen jawabinsa "A kan Falsafar Kirista", wanda aka aika don bugawa.
Kalaman rashin mutuncin Calvin sun dame gwamnati da malamai, waɗanda ba sa son canja wani abu. A sakamakon haka, mai neman kawo canji ya fara tsanantawa saboda imaninsa "masu adawa da Kiristanci", yana fakewa da hukuma tare da abokansa.
A 1535, Jean ya rubuta babban aikinsa, Umarni a cikin Imani na Kirista, a ciki ya kare Faransawa masu wa'azin bishara. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, tsoron ransa, masanin ilimin tauhidi ya zaɓi ya ɓoye marubucinsa, don haka bugun farko na littafin ba a san shi ba.
Yayin da tsanantawar ta kara karfi, John Calvin ya yanke shawarar barin kasar. Ya tafi Strasbourg ta hanyar zagayawa, yana shirin kwana a Geneva kwana ɗaya. Sannan bai riga ya san cewa a wannan garin zai tsaya ba.
A Geneva, Jean ya sadu da mabiyansa, kuma ya sami mutum mai ra'ayi ɗaya a matsayin mai wa'azi kuma masanin tauhidi Guillaume Farel. Godiya ga goyon bayan Farel, ya sami babban farin jini a cikin garin, sannan daga baya ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye cikin nasara.
A lokacin bazarar 1536, an shirya tattaunawar jama'a a Lausanne, inda Farel da Calvin ma suka halarta. An tattauna batutuwa 10 wadanda suka wakilci mahimman ka'idojin garambawul. Lokacin da Katolika suka fara da'awar cewa masu wa'azin bishara ba su yarda da ra'ayoyin iyayen cocin ba, Jean ya shiga tsakani.
Mutumin ya ba da sanarwar cewa masu wa'azin bishara ba kawai suna daraja ayyukan iyayen cocin fiye da Katolika ba, amma sun fi su sani sosai. Don tabbatar da wannan, Calvin ya gina sarkar hankali bisa ka'idojin tiyoloji, inda yake ambaton wurare masu yawa daga gare su.
Jawabin nasa ya yi tasiri matuka ga duk wanda ya halarci taron, tare da samar wa Furotesta wata nasara ba tare da wani sharadi ba a rikicin. Da shigewar lokaci, mutane da yawa, a Geneva da can nesa da kan iyakokinta, suka koyi game da sabon koyarwar, wanda dama can ana kiranta "Calvinism".
Daga baya, an tilasta wa Jean barin wannan garin, saboda tsanantawar hukumomin yankin. A karshen 1538 ya koma Strasbourg, inda Furotesta da yawa ke zaune. Anan ya zama limamin cocin neman kawo canji wanda a ciki wa'azinsa suka cika.
Bayan shekaru 3, Calvin ya koma Geneva. Anan ya gama rubuta babban aikinsa "Catechism" - jerin dokoki da kuma bayanan "Calvinism" wanda aka yiwa duka jama'ar.
Waɗannan ƙa'idodin suna da tsauri sosai kuma suna buƙatar sake tsara umarnin da al'adun da aka kafa. Koyaya, hukumomin birni sun goyi bayan ƙa'idojin "Catechism", sun amince da shi a taron. Amma aikin, wanda ya yi kyau, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama cikakken mulkin kama-karya.
A wancan lokacin, John Calvin da kansa da mabiyansa ne ke mulkin Geneva. A sakamakon haka, hukuncin kisa ya karu, kuma aka kori 'yan ƙasa da yawa daga garin. Mutane da yawa sun ji tsoron rayukansu, saboda azabtar da fursunoni ya zama al'ada gama gari.
Jean ya yi rubutu tare da tsohon abokinsa Miguel Servetus, wanda ya yi adawa da koyarwar Allah-Uku-Cikin-andaya kuma ya soki yawancin ayyukan Calvin, yana tallafa wa kalmominsa da hujjoji da yawa. Servetus ya tsananta kuma daga ƙarshe hukuma ta kame shi a Geneva, bayan la'antar Calvin. An yanke masa hukuncin ƙonawa a kan gungumen azaba.
John Calvin ya ci gaba da rubuta sabbin litattafan tauhidi, gami da babban tarin littattafai, jawabai, laccoci, da sauransu. A tsawon shekarun tarihinsa, ya zama marubucin mujalladai 57.
Tsarin karatun koyaswar tauhidi shine cikakken tushen koyarwar akan littafi mai tsarki da kuma yarda da ikon mallakar Allah, ma'ana, babban ikon Mahalicci akan komai. Aya daga cikin mahimman sifofin Calvin shine koyarwar ƙaddarar mutum, ko, a cikin sauƙaƙan lafazi, na ƙaddara.
Don haka, mutum da kansa ba ya yanke hukunci game da komai, kuma komai ya riga ya riga ya kaddara. Da shekaru, Jean ya zama mai ba da gaskiya, mai tsananin ƙarfi da haƙuri da duk waɗanda ba su yarda da ra'ayinsa ba.
Rayuwar mutum
Calvin ya auri yarinya mai suna Idelette de Boer. 'Ya'ya uku aka haifa a cikin wannan auren, amma duk sun mutu ne tun suna kanana. An san cewa mai kawo canji ya fi matarsa dadewa.
Mutuwa
John Calvin ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1564 yana da shekara 54. Dangane da neman ilimin tauhidi kansa, an binne shi a cikin kabari gama gari ba tare da ya kafa wata alama ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin son yin bautar kansa da kuma bayyanar da wata girmamawa ga inda aka binne shi.
Hotunan Calvin
