Wayoyin cuta sun bayyana a duniya tun da daɗewa fiye da mutane kuma zasu wanzu a duniyarmu koda kuwa ɗan adam ya ɓace. Muna koyo game da wanzuwar su (idan ba aikinmu bane binciken ƙwayoyin cuta) kawai lokacin da muke rashin lafiya. Kuma a nan ya bayyana cewa wannan ƙaramin abu, wanda ba ma iya gani da madubin likita na yau da kullun, na iya zama haɗari sosai. Virwayoyin cuta suna haifar da ɗumbin cututtuka, daga mura da adenovirus kamuwa da cutar kanjamau, hepatitis da cututtukan jini. Kuma idan wakilan sauran rassa na ilmin halitta a cikin aikin su na yau da kullun suna nazarin "unguwanninsu" ne kawai, to masu binciken ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sune kan gaba wajen gwagwarmayar rayuwar ɗan adam. Menene ƙwayoyin cuta kuma me yasa suke da haɗari?
1. A cewar daya daga cikin tunanin, rayuwar ta salula a Duniya ta samo asali ne bayan kwayar cutar ta samu gindin zama cikin kwayoyin cuta, ta zama kwayar halitta. A kowane hali, ƙwayoyin cuta tsoffin halittu ne.
2. useswayoyin cuta suna da sauƙin rikicewa da ƙwayoyin cuta. A ka'ida, a matakin gida, babu bambanci sosai. Muna haɗuwa da waɗannan da sauransu lokacin da muke rashin lafiya. Babu ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta ga ido mara kyau. Amma a kimiyyance, bambance-bambance tsakanin kwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin cuta suna da girma sosai. Kwayar cuta kwayar halitta ce mai zaman kanta, kodayake yawanci tana dauke da kwayar halitta daya. Kwayar cutar ba ta isa kwayar halitta ba - kawai jerin kwayoyin ne a cikin harsashi. Kwayar cuta na haifar da cutarwa a gaba, yayin aiwatar da ita, kuma ga ƙwayoyin cuta, cinye kwayar cuta mai cutar ita ce kawai hanyar rayuwa da haifuwa.
3. Masana kimiyya har yanzu suna jayayya ko za a iya ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta cikakkun ƙwayoyin halitta. Kafin shiga sel masu rai, sun mutu kamar duwatsu. A gefe guda, suna da gado. Lakabin sanannun littattafan kimiyya game da ƙwayoyin cuta halayya ce: "Waiwaye da muhawara game da ƙwayoyin cuta" ko "Shin kwayar cutar aboki ce ko maƙiyi?"
4. An gano ƙwayoyin cuta kamar yadda ake yi wa duniyar Pluto: a ƙarshen gashin tsuntsu. Masanin kimiyyar Rasha Dmitry Ivanovsky, yana binciken cututtukan taba, ya yi kokarin tace kwayoyin cuta masu cuta, amma ya kasa. A yayin nazarin karamin, masanin kimiyya ya ga lu'ulu'u wanda a fili ba kwayoyin cuta ba ne (wadannan tarin ƙwayoyin cuta ne, daga baya aka saka musu sunan Ivanovsky). Wakilan cututtukan sun mutu lokacin da suka yi zafi. Ivanovsky ya zo ga ma'ana mai ma'ana: kwayar halitta mai rai ne ke haifar da ita, ba'a ganuwa a cikin madubin hangen nesa na yau da kullun. Kuma lu'ulu'u sun sami damar keɓewa kawai a cikin 1935. Ba'amurke Wendell Stanley ta karɓi kyautar Nobel a gare su a 1946.
5. Abokin aikin Stanley, Ba'amurke Francis Rose, ya jira ko da daɗewa kafin samun kyautar Nobel. Rose ta gano kwayar cutar kansa a cikin 1911, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ne kawai a 1966, har ma tare da Charles Huggins, wanda ba shi da wata alaƙa da aikinsa.
6. Kalmar "virus" (Latin "guba") an shigar da ita cikin yaduwar kimiyya a cikin karni na 18. Koda hakane, masana sun hango cewa da akwai wasu kananan kwayoyin halitta, wadanda aikinsu yake kwatankwacin aikin guba. Ba'amurke mai suna Martin Bijerink, yana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje irin na Ivanovsky, ya kira wakilan da ke haifar da cututtuka "marasa ƙwayoyin cuta".
7. An fara ganin kwayoyin cutar ne bayan bayyanar kwayar halittun lantarki a tsakiyar karni na 20. Virology ya fara bunkasa. An gano ƙwayoyin cuta ta dubbai. An bayyana tsarin kwayar cutar da kuma yadda ta hayayyafa. Ya zuwa yanzu, an gano ƙwayoyin cuta sama da 6,000. Wataƙila, wannan ƙananan ɓangarorin su ne - ƙoƙarin masana kimiyya ya ta'allaka ne akan ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutar mutum da dabbobin gida, kuma ƙwayoyin cuta suna ko'ina.
