Yakin ofan tawayen ya zama muhimmiyar ci gaba a tarihin Daular Rasha. Yana da mahimmanci duka biyun mutane waɗanda suke son canje-canje, kuma daga ra'ayin wakilan hukumomi, da kuma na sama. Ba a faɗi haka ba gabanin haka, ana ɗaukar tsars da sarakunan Rasha mutane waɗanda ba za a iya taɓa su ba. Bayan mutuwar Ivan mummunan, sun yi zunubi da guba. Tare da Peter III, ba a bayyane ba: ko dai ya mutu ne daga cutar basir, ko kuma buguwa daga maye, ko kuma yana matukar damun duk wani mai rai. Duk Petersburg makirci ne aka yiwa Paul I, har sai da talakan ya mutu sakamakon bugun kirji da kansa da akwatin gidan wuta. Bugu da ƙari, ba su ɓoye da yawa ba, sun tunatar da waɗanda suka gaji Peter zuwa Catherine da Paul Alexander: suna cewa, ku tuna wanda ya ɗaukaka ku ga kursiyin. Noble gallantry, zamani mai wayewa - don tunatar da mata dalilin kashe miji, kuma ga ɗa dalilin kashe mahaifin.
Paul I na gab da shanyewar jiki
Amma waɗannan batutuwan sun yi shuru, kusan al'amuran iyali. Babu wanda ya yaudare harsashin. Ya maye gurbin mutum ɗaya a kan gadon sarautar wani, kuma yana da kyau. Wadanda suka yi gunaguni an fizge harshensu ko kuma an yi musu gami da Siberia, kuma komai ya ci gaba kamar da. 'Yan Yaudarar, don duk yanayin halittar su, sun ɗauki komai a cikin hanya daban. Kuma hukuma ta fahimci wannan.
Filin sojoji a kan Senatskaya, kuma musamman harbe-harbe a kan janar-janar da Grand Duke Mikhail Yuryevich, ya nuna cewa a yanzu masarautar ba za ta iyakance ba. "Halakar tsohuwar gwamnatin" na nufin halakar wakilan ta. Don kara danniyar masarauta, tare da Nicholas I, za su halakar da danginsa ("Don ƙididdige yawan sarakuna da 'ya'yan sarakuna da za a kashe, sun ƙidaya, amma ba su lantse yatsunsu ba" - Pestel), kuma babu wanda ya ɗauki manyan mutane da janar-janar cikin la'akari. Amma bayan Juyin Juya Halin Faransa, tare da kogunan jini, ɗan fiye da rubu'in ƙarni ya shude. Dole masarauta ta kare kanta.
Takaitattun abubuwan da suka faru suna ɗaukar sakin layi ɗaya daidai. Farawa daga 1818, rashin gamsuwa da hukumomi yana nunawa a cikin rukunin jami'ai. Zai yi balaga na wasu shekaru 15, amma shari'ar ta zama. Sarki Alexander I na mutu, kuma ɗan'uwansa Constantine ya ƙi karɓar kambin. Brotheran uwan Nikolai yana da duk haƙƙoƙin sarauta, kuma a gare shi manyan mutane suka yi rantsuwa da safiyar ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1825. Wadanda suka kulla makircin ba su san da wannan ba sai suka tafi da sojojinsu a dandalin majalisar dattawa. Sun yi bayani ga masu yi wa kasa hidima - makiya suna son karbe gadon sarauta daga Constantine, ya zama dole a hana hakan. Bayan artabun da yawa, wadanda ake zargin 'yan tawaye ne, amma a zahiri sojoji masu yaudara, an harbe su daga igwa. A wannan kisan, babu wani daga cikin masu martaba da ya sha wahala - sun gudu da wuri. Bayan haka, an rataye biyar daga cikinsu, an tura ɗari-ɗari zuwa Siberia. Nicholas I yayi mulki na shekaru 30.
Zabin gaskiya game da lokacin tashin hankali zai taimaka fadada wannan bayanin:
1. Da farko dai, yana da kyau a bayyana cewa ba dukkan Mayafan bane, kamar yadda aka yi imani da shi, jarumai ne na Yakin rioasa na 1812 da Gangamin Foreignasashen Waje na 1813-1814. Lissafin lissafin yana da sauki: Mutane 579 ne suka shiga binciken, an samu 289 da laifi. Daga cikin jerin biyun, mutane 115 ne suka shiga yakin - 1/5 na jimillar jerin kuma kasa da rabin jerin wadanda aka yankewa hukuncin.
2. Dalilai biyu da suka haddasa rikicin sune garambawul na masarauta wanda Alexander I da kariya ta Turai suka tsara. Babu wanda zai iya fahimtar abin da sake fasalin zai kasance, kuma wannan ya haifar da jita-jita iri-iri, har zuwa lokacin da sarki ke karɓar ƙasa daga masu mallakar filaye tare da tsara aikin noma bisa tushen manoma manoma. A gefe guda kuma, fitar da hatsi daga Rasha ya faɗi sau 12 a 1824. Kuma fitar da hatsi shine ya samar da babban kudin shiga ga masu gidan da kuma jihar.
