St. Mark's Cathedral lu'u-lu'u ne na gine-ginen Venice da Italiya, halittar da babu irinta wacce aka yarda da ita ko'ina a duniya azaman tsarin gine-ginen cocin Byzantine. Yana mamakin ɗaukakarsa, keɓantaccen tsarin gine-gine, ƙwarewar kayan ado na facades, kayan alatu na ƙirar ciki da kuma tsohuwar ƙarni mai daɗi.
Tarihin Cathedral na Mark Mark
Matsayin kayan tarihin Mark Mark mai bishara har zuwa 828 shine garin Alexandria. Yayin da ake murkushe tashin hankalin makiyaya da ya barke a wurin, masu azabtar da Musulmi sun rusa coci-coci da yawa na Kirista kuma suka rurrushe wuraren bautar gumaka. Sannan wasu 'yan kasuwa guda biyu daga Venice suka tashi zuwa gabar garin Alexandria don kare kayan tarihi na Mark Mark daga barna da kuma kai su gida. Don shiga cikin kwastan, sai suka koma wata dabara, suna ɓoye kwandon tare da ragowar St. Mark a ƙarƙashin gawar naman alade. Fatan da suka yi cewa jami'an kwastan na musulmai za su raina jingina da naman alade ya yi daidai. Sun tsallaka iyaka cikin nasara.
Da farko, an sanya kayan tarihin manzo a cocin St. Theodore. Ta hanyar umarnin Doge Giustiniano Partechipazio, an kafa basilica don adana su a kusa da Fadar Doge. Garin ya sami ikon mallakar Saint Mark, alamar sa a cikin kamannin zaki mai fuka-fukai na zinariya ya zama alama ta babban birnin Jamhuriyar Venetian.
Gobarar da ta mamaye Venice a cikin ƙarni na 10 zuwa 11 ta haifar da sake gina haikalin da yawa. Maimaitawarta, kusa da bayyanar yau, an kammala ta a 1094. Wata gobara a cikin 1231 ta lalata ginin cocin, sakamakon haka aka aiwatar da aikin maidowa, wanda ya ƙare da ƙirƙirar bagade a 1617. Babban haikalin daga waje da daga ciki ya bayyana fiye da na baya, wanda aka kawata shi da mutum-mutumi na waliyai, mala'iku da manyan shahidai, kayan kwalliya na ban mamaki.
Babban cocin ya zama babban wurin bautar gumaka na Jamhuriyar Venetian. An gudanar da nadin gadon Doges a ciki, shahararrun masu jirgin ruwa sun sami albarkatu, suna yin tafiya mai nisa, mutanen gari suna haɗuwa a ranakun bikin da matsaloli. A yau tana aiki ne a matsayin wurin zama na Shugaban Venasar Venetian kuma ita ce Wurin Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO.
Abubuwan fasalin gine-gine na babban coci
Katolika na Manzanni goma sha biyu ya zama samfurin Katidral na Mark Mark. Ginin gine ginensa ya dogara ne akan gicciyen Girka, wanda aka kammala shi da dome mai girma a tsakiyar mahadar da kwazazzabai huɗu a gefen gicciyen. Haikalin tare da yanki na murabba'in mita dubu 4 yayi sauri zuwa mita 43.
Yawancin gyare-gyare na basilica sun haɗu da haɗin tsarin gine-gine da yawa.
Façades ya haɗu da cikakkun bayanan marmara na gabas tare da Romanesque da Greek-bas-reliefs. Ginshikan Ionia da Korinci, manyan biranen Gothic da mutummutumai da yawa suna ba wa haikalin ɗaukaka ta allahntaka.
A tsakiyar façade na yamma, an mai da hankali ga ƙofofi 5 waɗanda aka kawata da manyan mosaic ƙarni na 18, manyan kere kere tun daga zamanin da zuwa na da. An yi wa saman babban façade ado da siraran bakin ciki wanda aka ƙara ƙarni 6 da suka gabata, kuma a tsakiyar ƙofar akwai wani mutum-mutumi na St. Mark, wanda ke kewaye da siffofin mala'iku. Arƙashinta, adon zaki mai fuka-fukai yana haskakawa da ƙyallen zinariya.
Fuskokin kudu yana da ban sha'awa don ginshiƙan ginshiƙai na ƙarni na 5 tare da zane-zane a cikin salon Byzantine. A kusurwar waje na baitulmalin, zane-zanen manyan sarakuna huɗu na ƙarni na 4, waɗanda aka kawo daga Constantinople, suna jan hankalin ido. Kyawawan sassaƙar Romanesque daga karni na 13 sun ƙawata mafi yawan bangon waje na haikalin. A cikin ƙarnuka, an kammala ginin tare da farfajiyar (karni na XII), gidan baftisma (karni na XIV) da sacristy (karni na XV).
