Rayuwar Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857 - 1935) ta zama kyakkyawan misali na yadda mutumin da ke shaawar kimiyya zai iya zama shahararren masanin kimiyya duk da komai. Tsiolkovsky bashi da lafiyar ƙarfe (a maimakon haka, har ma da akasin haka), a zahiri ba shi da tallafi daga iyayensa a ƙuruciyarsa da kuma samun kuɗaɗe mai tsoka a shekarunsa na balaga, mutanen zamaninsa sun yi masa ba'a kuma abokan aikinsa suka soki. Amma a ƙarshe Konstantin Eduardovich da magadansa sun tabbatar da cewa mai son Kaluga yayi gaskiya.
Kar ka manta cewa Tsiolkovsky ya riga ya balaga sosai (ya wuce shekaru 60), lokacin da Rasha ta sami ɗayan manyan masifu a tarihinta - juyi biyu da Yaƙin Basasa. Masanin kimiyya ya iya jimre wa waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, da rashin 'ya'ya maza biyu da diya mace. Ya rubuta takardu sama da 400 na kimiyya, yayin da shi Tsiolkovsky shi da kansa ya dauki ka’idar rokarsa a matsayin abin birgewa, amma wani bangare ne na babban ka’idarsa, inda aka gauraya kimiyyar lissafi da falsafa.
Tsiolkovsky yana neman sabuwar hanya don bil'adama. Abin mamaki, ba wai ya iya nunawa ga mutanen da suka gama murmurewa daga jini da ƙazantar rikice-rikicen juna ba. Abin mamaki shine mutane sun gaskata Tsiolkovsky. Shekaru 22 kacal da rasuwarsa, aka harba tauraron dan adam na farko a duniya a Tarayyar Soviet, kuma shekaru 4 bayan haka, Yuri Gagarin ya hau sararin samaniya. Amma waɗannan shekarun 22 sun haɗa da shekaru 4 na Babban Yaƙin rioasa, da kuma tashin hankali mai ban mamaki na sake gina yaƙi. Manufofin Tsiolkovsky da aikin mabiyansa da ɗalibai sun shawo kan dukkan matsaloli.
1. Uba Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a forester. Kamar yadda yake tare da yawancin mukaman gwamnati "talakawa" a cikin Rasha, game da masu gandun daji an fahimci cewa zai sami nasa abincin. Koyaya, Eduard Tsiolkovsky ya banbanta da gaskiyarsa ta rashin gaskiya a wancan lokacin kuma yana rayuwa ne kawai akan karamin albashi, yana samun kudi a matsayin malami. Tabbas, sauran masu gandun daji ba su yarda da irin wannan abokin aikin ba, saboda haka Tsiolkovsky galibi dole ne ya motsa. Baya ga Constantine, dangin suna da 'ya'ya 12, shi ne ƙarami a cikin yara maza.
2. Talaucin dangin Tsiolkovsky yana da kyau da halin mai zuwa. Kodayake mahaifiya ta tsunduma cikin ilimi a cikin dangi, mahaifinsa ya yanke shawarar yiwa yaran wani gajeren lacca kan juyawar Duniya. Don nuna yadda abin yake, sai ya ɗauki apple kuma, ya huda ta da allurar saƙa, ya fara juyawa a kusa da wannan allurar ɗinki. Ganin yaran tuffa ya burge su sosai har suka kasa sauraron bayanin mahaifin nasu. Ya fusata, ya jefa apple kan tebur sannan ya tafi. Nan da nan aka ci 'ya'yan itacen.
3. A shekara 9, ƙaramin Kostya ya kamu da cutar zazzaɓi. Cutar ta shafi jin yaron sosai kuma ya canza rayuwarsa ta gaba. Tsiolkovsky ya zama ba shi da ma'amala, kuma waɗanda ke kusa da shi sun fara jin tsoron yaron da ba shi da kurma. Shekaru uku bayan haka, mahaifiyar Tsiolkovsky ta mutu, wanda hakan wani sabon babi ne ga halayen yaron. Kimanin shekaru uku kawai daga baya, ya fara karatu da yawa, Konstantin ya samo wa kansa mafita - ilimin da ya samu ya ba shi kwarin gwiwa. Kuma rashin ji, ya rubuta a ƙarshen rayuwarsa, ya zama bulala wacce ta kore shi duk rayuwarsa.
