Cologne Cathedral ba ta daɗe da zama ta farko a cikin jerin manya-manyan gine-gine a duniya, amma a yau ya cancanci zama matsayi na uku a cikin dukkan gidajen ibada. Ba wai kawai majami'ar Gothic ta shahara da wannan ba: ta ƙunshi adadi da yawa na kayan tarihi waɗanda wakilan al'ummomi daban-daban da suka zo Jamus suke so su kalla. Duk abin ban sha'awa ne: menene tsayin hasumiyoyi, tarihin halitta, gini, kayan ado na ciki.
A takaice game da Cologne Cathedral
Ga waɗanda har yanzu suke mamakin inda babban cocin yake, yana da kyau a je garin Cologne na Jamus. Adireshinsa: Domkloster, 4. An ɗora dutse na farko a cikin 1248, amma zanen cocin na zamani yana cikin tsarin Gothic.
Da ke ƙasa akwai taƙaitaccen bayanin manyan ƙimomin da ke tattare da ginin coci da abubuwan da ke ciki:
- tsawo daga cikin babbar hasumiya ya kai 157.18 m;
- tsawon haikalin shine 144.58 m;
- da nisa daga cikin haikalin - 86.25 m;
- yawan kararrawa - 11, mafi girma daga cikinsu shine "Decke Pitter";
- yankin babban cocin ya kai kimanin 7914 sq. m;
- nauyin dutsen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ginin ya kai tan dubu 300;
- gyaran shekara-shekara Euro miliyan 10.
Ga waɗanda suke da sha'awar matakai nawa ke haifar da larurar, yana da daraja a ƙara wannan adadi, domin domin isa hasumiyar kararrawa kuma ɗauki hoto mai inganci daga saman cocin, dole ne ku shawo kan matakai 509. Gaskiya ne, an biya ziyartar hasumiyoyin, amma kowa na iya zuwa haikalin kawai. Lokacin buɗewa ya bambanta da yanayi. A lokacin rani (Mayu-Oktoba), Cologne Cathedral a buɗe take ga baƙi tsakanin 6: 00-21: 00, kuma a cikin hunturu (Nuwamba-Afrilu) zaku iya yaba da kyawun cocin tsakanin 6: 00-19: 30.
Matakai na ginin haikalin Cologne
Babban cocin Archbishopric na Cologne an gina shi a matakai da yawa. Manyan lokuta biyu ana rarrabe su da al'ada. Kwanan farko sun dawo zuwa 1248-1437, na biyu ya faru a rabi na biyu na karni na 19. Har zuwa karni na 13, an gina tsarkakakkun wurare da yawa a wannan yankin, ana iya ganin ragowar sa a ƙasan babban cocin zamani. A yau, yayin rami, an gano sassan bene da ganuwar daga zamuna daban-daban, amma ba shi yiwuwa a dawo da hoto ɗaya na bambancin da ya gabata na haikalin.
A farkon karni na 13, an yanke shawarar gina babban cocinsa a Cologne, ɗayan cibiyoyi mafi arziki na wancan lokacin. Akbishop Konrad von Hochstaden ya ƙaddamar da wani babban aikin gini wanda yayi alƙawarin bai wa duniya haikalin da zai mamaye majami'un da ake da su.
Akwai zaton cewa bayyanar Cocin Cologne ya kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa a 1164 Cologne ya sami manyan abubuwan tarihi - ragowar Magi Masu Tsarki. An ƙirƙiri sarcophagus na musamman a gare su, kuma ya kamata a adana irin wannan taskar a wuri mai dacewa, wanda zai zama haikalin nan gaba.
Ginin cocin ya fara ne daga bangaren gabas. Babban ra'ayi shine salon Gothic, wanda ya shahara a wannan lokacin. Bugu da kari, yalwatattun tagogi masu gilashi da tsaunuka masu tsawo na alama ne kuma suna nuna girmamawa ga ikon allahntaka.
Ginin wannan halittar mai ban mamaki shine Gerhard von Riele; duk aikin da aka biyo baya an gudanar dashi bisa ga zane-zanen sa. A cikin shekaru 70 na farko, an gina mawaƙa. A ciki, an kawata ɗakin da manya-manya tare da ganye masu buɗewa waɗanda aka rufe da ado. A waje zaka iya ganin kololuwa masu hauhawa, an ɗora su da giciye na zinariya daga gabas. An yi ado da babban coci sama da shekaru 700.
A cikin karni na 14, wani bangare na ginin ya fara, amma saboda wannan ya zama dole a ruguza bangaren yamma na babban cocin Carolingian. A wannan lokacin, sun tsunduma cikin ginin Hasumiyar Kudu, waɗanda aka ƙarfafa fasalin gine-ginensu ta hanyar sabunta abubuwan. A farkon karni na 16, tsakiyar tsakiyar an kusan gamawa, ana barin ƙananan bayanai kaɗan a cikin ado na facade.
