Vesuvius wani dutsen mai fitad da wuta ne a cikin Nahiyar Turai kuma daidai yake a matsayin mafi haɗari idan aka kwatanta shi da maƙwabtan tsibirin Etna da Stromboli. Koyaya, masu yawon bude ido basa tsoron wannan dutsen mai fashewa, tunda masana kimiyya suna lura da ayyukan dutsen tsaunika kuma a shirye suke da su hanzarta amsa abinda zai yiwu. A cikin tarihinta, Vesuvius galibi ya zama sanadin halaka mai yawa, amma wannan ya sa 'yan Italiya suka yi alfahari da matsayinsu na yau da kullun.
Babban bayani game da Dutsen Vesuvius
Ga waɗanda ba su san inda ɗayan hatsarin aman wuta a duniya yake ba, yana da kyau a san cewa yana cikin Italiya. Atesungiyoyin ƙasashe masu nisa sune 40 ° 49'17 ″ s. sh 14 ° 25′32 ″ a cikin Latitude da longitude da aka nuna a cikin digiri na mafi girman wurin dutsen da ke cikin Naples, a yankin Campania.
Matsayinsa cikakke na wannan dutsen mai fashewa ya kai mita 1281. Vesuvius na cikin tsarin tsaunin Apennine. A halin yanzu, ya ƙunshi cones uku, na biyunsu yana aiki, kuma na sama shi ne mafi tsufa, ana kiran shi Somma. Ramin yana da diamita na mita 750 da zurfin mita 200. Mazugi na uku yana bayyana lokaci zuwa lokaci kuma yana sake ɓacewa bayan ɓarkewar ƙarfi mai zuwa.
Vesuvius ya ƙunshi sauti, trachytes da tephrites. Mazugar ta ta samu ne ta hanyar lava da tuff, wanda ke sanya kasar dutsen mai fitad da wuta da kuma yankin dake kusa da ita yabanya. Gandun daji na pine yana tsiro tare da gangaren, kuma ana yin gonakin inabi da sauran kayan amfanin gona a ƙafa.
Duk da cewa fashewa ta karshe ta kasance sama da shekaru hamsin da suka wuce, masana kimiyya ba su ma da shakku kan ko dutsen mai fitad da wuta yana aiki ko ya bace. An tabbatar da cewa fashewar abubuwa masu ƙarfi suna sauyawa tare da aiki mara ƙarfi, amma aikin da ke cikin ramin bai lafa ba har a yau, wanda ke nuna cewa wani fashewar na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci.
Tarihin samuwar stratovolcano
Volcano Vesuvius an san shi da ɗayan mafi girma a ɓangaren Turai na babban yankin. Yana tsaye a matsayin tsauni daban, wanda aka kafa saboda motsi da bel na Rum. Dangane da lissafin masanan dutse, wannan ya faru kimanin shekaru dubu 25 da suka gabata, har ma ana ambaton bayanai lokacin da fashewar farko ta faru. Kimanin farkon aikin Vesuvius ana ɗaukarsa shine 7100-6900 BC.
A farkon matakin fitowarta, stratovolcano ya kasance mazugi mai ƙarfi da ake kira a yau Somma. Ragowar sa sun wanzu ne kawai a wasu sassa na dutsen mai fitad da wuta na zamani a yankin teku. An yi imanin cewa da farko tsaunin ya kasance yanki ne na daban, wanda kawai sakamakon fashewar abubuwa da yawa ya zama wani ɓangare na Naples.
Mafi yawan bashi a cikin binciken Vesuvius na Alfred Ritman ne, wanda ya gabatar da wani zance na yanzu game da yadda aka samar da kwayar mai karfin potassium. Daga rahotonsa kan samuwar mazugi, an san cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda hadewar dolomites. Shale yadudduka wanda ya faro tun farkon matakan ci gaban ɓawon duniyan ƙasa ya zama tushe mai ƙarfi ga dutsen.
Nau'in fashewa
Ga kowane dutsen mai fitad da wuta, akwai takamaiman bayanin halaye a lokacin fashewar, amma babu irin wadannan bayanai na Vesuvius. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa yana nuna halin rashin tabbas. A tsawon shekarun aikinta, ya riga ya canza nau'in fitarwa fiye da sau ɗaya, don haka masana kimiyya ba za su iya hango abin da zai bayyana kansa a gaba ba. Daga cikin nau'ikan fashewar abubuwa da aka sani da tarihin wanzuwarsa, ana rarrabe wadannan:
- Plinian;
- m;
- malalowa;
- fashewa-fashewa;
- bai dace da rarrabuwa gaba ɗaya ba.