4. Tuni yana da shekaru 11, Tsiolkovsky ya fara yin samfuran injina da samfuran hannu da hannuwan sa. Ya yi 'yan tsana da suttura, gidaje da agogo, mara nauyi da amalanke. Kayan sun kasance suna like da kakin zuma (maimakon manne) da takarda. Yana dan shekara 14, ya riga ya fara kera motoci da keken guragu masu motsawa, inda maɓuɓɓuka ke aiki a matsayin "injina". A shekara 16, Konstantin da kansa ya tara lathe.
5. Tsiolkovsky ya zauna a Moscow tsawon shekaru uku. Kudaden da aka aiko masa daga gida, ya ciyar da kansa, kuma shi da kansa ya rayu akan burodi da ruwa. Amma a cikin Moscow akwai wurin ban mamaki - kuma kyauta - ɗakin karatu na Chertkov. A can Konstantin ba wai kawai ya samo dukkan littattafan karatu da ake buƙata ba, har ma ya saba da sabon adabin. Koyaya, irin wannan wanzuwar ba zata daɗe ba - kwayar halitta mai rauni ba zata iya jurewa ba. Tsiolkovsky ya koma wurin mahaifinsa a Vyatka.
6. Matarsa Varvara Tsiolkovsky ta hadu a 1880 a garin Borovsk, inda aka tura shi aiki a matsayin malami bayan nasarar cin jarabawar. Auren yayi nasara matuka. Matarsa ta goyi bayan Konstantin Eduardovich a cikin komai, duk da cewa ya yi nesa da halayen mala'iku, halayyar masana kimiyya game da shi da kuma gaskiyar cewa Tsiolkovsky ya kashe wani ɓangare na ƙaramin kuɗin da yake samu a kimiyya.
7. attemptoƙarin farko da Tsiolkovsky yayi don buga aikin kimiyya ya faro ne daga 1880. Malamin mai shekaru 23 ya aika aiki tare da take mai ma'ana "Zanen Bayyanar da Sensations" zuwa ofishin edita na mujallar Tunani ta Rasha. A cikin wannan aikin, ya yi ƙoƙari ya tabbatar da cewa yawan algebraic na kyawawan halaye da mummunan ra'ayi na mutum yayin rayuwarsa daidai yake da sifili. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa ba a buga aikin ba.
8. A cikin aikinsa "Mechanics of gases" Tsiolkovsky ya sake ganowa (shekaru 25 bayan Clausius, Boltzmann da Maxwell) ka'idar kwayoyin-gas na gas. A cikin Rasha Physico-Chemical Society, inda Tsiolkovsky ya aika da aikinsa, sun hango cewa marubucin ba shi da damar yin amfani da wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na zamani kuma ya yaba da “Makanikai” da kyau, duk da yanayin sakandare. Tsiolkovsky ya samu karbuwa a cikin kungiyar, amma Konstantin Eduardovich bai tabbatar da kasancewa membarsa ba, wanda daga baya ya yi nadama.
9. A matsayinshi na malami, Tsiolkovsky an yaba masa kuma ba a son sa. An yaba musu saboda ya bayyana komai a saukake kuma a hankali, baya jin tsoron kera na'urori da samari tare da yara. Ba a so don bin ka'idoji. Konstantin Eduardovich ya ki yarda da koyar da yara kirkirarrun yara. Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance da gaske game da jarabawar da jami'ai suka yi don tabbatarwa ko haɓaka ƙimar su. Cin hanci don irin wannan jarabawar ya kasance kaso mai tsoka na samun kuɗin malamai, kuma bin Tsiolkovsky ga ƙa'idodi ya lalata duk “kasuwancin”. Sabili da haka, a jajibirin jarabawa, sau da yawa ya zama cewa babban mai binciken da ke da ƙa'idar gaggawa yana buƙatar tafiya zuwa kasuwancin kasuwanci. A ƙarshe, sun kawar da Tsiolkovsky ta hanyar da daga baya zai zama sananne a cikin Soviet Union - an aike shi “don ci gaba” zuwa Kaluga.