Kayan alatu na kayan kwalliyar ciki
Adon da aka yi a cikin Cathedral na St. Mark, wanda aka yi shi da salon Venetian na gargajiya, yana haifar da farin ciki da ɗaukaka ta ruhaniya da ba a taɓa gani ba. Hotunan da ke ciki suna da ban mamaki tare da babban yanki da kyan gani na zane-zanen mosaic wanda ke rufe ɗakunan ajiya, da bangon bango, da ƙauyuka. Halittar su ta fara ne a 1071 kuma ya dau kusan ƙarni 8.
Narthex mosaics
Narthex sunan vestibule ne na cocin da ke gaban ƙofar gidan basilica. Anarin ta tare da zanen mosaic wanda ke nuna al'amuran Tsohon Alkawari ya faro ne daga ƙarni na 12 zuwa 13. Anan ya bayyana a gaban idanuwa:
- Dome game da halittar duniya, an kawata shi da sikeli na zinare kuma yana jan hankali tare da hoton kwanaki 6 na halittar duniya daga littafin Farawa.
- Bakin ƙofofin da suke buɗe ƙofar haikalin suna jan hankali tare da zagaye na mosaics game da rayuwar kakanninsu, yaransu, abubuwan da suka faru na Ruwan Tsufana da wasu al'amuran Littafi Mai-Tsarki.
- Domungiyoyin Yusufu guda uku a arewacin narthex sun gabatar da aukuwa 29 daga rayuwar littafi mai tsarki na Yusufu Kyakkyawa. A kan filafilin na tuddai, siffofin annabawa tare da gungurawa sun bayyana, inda aka rubuta annabce-annabce game da bayyanuwar Mai Ceto.
- An zana kwamin Musa da mosaics na hotuna 8 na ayyukan da annabi Musa ya aikata.
Makircin mosaics na babban cocin ciki
Mosaics na babban coci suna ci gaba da ba da labarin mosaic na narthex haɗe da tsammanin bayyanar almasihu. Suna kwatanta ayyukan rayuwar Yesu Kiristi, rayuwar Mai Tsarki Mafi Girma da Markus Bishara:
- Daga dome a tsakiyar mashigar (babban ɗakin babban cocin), Uwar Allah tana kallon waje, annabawa suna kewaye da ita. Jigon cikar annabce-annabce an keɓe shi ne ga zanen mosaic bango 10 da shimfidar wurare 4 akan iconostasis, wanda aka yi bisa ga zane-zanen sanannen Tintoretto a cikin karni na XIV.
- Mosaics na ƙetare nave (transept), yana ba da labarin abubuwan da aka bayyana a Sabon Alkawari da albarkar Yesu, sun zama ado na bango da rumbuna.
- Kyawawan zane-zane na bakunan da ke sama da dome na tsakiya suna nuna hotunan azabar da Kristi ya dandana, tun daga gicciyensa zuwa tashin matattu. A tsakiyar dome, mabiya sun ga hoton Hawan Yesu zuwa sama na Mai-ceto.
- A cikin sacristy, an kawata saman bango da rumbuna tare da jerin mosaics na karni na 16, wanda aka yi bisa ga zane-zanen Titian.
- Aikin fasaha shine bene na tayal marmara masu launuka iri-iri, an jingina su a cikin yanayin geometric da tsarin shuke-shuke waɗanda ke nuna mazaunan fauna na duniya.
Bagadi na zinariya
Abun tarihi mai mahimmanci na Cathedral na St. Mark da Venice ana ɗaukarsa "bagadin zinariya" - Pala D'Oro, wanda aka kirkira kimanin shekaru 500. Tsayin halittar tsafi ta musamman ya wuce mita 2.5, kuma tsawonsa yakai kimanin mita 3.5. Bagadin yana jan hankali da gumaka 80 a cikin zinaren gwal, waɗanda aka yi wa ado da duwatsu masu daraja da yawa. Yana rufe hankali tare da ƙananan enamel enamel da aka kirkira ta amfani da fasaha ta musamman.
An sanya tsakiyar bagaden ga Pantokrator - sarki na samaniya, wanda yake zaune akan kursiyin. A gefen gefen an kewaye shi da medallions zagaye tare da fuskokin manzanni-masu bishara. A saman kansa akwai medallions tare da manyan mala'iku da kerubobi. A saman layuka na iconostasis akwai gumaka tare da jigon bishara, daga gumakan da ke kan ƙananan layuka magabata, manyan shahidai da annabawa suna kallo. A gefen bagaden, hotunan rayuwar St. Mark suna bin tsaye. Baitul malin bagadin yana da sauƙin isa, wanda ke ba da damar ganin cikakkun bayanai da jin daɗin kyan allahntaka.