3. Ainihin dalilin boren shine rikicewa da rantsuwa. Har yanzu masana tarihi sun fahimci wannan rudanin. A zahiri, a zahiri, ya bayyana cewa Nicholas da manyan masu martaba, ba tare da sanin game da ɓoye sirrin na Constantine ba, sun yi rantsuwa da aminci. Bayan haka, da sanin game da sakewar, sun yi jinkiri na ɗan lokaci, kuma wannan ɗan hutun ya isa don zafin hankali ya fara, kuma mban yaudarar sun yada jita-jita game da kwace. Suna cirewa, suna cewa, iko daga kyakkyawan Constantine, kuma suna ba shi mara kyau Nikolai. Bugu da ƙari, nan da nan Nicholas ya ɗaure Babban Duke Mikhail Pavlovich a cikin sarƙoƙi, wanda ake zargin bai yarda da shigowar sa ba.
4. Jinin farko ya kasance an zubar da shi da misalin 10 na safe a ranar 14 ga Disamba a cikin tsarin mulki na Moscow. A kan batun "jarumai na 1812": Yarima Shchepin-Rostovsky, wanda ba ya jin ƙanshin bindiga (an haife shi a 1798), an yanka shi da babban magana a kan Baron Peter Fredericks, wanda ya karɓi Dokar St. Vladimir na digiri na 4 don Borodino. Bayan samun ɗanɗano, Shchepin-Rostovsky ya raunata Janar Vasily Shenshin - kwamandan Paris, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙi tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. Kanar Khvoschinsky shi ma ya samu - ya yi ƙoƙarin taimaka wa Fredericks da ke kwance cikin dusar ƙanƙara. Bayan irin wadannan sunaye, sojan da Shchepin-Rostovsky ya yi wa kisan gilla har lahira a cikin masu gadin a banner regimental, kamar yadda yake, ba ya kirgawa ... Sojojin, ganin cewa "masu martabarsu" mutuz juna, an yi wahayi zuwa gare su - an yi musu alkawarin cewa za su yi aiki maimakon shekaru 25. Shchepin-Rostovsky yayin binciken ya ce ya kare rantsuwar da aka yi wa Constantine. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa, an yi masa afuwa, ya yi zaman gudun hijira har zuwa 1856, kuma ya mutu a 1859.
5. A dandalin Majalisar Dattawa, matasa sun sake yin ma'amala da tsohon soja na Yaƙin rioasa ba tare da tsoro ko zargi ba. Lokacin da Janar Mikhail Miloradovich, wanda kyaututtukansa ba shi da ma'ana a lissafa - sojojin Miloradovich ne a cikin masu gadin da suka kori Faransawa daga Vyazma zuwa Paris - suka yi ƙoƙari su bayyana halin da Konstantin yake (shi babban amininsa ne) a gaban layin sojoji, aka kashe shi. Yarima Yevgeny Obolensky (a. 1797) ya buge shi da bayoneti, kuma yarima mai shekara Pyotr Kakhovsky ya harbi janar a baya.
Zanen ya farantawa Kakhovsky baya - ya harbi Miloradovich a baya
6. Nicholas I, duk da ɗan gajeren lokacin da ya hau kan karagar mulki, da yake ya sami labarin tashin, bai yi asara ba. Ya sauka zuwa gidan masu tsaron gidan, a cikin kankanin lokaci ya gina bataliyan rundunar Preobrazhensky kuma da kansa ya jagorance shi zuwa dandalin Majalisar Dattawa. A wannan lokacin, tuni suna harbi a can. Wani kamfani na mutanen Preobrazhensky nan da nan ya toshe gadar don hana 'yan tawayen ficewa. ‘Yan tawayen kuwa, ba su da hadadden shugabanci, kuma wasu shugabannin makircin sun firgita kawai.
7. Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich yayi ƙoƙarin yin tunani tare da 'yan tawayen. Abin da ya ceci ransa shi ne cewa Wilhelm Küchelbecker da gaske ne, kamar yadda ake kiransa, Küchlei. Bai san yadda ake harba bindiga ko loda shi ba. Mikhail Pavlovich ya tsaya 'yan metersan mituna daga gangar jikin da aka nufa da shi, ya tafi gida. Mahaifiyar Wilhelm Küchelbecker tana shayar da karamin Grand Duke Misha ...