10. A cikin 1886, KE Tsiolkovsky, a cikin wani aiki na musamman, ya tabbatar da yiwuwar gina jirgin sama na duk ƙarfe. Tunanin, wanda marubucin ya gabatar da kansa a cikin Moscow, an yarda da shi, amma kawai a cikin kalmomi, yana yi wa mai kirkirar "tallafi na ɗabi'a" alkawarin. Yana da wuya wani ya so ya yi ba'a ga mai kirkirar, amma a cikin 1893 - 1894 dan Austrian David Schwartz ya gina jirgin sama na ƙarfe a cikin St. Petersburg tare da kuɗin jama'a, ba tare da wani aiki da tattaunawar masana kimiyya ba. Na'urar da ta fi wuta sama ta zama ba ta yi nasara ba, Schwartz ya sake karɓar ƙarin rubles 10,000 daga baitul don sake dubawa kuma ... ya gudu. An gina jirgin ruwan Tsiolkovsky, amma a cikin 1931 kawai.
11. Bayan ya koma Kaluga, Tsiolkovsky bai yi watsi da karatun kimiyya ba kuma ya sake ganowa. A wannan karon ya maimaita aikin Hermann Helmholtz da Lord Cavendish, yana mai nuna cewa tushen makamashi ga taurari shine nauyi. Abin da za a yi, ba shi yiwuwa a yi rajista ga mujallu na kimiyya na ƙasashen waje akan albashin malami.
12. Tsiolkovsky shine farkon wanda yayi tunani game da amfani da kayan masarufi a jirgin sama. Da farko, ya tsara mai sarrafa axle mai sarrafa kansa, sannan kuma ya gabatar da shawarar ta amfani da ka'idar saman juyawa don daidaita na'urorin iska.
13. A cikin 1897 Tsiolkovsky ya gina ramin iska nasa na ƙirar asali. Irin waɗannan bututun an riga an san su, amma ramin iska na Konstantin Eduardovich na kamantawa ne - ya haɗa bututu biyu tare kuma ya sanya abubuwa daban-daban a cikinsu, wanda hakan ya ba da cikakken haske game da bambancin ƙin iska.
14. Daga bakin alkalami masanin ya fito da ayyukan kirkirarrun labarai na kimiyya da yawa. Na farko shi ne labarin "A Wata" (1893). Wannan ya biyo bayan "Tarihin Nauyin dangi" (wanda daga baya ake kira "Mafarkin Duniya da Sama"), "A Yammacin", "A Duniya da Bayan Duniya a 2017".
15. "Binciken sararin samaniya tare da na'urorin jet" - wannan shine taken labarin Tsiolkovsky, wanda a zahiri ya aza harsashin cosmonautics. Masanin kimiyya ya kirkira kuma ya tabbatar da ra'ayin Nikolai Fedorov game da "mara tallafi" - injunan jet. Tsiolkovsky da kansa daga baya ya yarda cewa a gare shi tunanin Fedorov kamar ta Apple ne - sun ba da kwarin gwiwa ga ra'ayin Tsiolkovsky.
16. Jiragen sama na farko suna yin jirage marasa tsoro ne, kuma Tsiolkovsky tuni yana kokarin yin lissafin yawan obalodin da 'yan sama jannatin zasu yi. Ya kafa gwaje-gwaje kan kaji da kyankyasai. Wadannan na biyun sun yi tsayayya sau ɗari. Ya kirga saurin sararin samaniya na biyu kuma ya zo da ra'ayin daidaita tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi na Duniya (to babu irin wannan lokacin) ta juyawa.
17. 'Ya'yan Tsiolkovsky guda biyu sun kashe kansu. Ignat, wanda ya mutu a cikin 1902, mai yiwuwa ba zai iya jure talauci ba, yana iyaka da talauci. Alexander ya rataye kansa a 1923. Wani ɗa kuma, Ivan, ya mutu a shekara ta 1919 daga yawan ƙarfi. 'Yata Anna ta mutu a 1922 daga tarin fuka.
