Richard Na Zakin zaki (1157-1199) - sarki da janar na Ingilishi daga daular Plantagenet. Hakanan yana da sanannen sunan laƙabi - Richard Ee-da-A'a, wanda ke nufin cewa yana da laconic ko yana da sauƙi lanƙwasa shi ta wata hanyar ko wata.
Ana ɗauka ɗayan shahararrun mayaƙan yaƙi. Ya kwashe yawancin mulkinsa a wajen Ingila a cikin yakin basasa da sauran yakin neman zabe.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Richard I the Lionheart, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga ɗan gajeren tarihin Richard 1.
Tarihin rayuwar Richard na Zakin zaki
An haifi Richard a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1157 a garin Ingila na Oxford. Shi ne ɗa na uku na masarautar Ingilishi Henry II da Alienora na Aquitaine. Baya ga shi, iyayen Richard sun sake haihuwar wasu yara - William (ya mutu a yarinta), Henry, Jeffrey da John, da kuma 'yan mata uku - Matilda, Alienora da Joanna.
Yara da samari
Kamar yadda ɗa ga ma'aurata, Richard ya sami kyakkyawar ilimi. Tun yana karami, ya fara nuna kwarewar soja, shi yasa yake matukar son yin wasannin da suka shafi harkar soja.
Bugu da kari, yaron ya shagaltu da siyasa, wanda ya taimaka masa a rayuwarsa ta gaba. Kowace shekara yana son ƙara faɗa. Zamanin ya yi magana game da shi a matsayin jarumi kuma jarumi.
Matashi Richard yana da mutunci a cikin jama'a, bayan ya sami nasarar samun cikakkiyar biyayya daga manyan masarauta a yankinsa. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, kasancewarsa mai bin ɗariƙar Katolika, ya mai da hankali sosai ga bukukuwan coci.
Saurayin ya halarci ayyukan ibada cikin farin ciki, ya rera waƙoƙin coci har ma ya “gudanar” da mawaƙa. Bugu da kari, yana son waka, sakamakon haka ya yi kokarin rubuta waka.
Richard the Lionheart, kamar 'yan'uwansa maza biyu, yana ƙaunar mahaifiyarsa sosai. Hakanan, 'yan'uwan sun bi da mahaifinsu cikin sanyi saboda rashin kula da mahaifiyarsu. A cikin 1169 Henry II ya raba jihar zuwa duchies, ya raba su tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza.
A shekara mai zuwa, ɗan'uwan Richard, ya nada Henry III, ya yi tawaye ga mahaifinsa saboda an hana shi yawancin ikon mai iko. Daga baya, sauran 'ya'yan sarki, ciki har da Richard, sun shiga cikin tarzomar.
Henry na II ya karɓi yaran da suka yi tawaye kuma ya kame matarsa. Lokacin da Richard ya sami labarin hakan, da farko ya mika wuya ga mahaifinsa kuma ya roke shi gafara. Masarautar ba kawai ta yafe wa dansa ba, har ma ta bar masa ikon mallakar kananan hukumomin. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 1179, aka ba Richard taken Duke na Aquitaine.
Farkon mulkin
A lokacin rani na 1183, Henry III ya mutu, don haka kursiyin Ingilishi ya koma hannun Richard the Lionheart. Mahaifinsa ya bukace shi da ya canza mulki a cikin Aquitaine ga kaninsa John, amma Richard bai yarda da wannan ba, wanda ya haifar da rikici da John.
A lokacin, Philip II Augustus ya zama sabon sarkin Faransa, yana mai da'awar ƙasashen nahiyoyin Henry II. Da yake son mallakar, sai ya birge kuma ya juya Richard ga mahaifansa.
A cikin 1188 Richard the Lionheart ya zama abokin Philip, wanda ya tafi yaƙi da masarautar Ingila tare da shi. Kuma duk da cewa Heinrich ya yi jaruntaka tare da abokan gaba, amma har yanzu ya kasa yin nasara a kansu.
Lokacin da rashin lafiya mai tsanani Henry 2 ya sami labarin cin amanar ɗansa John, sai ya ji tsoro mai tsanani kuma da sauri ya suma. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, a lokacin rani na 1189, ya mutu. Bayan ya binne mahaifinsa, Richard ya tafi Rouen, inda ya sami taken Duke na Normandy.
Manufofin gida
Bayan zama sabon mai mulkin Ingila, Richard I the Lionheart ya saki mahaifiyarsa da farko. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa ya gafartawa duk abokan mahaifinsa, ban da Etienne de Marsay.
Ba karamin ban sha'awa shine gaskiyar cewa Richard bai yiwa baron kyautar lambobin yabo ba, waɗanda suka zo gefensa yayin rikici da mahaifinsa. Akasin haka, ya la'ance su saboda lalata da cin amanar mai mulkin yanzu.
A halin yanzu, mahaifiyar sabon sarki da aka nada ta tsunduma cikin sakin fursunonin da aka tura zuwa gidajen yari bisa umarnin marigayi mijinta. Ba da daɗewa ba Richard 1 Lionheart ya dawo da haƙƙin manyan jami'ai, waɗanda suka rasa a ƙarƙashin Henry 2, kuma ya dawo cikin ƙasar da bishop-bishop ɗin da suka tsere daga iyakarta saboda zalunci.
A cikin faɗuwar shekarar 1189, an naɗa Richard I a hukumance. Pogroms na yahudawa sun mamaye bikin nadin sarautar. Don haka, mulkinsa ya fara ne tare da binciken kasafin kuɗi da kuma bayar da rahoto na jami'ai a masarautar.
