Franz Schubert (1797 - 1928) ana iya ɗauka ɗayan mafi munin adadi a al'adun duniya. Hazikin mawaƙin ya kasance, a gaskiya, an yaba da shi yayin rayuwarsa kawai ta hanyar ƙananan abokai. Schubert tun yarinta bai san menene mafi ƙarancin kwanciyar hankali na gida ba. Ko da lokacin da yake da kuɗi, dole abokansa su lura da yadda Franz ya kashe - kawai bai san farashin abubuwa da yawa ba.
Kaddara ta auna Schubert a cikin shekaru 31 kawai bai cika ba, yayin da shekaru tara da suka gabata ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani. A lokaci guda, mawaƙin ya sami nasarar wadatar da dukiyar baitulmalin duniya tare da ɗaruruwan kyawawan ayyuka. Schubert ya zama mawaki na farko na soyayya. Wannan abin mamaki ne, idan kawai don ya rayu a lokaci ɗaya da Beethoven (Schubert ya mutu shekara ɗaya da rabi fiye da na zamanin dā kuma ya ɗauki akwatin gawa a jana'izar). Wato, a cikin waɗancan shekarun, jaruntaka ta ba da damar ƙawancen soyayya a gaban mutanen zamanin.
Schubert, ba shakka, baiyi tunani a cikin irin waɗannan kalmomin ba. Kuma da wuya ya tsunduma cikin tunani na falsafa kwata-kwata - ya yi aiki. A kowane yanayi na gida da kayan aiki, koyaushe yana rubuta kiɗa. Da yake kwance a asibiti, ya haifar da daɗin muryar waƙoƙi. Bayan rabuwa da soyayyar sa ta farko, sai ya rubuta Symphony na Hudu, wanda ake kira "Tragic". Don haka a duk rayuwarsa har zuwa lokacin da a cikin wata rana mai sanyi ta Nuwamba aka saukar da akwatin gawarsa zuwa kabarin da ba shi da nisa da sabon kabarin Ludwig van Beethoven.
1. Franz Schubert shine ɗa na 12 a cikin dangin. Mahaifinsa, wanda kuma ake kira Franz, har ma ya ajiye littafi na musamman don kada ya rikice cikin yaran nasa. Kuma Franz, wanda aka haifa a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1797, ba shine na ƙarshe ba - an sake haihuwar wasu yara biyu bayan shi. Guda huɗu ne suka rayu, wanda ya kasance al'adar baƙin ciki ga dangin Schubert - yara huɗu cikin tara sun rayu a cikin dangin kakanta.
Daya daga cikin titunan Vienna a karshen karni na 18
2. Mahaifin Franz malamin makaranta ne wanda yayi karatu don wata babbar daraja (gyaran makaranta a Austria) daga talakawa talakawa. Uwa ta kasance mai sauƙin girke-girke, amma game da aure yanzu za a ce musu “lokacin zuwa”. Maria Elisabeth ta yi ciki, kuma ga darajar Franz Schubert Sr., bai yi watsi da ita ba.
3. Schubert Sr. mutum ne mai tsananin kaifin baki. Iyakar abin da ya yi wa yara shi ne na kiɗa. Shi da kansa ya san yadda ake kada goge, amma ya fi son cello, kuma ya koyar da yara su yi goge. Koyaya, akwai kuma wani dalili mai amfani wajen koyar da kiɗa - mahaifin yana son sonsa sonsansa su zama malamai, kuma a wancan lokacin malamai ya kamata su koyar da kiɗa suma.
4. Franz Jr. ya fara karatun violin yana dan shekara bakwai kuma ya sami ci gaba sosai. Babban wan ya san yadda ake buga piano. Bayan buƙatu da yawa, ya fara koyar da Franz, kuma bayan 'yan watanni ya yi mamakin ganin cewa ba a bukatar shi a matsayin malami. Cocin da ke yankin yana da gaɓoɓi, kuma wata rana kowa ya fara mamakin tsoron Allah na Franz kwatsam. Har ma ya fara raira waƙa a cikin mawaƙa na cocin. A zahiri, yaron ya tsaya a cocin ne kawai don sauraren sashin jiki, kuma ya rera waƙa don kada ya biya kuɗin darussan da shugaban mawaƙa Michael Holzer ya ba shi. Yana da kwarewa ta musamman a cikin ilimin koyarwa - ba wai kawai ya koyar da yaron ya yi amfani da gabobin ba ne, har ma ya kafa kyakkyawan tsarin koyarwa. A lokaci guda, Holzer yana da tawali'u - daga baya ma ya musanta cewa ya ba Schubert darussa. Wadannan, in ji Holzer, tattaunawa ce kawai da kiɗa. Schubert ya sadaukar da ɗayan talakawansa a gare shi.