8. Duk wata kwayar cuta tana da bangarori biyu ko uku: RNA ko kwayoyin DNA, da envelop biyu ko biyu.
9. Masana ilimin kimiyar kanana sun rarraba kwayoyin cuta zuwa nau'i hudu a sifa, amma wannan rarrabuwa waje ne zalla - yana baka damar sanya ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin karkace, mai tsayi, da dai sauransu. Virwayoyin cuta suma suna da RNA (mafi yawancinsu) da DNA. Gabaɗaya, ana rarrabe nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda bakwai.
10. Kusan 40% na DNA na ɗan adam na iya zama ragowar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka sami gindin zama cikin mutane tun ƙarnuka da yawa. A cikin kwayoyin halittar jikin mutum kuma akwai tsari, wadanda ba za a iya kafa ayyukansu ba. Hakanan zasu iya zama ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata.
11. useswayoyin cuta suna rayuwa kuma suna yawaita musamman a cikin ƙwayoyin rai. Oƙarin gabatar da su kamar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin broth na abubuwan gina jiki sun gaza. Kuma ƙwayoyin cuta suna da zaɓi sosai game da ƙwayoyin rai - koda a cikin kwayar halitta ɗaya, suna iya rayuwa sosai cikin wasu ƙwayoyin halitta.
12. Virwayoyin cuta suna shiga kwayar halitta ko dai ta hanyar lalata bangonta, ko kuma ta hanyar allurar RNA ta cikin membrane, ko barin kwayar ta sha kanta. Sannan aikin kwafin RNA ya fara kuma kwayar cutar ta fara ninka. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, har da HIV, ana ɗauke su daga cikin kwayar cutar ba tare da lalata ta ba.
13. Kusan dukkan cututtukan da ke kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta ta mutum suna yaduwa ne ta ɗigon iska. Banda shine HIV, hepatitis da herpes.
14. Virus ma na iya zama masu amfani. Lokacin da zomaye a Ostiraliya suka zama bala'in ƙasa wanda ke barazanar duk aikin noma, wata kwayar cuta ce ta musamman wacce ta taimaka don magance matsalar cutar kunnuwa. An kawo kwayar cutar zuwa wuraren da sauro ke taruwa - ya zama ba shi da wata illa a gare su, kuma sun sa zomayen da cutar.
15. A Nahiyar Amurka, tare da taimakon ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman, suna samun nasarar yaƙi da kwari masu shuka. Spwayoyin cuta marasa cutarwa ga mutane, ana fesa shuke-shuke da hannu da kuma daga jiragen sama.
16. Sunan sanannen maganin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na Interferon ya fito daga kalmar "tsangwama". Wannan sunan tasirin tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kwayar halitta guda. Ya zama cewa ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu a cikin sel ɗaya ba koyaushe mummunan abu bane. Useswayoyin cuta na iya danne juna. Kuma interferon shine furotin wanda zai iya banbanta kwayar cutar "mara kyau" daga wacce bata da illa kuma tayi aiki akanta.
17. Can baya a shekarar 2002, an samu kwayar cutar roba ta farko. Bugu da kari, fiye da kwayar cuta ta halitta 2,000 aka yanke cikakke kuma masana kimiyya na iya sake kirkirar su a dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wannan yana buɗe dama mai ɗumbin yawa don samar da sababbin magunguna da haɓaka sababbin hanyoyin magani, da ƙirƙirar makami mai amfani sosai. Barkewar banal kuma, kamar yadda aka sanar, cutar shan inna da aka jima ana cin nasara a cikin duniyar zamani na iya kashe miliyoyin mutane saboda rashin rigakafi.
18. Idan muka kimanta mace-mace daga cututtukan hoto ko hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo, ma'anar ma'anar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar yadda annobar Allah ta bayyana. Kyandaro, annoba, da kuma typhus a kai a kai sun rage yawan mutanen Turai, suna lalata biranen baki ɗaya. Sojojin da ke na yau da kullun ko kuma ƙaunatattun samari tare da Colts a cikin hannayensu suka kashe Indiyawa Ba'amurke. Kashi biyu bisa uku na Indiyawa sun mutu ta sanadiyyar cutar shan inna, wanda ta haka ne Turawa masu wayewa ke shigar da cutar da kayayyakin da aka sayar wa Redskins. A farkon karni na 20, daga 3 zuwa 5% na mazaunan duniya sun mutu daga mura. Cutar kanjamau tana bayyana, duk da ƙoƙarin da likitoci suka yi, a idanunmu.
19. Filoviruses sune mafi haɗari a yau. Wannan rukuni na ƙwayoyin cuta an samo shi a cikin yankin Afirka da kudancin Afirka bayan jerin ɓarkewar cututtukan cututtukan jini, cututtukan da mutum ke saurin yin rashin ruwa ko jini. An rubuta annobar farko a cikin 1970s. Matsakaicin yawan mace-mace na masu cutar zafin jini shine 50%.
20. Kwayar cuta ita ce maudu'i mai amfani ga marubuta da 'yan fim. Yadda King King da Michael Crichton da Kir Bulychev da Jack London da Dan Brown da Richard Matheson suka shirya makircin yadda barkewar wata cuta da ba a sani ba ta lalata mutane da yawa. Akwai fina-finai da dama da shirye-shiryen TV akan batun daya.