Yayin Tsararru na Tsakiya, ba dukkan ra'ayoyi ne aka fahimta ba, kuma tsawon shekarun da ya wanzu, Cologne Cathedral a hankali ta fada cikin lalacewa. Sakamakon haka, a cikin 1842, tambaya ta tashi game da buƙatar maido da haikalin da kuma kammala aikin da ake buƙata, gami da waɗanda suke da alaƙa da adonsa na ƙarshe. A ranar 4 ga Satumba, albarkacin kuɗin da sarkin Prussia ya bayar da kuma ƙungiyar jama'a ta mazauna garin, aiki ya sake komawa, kuma girmamawar aza dutse na farko ya faɗi ga Frederick William IV, a matsayin babban mai ƙaddamarwa.
Muna baka shawara ka kalli Cathedral din Milan.
Yayin ginin, an yi amfani da ra'ayoyin farko da zane-zane da ake da su. An yi wa facin ado da zane-zane, manyan hasumiyoyi sun bayyana, sun kai mita 157 a tsayi. 15 ga Oktoba 1880 a hukumance ana ɗaukarta ranar ƙarshen gini, sannan aka shirya babban biki, kuma mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka je Cologne don ganin wannan halittar da idanunsu.
Duk da cewa an san takamaiman tsawon lokacin da aka gina haikalin da lokacin da aka gina shi, har yanzu ana ci gaba da aiki don adana alamar shekaru da yawa masu zuwa. Yawancin abubuwa masu mahimmanci an maye gurbinsu a cikin karni na 20, kuma maidowa ya ci gaba har zuwa yau, yayin da gurɓatarwar gari ta shafi tasirin bayyanar babban cocin.
Baitulmalin da aka ajiye a cikin haikalin
Cologne Cathedral sanannen taska ce ta ayyukan fasaha na musamman da alamomin bautar addini. Daga cikin mahimman abubuwa sune:
Babu hoto guda daya da zai iya isar da ainihin motsin rai daga binciken duk ƙimar da aka adana a cikin babban cocin. Bugu da kari, hotunan da aka shimfida a cikin gilashin gilashin gilashi suna haifar da yanayi na musamman a cikin dakin, kuma kidan gabobin yana neman tashi cikin gajimare, yana da zurfi da ruhi.
Tarihin babban cocin Cologne
Akwai labari mai ban sha'awa game da babban coci, wanda aka maimaita shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wani yayi imani da gaskiyar sa, wani ya kirkiro girgije na sufanci a tattare da labarin. A lokacin ci gaban aikin, maginin gidan Gerhard von Riele ya kasance yana hanzari game da shi, ba tare da sanin waɗanne zane zan bayar da fifiko ba. Zaɓin ya kasance mai yawa ga maigidan har ya yanke shawarar komawa ga Shaidan don taimako.
Nan da nan shaidan ya amsa buƙatun kuma ya ba da yarjejeniya: mai zanen gidan zai karɓi zane-zanen da yake so wanda zai mayar da babban coci zuwa ɗayan manyan halittun 'yan adam, kuma a cikin hakan zai ba da ransa. Dole a yanke shawara bayan cunkoson zakaru na farko. Gerhard ya ba da kalmarsa don tunani, amma saboda girma ya karkata ga yanke shawara mai kyau.
Matar maigidan ta ji tattaunawar da Shaidan kuma ta yanke shawarar ceton ran mijinta. Ta ɓoye kanta ta yi cara kamar zakara. Shaidan ya ba da zane, kuma kawai daga baya ya fahimci cewa ba a yi yarjejeniyar ba. An sake fasalin labarin ne wanda Platon Alexandrovich Kuskov ya gabatar a cikin waka "Cologne Cathedral".
Ba sabon abu bane a ji ci gaban labarin, wanda ke cewa Shaiɗan ya yi fushi ƙwarai har ya la'anci haikalin. Ya ce tare da dutsen ƙarshe na babban cocin za a yi apocalypse a duniya. Kamar yadda wasu fassarorin suka fada, lalata Cologne kawai take yiwa barazana, amma watakila ba wata matsala ba ce cewa ana ci gaba da karawa da fadada babban gidan ibada na Jamusanci.
Bayanan masu ban sha'awa galibi ana gabatar da su ne ta hanyar labarai na ban mamaki don masu yawon bude ido. Don haka, jagorori daga Cologne suna son yin magana game da lokacin yaƙin, wanda haikalin ya tsira ba tare da wata lalacewa ba. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, garin ya fuskanci mummunar fashewar bama-bamai, a sakamakon haka an lalata dukkan gine-gine gaba daya, kuma cocin ne kawai ya rage. An yi amannar cewa dalilin hakan shi ne gaskiyar cewa matukan jirgin sun zaɓi doguwar ginin a matsayin yankin ƙasa.