5. A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1808, Franz ya ci jarabawa cikin nasara, ya zama mawaka a kotu kuma aka sa shi a cikin wanda aka yankewa hukuncin - wata babbar cibiya ta ilimin addini.
A cikin kaso
6. A cikin wanda aka yanke masa hukunci Schubert ya fara shiga ƙungiyar makaɗa, sannan ya zama goge ta farko, sannan kuma mataimakin madugun Vaclav Ruzicka. Mai gudanarwa ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi nazari tare da yaron, amma da sauri ya fahimci cewa iliminsa ga Schubert mataki ne da ya wuce. Ruzicka ya juya zuwa daidai Antonio Salieri. Wannan mawaƙin kuma mawaƙin ya kasance madugu na kotun Viennese. Ya ɗauki gwaji tare da Schubert kuma ya tuna da yaron, don haka ya yarda ya yi aiki tare da shi. Lokacin da ya sami labarin cewa ɗansa yana himmatuwa da kiɗa sosai, mahaifinsa, wanda ba zai iya jure wa rashin biyayya ba, ya kori Franz daga gidan. Saurayin ya dawo cikin gidan ne kawai bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarsa.
Antonio Salieri
7. Schubert ya fara tsara kida a cikin wanda aka yankewa hukuncin, amma mutane kalilan ne ya buga shi. Salieri ya yarda da nazarin ƙirar, amma koyaushe yana tilasta ɗalibin yin nazarin manyan abubuwan da suka gabata, don haka ayyukan Schubert ya yi daidai da canons. Schubert ya rubuta waka daban daban.
8. A 1813 Schubert ya bar mai laifin. Ba shi da kuɗi, ya shiga cikin girma tare da tarin rubuce-rubucen nasa kawai. Babban taskar shi ita ce waƙar da ya rubuta. Koyaya, ba shi yiwuwa a sami kuɗi a kai, kuma Schubert ya zama malami tare da albashi wanda ba ya ma iya sayen fam ɗin burodi a rana. Amma a cikin shekaru uku na aiki, ya rubuta ɗaruruwan ayyuka, gami da symphonies biyu, opera huɗu da talakawa biyu. Musamman ya fi son tsara waƙoƙi - sun fito daga ƙarƙashin alƙalaminsa cikin mutane da yawa.
9. firstaunar Schubert ta farko ana kiranta Teresa Coffin. Matasan sun ƙaunaci juna kuma sun yi niyyar yin aure.Mahaifiyar yarinyar, wacce ba ta son aurar da ɗiyarta ga wani mutum ba tare da kobo ba, ta sa baki. Teresa ta auri mai kek kuma ta rayu tsawon shekaru 78 - sun ninka Schubert sau 2.5.
10. A 1818, halin da ake ciki a cikin gidan ya zama ba zai yiwu ba ga Franz - mahaifinsa ya cika da damuwa da kuɗi ta tsufa kuma ya nemi ɗansa ya daina waƙa kuma ya ɗauki aikin malami. A cikin martani, Franz ya daina zuwa makaranta, sa'a, wurin malamin kiɗa ya juya. Idaya Karl Esterhazy von Talant ya ɗauke shi aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar abokan Schubert. 'Ya'yan Counta Countan biyu mata sun koyar. Kasancewar tauraron Vienna Opera, Johann Michael Vogl, ya riga ya yaba da waƙoƙin Schubert, ya taimaka samun wuri.
11. An riga an rera waƙoƙin Schubert a duk faɗin Austria, kuma marubucinsu bai san da hakan ba. Ba zato ba tsammani suka isa garin Steyr, Schubert da Vogl sun gano cewa waƙoƙin Franz yara da manya ne ke rerawa, kuma masu yin su suna jin tsoron marubucin birni. Kuma wannan duk da cewa Schubert bai iya haɗa waƙa ɗaya ba ga mawaƙan mawaƙa - wannan na iya zama tushen aƙalla ɗan kuɗin shiga. A nan ne Vogl, wanda a baya ya rera waƙoƙin Schubert a cikin gida kawai, ya yaba da yadda ayyukan wannan mawaƙin za su iya kasancewa. Mawaƙin ya yanke shawarar “bugun” su cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo.
12. Ayyuka biyu na farko, "Gemini" da "The Harp The Magic", sun gaza saboda rauni librettos. Dangane da dokokin wancan lokacin, marubucin da ba a san shi sosai ba zai iya gabatar da nasa kayan tarihin ko kuma kayan da wani ya rubuta - gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya ba da umarnin hakan daga marubutan da ake girmamawa. Tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Schubert bai yi nasara ba har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa.