Hasumiyar Bell na Saint Mark
Kusa da Cathedral na St. Mark yana tsaye Campanile - babban hasumiyar ƙararrawa a babban coci a cikin siffar murabba'in fili. An kammala shi ta hanyar belfry kambi tare da spire, wanda aka sanya adon jan ƙarfe na Shugaban Mala'ikan Mika'ilu. Jimlar tsawan kararrawar ya kai mita 99. Mazauna Venice cikin ƙauna suna kiran ƙararrawar ƙararrawa na St. Mark "uwar gidan." A cikin dogon tarihinsa wanda ya samo asali tun daga ƙarni na 12, ya kasance a matsayin hasumiya mai tsaro, fitila, gidan kallo, belfry da kyakkyawan wurin kallo.
A ƙarshen 1902, hasumiyar kararrawa ba zato ba tsammani ta rushe, bayan haka kawai ɓangaren kusurwa da baranda na ƙarni na 16 tare da marmara da kayan tagulla sun rayu. Mahukuntan garin sun yanke shawarar dawo da Campanile a yadda yake. An buɗe hasumiyar ƙararrawar da aka gyara a cikin 1912 tare da kararrawa 5, ɗayan ya tsira daga asali, kuma huɗu Paparoma Pius X ya bayar da su. Hasumiyar ƙararrawa tana ba da hoto mai ban mamaki na Venice tare da tsibirai na kusa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da Cathedral na Mark Mark
- Babban ginin Cocin na San Marco ya yi amfani da katako na larch dubu ɗari, wanda kawai ya zama mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin tasirin ruwa.
- Fiye da sq 8000 M. An rufe shi da mosaics a kan ginshiƙin zinariya. m na vaults, ganuwar da kuma domes na haikalin.
- An yi wa "Altar Zinariya" ado da lu'u lu'u 1,300, emerald 300, saffir 300, garba 400, amethysts 90, yaƙutu 50, 4 topaz da 2 zoko. Abubuwan tarihi na Mark Mark sun kasance a cikin takaddama a ƙarƙashinta.
- Wadanda suka yi bautar gumaka a cikin gidan sufi na Pantokrator a Constantinople a lokacin yakin neman zabe karo na hudu suka zabi wadanda suka yi ado da bagadin enamel da kuma gabatar da su ga haikalin.
- Baitul malin babban cocin ya baje kolin kayan tarihin Kirista, kyaututtuka daga fafaroma da abubuwa kusan 300 da 'yan Venice suka samu yayin kayen Constantinople a farkon karni na 13.
- Quadriga na dawakan tagulla, waɗanda masu sassaka Girka suka jefa a karni na 4 BC, an adana su a cikin taskar basilica. Kwafin wayo daga cikinsu ya bayyana a saman facade.
- Wani ɓangare na basilica shine ɗakin sujada na St. Isidore, wanda 'yan Venetia suka girmama. A ciki, ƙarƙashin bagadin, huta ragowar adalai.
Ina babban coci yake, ana buɗe sa’o’i
Babban cocin Saint Mark ya hau kan Piazza San Marco a tsakiyar Venice.
Lokacin buɗewa:
- Cathedral - Nuwamba-Maris daga 9:30 zuwa 17:00, Afrilu-Oktoba daga 9:45 zuwa 17:00. Ziyarci kyauta ne. Binciken bai wuce minti 10 ba.
- "Altar Zinare" an buɗe don ziyara: Nuwamba-Maris daga 9:45 na safe zuwa 4:00 na yamma, Afrilu-Oktoba daga 9:45 na safe zuwa 5:00 na yamma. Farashin tikiti - 2 Tarayyar Turai.
- Baitulmalin haikalin a buɗe yake: Nuwamba-Maris daga 9:45 zuwa 16:45, Afrilu-Oktoba daga 9:45 zuwa 16:00. Tikiti yakai euro 3.
Muna ba da shawarar duba Cathedral na St.
A ranar Lahadi da ranakun hutu, ana buɗe babban cocin ga masu yawon buɗe ido daga 14:00 zuwa 16:00.
Don yin sujada ga abubuwan da ke Markus, duba frescoes na karni na 13, kayan tarihi daga majami'u na Constantinople, wanda ya zama kofuna na kamfen ɗin masu yaƙin, akwai kwarara mara iyaka na masu bi da yawon buɗe ido.