Kuchelbecker
8. Yanayin wauta ya faru da misalin 13:00. Nikolai, tare da Benckendorff tare da wasu daga cikin mukarrabansa, sun tsaya a bayan kamfanin na Preobrazhensky lokacin da ya ga tarin sojoji, wadanda suka yi kama da gurneti, ba tare da jami'ai ba. Lokacin da aka tambaye su ko su wanene, sojojin da ba su amince da sabon Sarkin ba sun yi ihu suna cewa suna ga Constantine. Har yanzu akwai sojojin gwamnati kalilan wadanda Nikolai ya nunawa sojojin kawai inda suke bukatar zuwa. Bayan murkushe boren, Nikolai ya sami labarin cewa taron ba su kutsa kai cikin fadar da danginsa suke ba, kawai saboda kamfanoni biyu na masu safer suna kiyaye ta.
9. Tsaye a dandalin ya ƙare tare da harin rashin nasara daga masu tsaron dawakai na sojojin gwamnati. A gefen fili mai yawa, mahayan dawakai ba su da dama kaɗan, har ma dawakai suna kan dawakan dawakan bazara. Bayan sun rasa maza da yawa, mahayan dawakai suka ja da baya. Sannan kuma aka sanar da Nikolai cewa an kawo harsasai ...
10. Ruwa na farko da aka harba kan kawunan sojoji. Masu kallo ne kawai suka ji rauni wadanda suka hau bishiyoyi suka tsaya tsakanin ginshikan ginin majalisar dattijan. Layin sojoji ya faɗi, kuma volley ta biyu ta riga ta faɗi a cikin hanyar haɗuwa da mutane da yawa waɗanda suka yi gudu zuwa Neva ba da daɗewa ba. Kankalin ya fadi, mutane da dama sun tsinci kansu a cikin ruwan. Tashin hankali ya kare.
11. Tuni mazajen da aka kama na farko suka kira sunaye da yawa har babu wadatar masu isar da sakonni da zasu bi bayan kamun. Dole jami'an tsaro su shiga cikin lamarin. Nikolai bai da masaniya game da girman makircin. A kan Senatskaya, alal misali, a cikin 'yan tawayen sun ga Yarima Odoevsky, wanda ya kasance yana gadi a Fadar Hutun Jiya kwana daya. Don haka masu makircin na iya warwatse cikin sauki. Mahukunta sun yi sa'a cewa sun gwammace su "rarraba" da wuri-wuri.
12. Tsarin mulkin kai yayi tsanani sosai da babu wadatattun wuraren tsare mutane da dama da aka kama. Bitrus da Paul Fortress sun cika nan da nan. Sun zauna a cikin Narva, da kuma a cikin Reval, da kuma a Shlisselburg, a cikin gidan kwamandan har ma da wani ɓangare na harabar Fadar Sanyin. A can, haka kuma a cikin kurkuku na gaske, akwai beraye da yawa.
Babu isasshen wuri a cikin sansanin soja na Peter da Paul ...
13. Jihar bata da wata doka ko kuma wata doka da za'a yiwa 'Yan Damfara shari'a. Sojoji na iya harbi don tawaye, amma da yawa za a harbe su, kuma yawancin mahalarta farar hula ne. Bayan sun karaya a cikin dokokin, sun sami wani abu daga ƙarshen karni na 16, amma an nuna narkar da resin a wurin a cikin sigar aiwatarwa. Tsarin mulkin Burtaniya ya ba da umarnin fashin kayan da aka kashe da kuma kona abin da aka tsaga a gabansu ...
14. Bayan Majalisar Dattawa da tambayoyin farko na Nicholas I, yana da wuya a ba da mamaki, amma Kanal Pestel, ya isar bayan kayen da aka yi a Kudu, ya yi nasara. Ya zama cewa mai neman sauyin ya karɓi alawus don tsarin mulkinsa a cikin biyu, a cikin yaren yau, yankuna sojoji. Tabbas, wannan ba yana nufin cewa sojojin da ke rukunin Pestel sun ci ninki biyu na na sauran sojojin ba. Akasin haka, sojojinsa suna cikin yunwa kuma suna yawo cikin riguna. Pestel ya ba da kuɗin, yayin da bai manta da raba wa mutanen da suka dace ba. Ya dauki duka tawaye don fallasa shi.
15. A sakamakon binciken, alkalan, wadanda yawansu ya haura 60, sun tattauna sosai game da hukuncin. Ra'ayoyi sun kasance daga kwata-kwata duk mutane 120 da aka gabatar a gaban shari'a a St. Sakamakon haka, an yanke wa mutane 36 hukuncin kisa. Sauran sun sami tauye haƙƙin jihar, aiki mai wuya na lokuta daban-daban, gudun hijira zuwa Siberia da rage girma ga sojoji. Nicholas I ya sauya dukkan hukunce-hukuncen, har ma da biyar wadanda aka rataye daga baya - dole ne a zana su kuma a raba su. Fatan da wasu daga cikin wadanda ake karar suka yi na su bayyana zargin da suke yi wa mulkin-kai a yayin shari’ar ya bata - an gudanar da shari’ar ba tare da ba.