13. Nasara tazo ne daga wani bangare mara tsammani. A ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun “makarantun kimiyya” a Vienna - hada-hadar hodgepodge - Vogl ya rera waƙar “The Tsar Tsar”, wanda ya sami gagarumar nasara. Masu wallafawa har yanzu ba sa so su tuntuɓi ɗan sanannen mawaƙin, kuma abokan Schubert a haɗe suka ba da umarnin a rarraba a kan kuɗinsu. Shari'ar ta bayyana da sauri: bayan wallafa wakoki 10 kawai na Schubert ta wannan hanyar, abokai sun biya duk bashin da ke kansa kuma suka ba wa mawakin makudan kudade. Nan da nan suka gano cewa Franz yana buƙatar wani nau'in manajan kuɗi - bai taɓa da kuɗi ba, kuma kawai bai san yadda da abin da za a kashe shi ba.
14. Symphony ta Bakwai ta Schubert ana kiranta "Ba a gama ba" ba don marubucin bai yi nasarar gama shi ba. Schubert kawai yayi tunanin ya bayyana duk abin da yake so a ciki. Koyaya, ya ƙunshi sassa biyu, alhali a cikin kwaɗaɗaɗɗen ya kamata ya zama huɗu daga gare su, don haka ƙwararrun suna jin rashin cikawa. Bayanin waƙoƙin ya tattara kura a kan kangon sama da shekaru 40. An fara aikin ne kawai a cikin 1865.
15. Tare da shahararrun Schubert a Vienna, "Schubertiada" - maraice inda samari ke jin daɗi ta kowace hanya, sun zama na zamani. Sun karanta waƙoƙi, kunna wasanni, da sauransu. Amma taron rawanin sarauta koyaushe Schubert ne a fiyano. Ya tsara kide-kide don raye-raye yayin tafiye tafiye, kuma akwai raye-raye sama da 450 da aka nada a cikin kayan tarihinsa shi kadai.
Schubertiad
16. A watan Disamba na 1822, Schubert ya kamu da cutar sikari. Mawaƙin bai ɓata lokaci ba ko da a cikin asibiti - a can ya rubuta waƙoƙi mai ban mamaki “Mace Mai Miller Mai Kyau”. Koyaya, tare da matakin ci gaba na likitanci, maganin syphilis ya daɗe, mai raɗaɗi kuma ya raunana jiki ƙwarai. Schubert yana da lokutan gafartawa, ya fara sake bayyana a cikin jama'a, amma lafiyar sa ba ta taɓa murmurewa ba.
17. A ranar 26 ga Maris, 1828 Vienna ta ga ainihin nasarar Franz Schubert. An shirya kide kide da wake-wake daga ayyukansa, wadanda fitattun mawakan Austriya suka yi. Waɗanda suka halarci waƙar sun tuna cewa farin cikin masu sauraro ya karu tare da kowane lamba. Kuma a ƙarshen shirin da aka sanar, bayan wasan kwaikwayon na uku a cikin manyan manyan E-flat, ganuwar zauren kusan rushewa - al'ada ce ga Viennese don nuna farin ciki mafi girma daga kiɗa ta hanyar takawa. An kira mawaƙa don wani abu har ma lokacin da aka kashe wutar gas a cikin zauren. Nasarar ta mamaye Schubert. Kuma yana da 'yan watanni kaɗan don rayuwa ...
18. Franz Schubert ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 1828 a gidansa da ke Vienna. Dalilin mutuwa shine zazzabin taifod. Ya shafe kwanakin ƙarshe na rayuwarsa a cikin mummunan zazzaɓi na zazzaɓi. Wataƙila, waɗannan kwanakin 20 sune kaɗai a cikin rayuwar mawaƙin wanda bai yi aiki ba. Har zuwa kwanakinsa na ƙarshe, Schubert ya yi aiki a kan kyawawan ayyukansa.
19. An binne Schubert a makabartar Wehring kusa da kabarin Beethoven. Bayan haka, an binne ragowar manyan mawaƙa biyu a Babban Makabarta.
Kabarin Beethoven da Schubert
20. Schubert ya rubuta ayyuka sama da 1,200 a cikin nau'uka daban-daban. Kuma a lokacin rayuwarta, ɗan ƙaramin abin da mawaƙin ya rubuta ya ga hasken. Sauran sun tattara a hankali cikin duniya: magadan abokai ne suka samo wani abu, wani abu ya fito yayin motsawa ko sayar da ƙasa. Cikakkun ayyukan an buga su ne kawai a cikin 1897.