A karo na farko a tarihin Ingila, aka fara cika baitul malin ta hanyar kasuwancin ofisoshin gwamnati. Nan da nan aka kama manyan jami'ai da membobin limamai da ba sa son biyan kujerun gwamnati, an kuma ɗaure su.
A lokacin mulkin shekaru 10 na kasar, Richard the Lionheart ya kasance a Ingila kusan shekara guda. A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, ya mai da hankali kan samuwar sojojin ƙasa da na ruwa. A dalilin wannan, an kashe kudade da yawa akan ci gaban al'amuran soja.
Kasancewa a wajen mahaifarsa na tsawon shekaru, Ingila, in babu Richard, hakika Guillaume Longchamp, Hubert Walter da mahaifiyarsa ne suka mulki shi. Masarautar ta dawo gida a karo na biyu a cikin bazara na shekarar 1194.
Koyaya, sarki ya koma mahaifarsa ba sosai don mulki ba don tarin haraji na gaba. Ya buƙaci kuɗi don yaƙi tare da Philip, wanda ya ƙare a 1199 tare da nasarar Bature. A sakamakon haka, Faransawa sun dawo da yankunan da aka kame a baya daga Ingila.
Manufofin waje
Da zarar Richard the Lionheart ya zama sarki sai ya tashi don shirya yaƙi ga toasa Mai Tsarki. Bayan ya kammala duk wasu shirye-shiryen da suka dace da tattara kuɗi, sai ya hau kan hanya.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa Philip II shima ya shiga kamfen din soja, wanda ya haifar da hadewar turawan Ingila da na Faransa. Wani abin ban sha'awa shine cewa sojojin sarakunan duka sunkai sojoji 100,000 kowannensu!
Doguwar tafiyar ta kasance tare da matsaloli daban-daban, gami da yanayi mara kyau. Faransawan, wadanda suka iso Falasdinu kafin Turawan Ingila, sun fara kewaye Acre.
A halin yanzu, Richard the Lionheart yayi yaƙi tare da sojojin Cyprus, karkashin jagorancin mayaudarin sarki Isaac Comnenus. Bayan yaƙin na tsawon wata guda, Turawan ingila sun sami galaba a kan abokan gaba. Sun washe mutanen Cyprus kuma sun yanke shawara daga wannan lokacin su kira jihar - Masarautar Cyprus.
Bayan jiran abokan kawancen, Faransawa sun kai wa Acre hari cikin hanzari, wanda ya mika wuya gare su kimanin wata daya bayan haka. Daga baya, Filibus, ya ba da labarin rashin lafiya, ya koma gida, tare da yawancin sojojinsa.
Don haka, ƙarancin mayaƙa sun kasance a hannun Richard the Lionheart. Koyaya, koda a cikin waɗannan lambobin, ya sami nasarar cin nasara akan abokan adawar.
Ba da daɗewa ba sojojin shugaban sojoji suka yi kusa da Urushalima - a sansanin soja na Ascalon. 'Yan Salibiyyar sun shiga yakin da babu irinsa tare da sojoji 300,000 na abokan gaba kuma suka sami nasara a ciki. Richard ya sami nasarar shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe, wanda ya ɗaga darajar sojojinsa.
Bayan kusantowa kusa da Birni Mai Tsarki, kwamandan sojan ya duba yanayin sojojin. Yanayin al'amuran ya haifar da damuwa mai yawa: sojoji sun gaji da doguwar tafiya, sannan kuma akwai ƙarancin abinci, kayan mutane da na soja.
Bayan zurfin tunani, Richard the Lionheart ya ba da umarnin komawa Acre da aka ci. Da yake da wuya ya yaƙi Saracens, masarautar ta Ingila ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 3 tare da Sultan Saladin. A cewar yarjejeniyar, Kiristocin sun cancanci ziyarar lafiya zuwa Kudus.
Yakin basasa wanda Richard 1 ya jagoranta ya faɗaɗa matsayin kirista a cikin ƙasa mai tsarki na karni. A cikin faɗuwar shekarar 1192, kwamandan ya tafi gida tare da mahayan.
A yayin tafiya cikin teku, ya shiga cikin guguwa mai tsanani, sakamakon haka aka jefa shi bakin teku. A karkashin sunan mai yawo, Richard the Lionheart yayi yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba ta hanyar wucewa daga yankin abokan gabar Ingila - Leopold na Austria.
Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa an san sarki kuma an kama shi nan da nan. Batutuwa sun fanshi Richard don lada mai yawa. Komawa zuwa mahaifarsa, sarakunan sun marabce shi sosai.
Rayuwar mutum
A tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata, marubutan tarihin Burtaniya sun tabo batun luwadi da Richard na Lionheart, wanda har yanzu ya haifar da tattaunawa mai yawa.
A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1191, Richard ya auri diyar sarkin Navarre, mai suna Berengaria na Navarre. Yara a cikin wannan ƙungiyar ba a haife su ba. Sananne ne cewa masarautar tana da ƙawancen soyayya da Amelia de Cognac. A sakamakon haka, yana da ɗa mara izini, Philippe de Cognac.
Mutuwa
Sarkin, wanda yake matukar kaunar harkokin soja, ya mutu a fagen daga. A yayin kawanyar katanga na Chaliu-Chabrol a ranar 26 ga Maris, 1199, an ji masa mummunan rauni a wuya daga gicciye, wanda ya zama ajalinsa.
Richard the Lionheart ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1199 sanadiyar gubarsa ta jini a hannun wata tsohuwa tsohuwa. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yana da shekaru 41.
Hoton Richard ne Lionheart