Fashewa ta ƙarshe ta nau'in Plinian shine kwanan wata 79 AD. Wannan nau'ikan yana tattare da ƙazamar ƙazamar magma zuwa sama, da kuma hazo daga toka, suna rufe dukkan yankunan da ke kusa. Iskar fashewar abubuwa ba ta faruwa sau da yawa, amma a zamaninmu za ku iya ƙidaya abubuwa goma sha biyu na wannan nau'in, na ƙarshe wanda ya faru a 1689.
Fitar da ruwa daga lawa yana tare da fitowar ruwan daga dutsen da rarrabawa akan farfajiyar. Ga dutsen dutsen mai suna Vesuvius, wannan shine mafi yawan fashewar abubuwa. Koyaya, galibi ana haɗuwa da fashewar abubuwa, wanda, kamar yadda kuka sani, ya kasance a lokacin fashewa ta ƙarshe. Tarihi ya rubuta rahotanni game da ayyukan stratovolcano, wanda ba ya ba da kansa ga nau'ikan da aka bayyana a sama, amma ba a bayyana irin waɗannan al'amuran ba tun ƙarni na 16.
Muna bada shawarar karantawa game da Teide Volcano.
Sakamakon aikin dutsen mai fitad da wuta
Har zuwa yanzu, ba a sami damar gano ainihin ƙa'idodi game da aikin Vesuvius ba, amma sananne ne tabbatacce cewa tsakanin manyan fashe-fashe akwai lull, a cikin abin da dutse za a iya kira barci. Amma koda a wannan lokacin, masana ilimin tsaunuka basu daina sa ido kan halayen magma a cikin mazugi na ciki ba.
Ptionarfin fashewa mafi ƙarfi ana ɗaukarsa Plinian na ƙarshe, wanda ya faru a cikin 79 AD. Wannan ita ce ranar da garin Pompeii da sauran tsoffin biranen da ke kusa da Vesuvius suka mutu. A cikin nassoshi na tarihi, akwai labarai game da wannan taron, amma masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa wannan tatsuniya ce ta yau da kullun wacce ba ta da shaidar shaida. A cikin karni na 19, mai yiwuwa ne a sami shaidar amincin wadannan bayanan, tunda a lokacin aikin hakar kayan tarihi sun gano ragowar birane da mazaunan su. Lawa da ke kwarara yayin fashewar Plinian an cika ta da iskar gas, wanda shine dalilin da yasa jikin bai ruɓe ba, amma a zahiri ya daskare.
Lamarin da ya faru a 1944 ana ɗaukar shi ba mai farin ciki ba. Sannan kwararar ruwan ta lalata garuruwa biyu. Duk da maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kanwa mai tsayi sama da mita 500, an guji asarar dimbin mutane - mutane 27 ne suka mutu. Gaskiya ne, ba za a iya faɗi wannan game da wani fashewar ba, wanda ya zama bala'i ga ƙasar baki ɗaya. Ba a san ranar fashewar ba daidai ba, tun a cikin Yulin 1805 girgizar ƙasa ta faru, saboda abin da dutsen mai suna Vesuvius ya farka. A sakamakon haka, kusan kusan an hallaka Naples, sama da mutane dubu 25 suka rasa rayukansu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da Vesuvius
Mutane da yawa suna mafarkin cin nasara dutsen mai fitad da wuta, amma farkon hawan Vesuvius ya kasance a cikin 1788. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kwatancin da yawa game da waɗannan wurare da hotuna masu ban sha'awa sun bayyana, duka daga gangaren da ƙafa. A yau, yawancin yawon bude ido sun san a wace nahiya da kuma a kan wane yanki dutsen mai fitad da wuta yake, tunda saboda shi ne suke yawan ziyartar Italiya, musamman Naples. Koda Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy ya ambaci Vesuvius a cikin littafin nasa.
Saboda irin wannan sha'awar da aka samu a ci gaban yawon bude ido, an mai da hankali sosai ga kirkirar kayayyakin aiki masu dacewa don hawa dutsen mai hatsari. Da farko, an saka funicular, wanda ya bayyana a nan a 1880. Shahararrun abubuwan jan hankali ya yi yawa har mutane suka zo wannan yankin kawai don cinye Vesuvius. Gaskiya ne, a cikin 1944 fashewar ta haifar da lalata kayan kayan dagawa.
Kusan kusan shekaru goma daga baya, an sake sanya na'urar ɗagawa a kan gangaren: wannan lokacin na nau'in kujera. Hakanan ya shahara sosai tsakanin masu yawon bude ido wadanda suka yi mafarkin daukar hoto daga dutsen mai fitad da wuta, amma girgizar kasar a shekarar 1980 ta yi mummunar illa, ba wanda ya fara dawo da daga. A halin yanzu, zaku iya hawa Dutsen Vesuvius kawai a ƙafa. An shimfida titin har zuwa tsawon kilomita daya, inda aka tanadi babban filin ajiye motoci. Ana ba da izinin tafiya a kan dutsen a wasu lokuta da kuma hanyoyin da aka shimfiɗa.