18. Nazio na farko Tsiolkovsky ya bayyana ne kawai a cikin 1908. Sannan dangi, tare da ƙoƙari mai ban mamaki, sun sami damar siyan gida a gefen Kaluga. Ruwan farko ya yi ambaliya da shi, amma akwai shinge da shaguna a farfajiyar. Daga cikin waɗannan, an gina bene na biyu, wanda ya zama ɗakin aiki na Konstantin Eduardovich.
Gidan Tsiolkovsky da aka dawo dashi. Babban ginin da binciken ya kasance a baya
19. Abu ne mai yiyuwa cewa hazikan Tsiolkovsky ya zama an san shi gaba ɗaya tun kafin juyin juya halin, in ba don rashin kuɗi ba. Masanin kawai ya kasa isar da yawancin abubuwan da ya kirkira ga mai buƙata saboda ƙarancin kuɗi. Misali, a shirye ya ke ya bayar da dukiyar sa kyauta ga duk wanda ya dauki alkawarin kirkirar abubuwan kirkira. Matsakaici a cikin binciken masu saka jari an ba da 25% wanda ba a taɓa gani ba na ma'amala - a banza. Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa ƙasida ta ƙarshe da Tsiolkovsky ya buga "a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar gwamnati" a cikin 1916 mai taken "Bakin ciki da Genius".
20. A tsawon shekarun aikinsa na kimiyya kafin juyin juya halin, Tsiolkovsky ya sami tallafi sau daya kawai - aka kasafta masa 470 rubles don gina ramin iska. A cikin 1919, lokacin da ƙasar Soviet, a zahiri, ta kasance kango, an ba shi fansho na rai kuma an ba shi abincin kimiyya (wannan shine mafi girman matsayin alawus). Tsawon shekaru 40 na aikin kimiyya kafin juyin juya halin, Tsiolkovsky ya buga ayyuka 50, na tsawon shekaru 17 a ƙarƙashin ikon Soviet - 150.
21. Ayyukan kimiyya da rayuwar Tsiolkovsky na iya ƙarewa a cikin 1920. Wani Fedorov, ɗan kasada daga Kiev, ya nace da ba da shawarar cewa masanin ya ƙaura zuwa Ukraine, inda komai ke shirye don ginin jirgin sama. A kan hanya, Fedorov yana cikin wasiƙar aiki tare da mambobin farin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Lokacin da Chekists suka kama Fedorov, zato ya faɗa kan Tsiolkovsky. Gaskiya ne, bayan makonni biyu a kurkuku, an sake Konstantin Eduardovich.
22. A cikin 1925 - 1926 Tsiolkovsky ya sake buga "Binciken wuraren duniya ta na'urorin jet". Masana kimiyya da kansu sun kira shi sake sakewa, amma ya kusan sake fasalin tsohuwar aikinsa. Ka'idodin tursasa jirgin sama sun fi bayyane, kuma an bayyana fasahohin da za a iya harbawa, sanya kayan jirgi, sanyaya shi da kuma dawowa Duniya. A cikin 1929, a cikin Jirgin Saman Sararin Samaniya, ya bayyana roket da yawa. A matsayin gaskiya, cosmonautics na zamani har yanzu yana kan ra'ayoyin Tsiolkovsky.
23. Bukatun Tsiolkovsky ba'a iyakance ga jiragen sama a sama da sararin samaniya ba. Ya yi bincike da bayyana fasahohi don samar da makamashi mai amfani da hasken rana da kuma kwarzanewa, da tururin ruwa, dakunan kwandishan, wuraren hamada masu tasowa, har ma da tunani game da jiragen kasa masu saurin tafiya.
24. A cikin 1930s, shaharar Tsiolkovsky ya zama da gaske a duniya. Ya karɓi wasiƙu daga ko'ina cikin duniya, wakilan jaridar sun zo Kaluga don neman ra'ayinsu kan wani batun. Hukumomin gwamnati na USSR sun nemi shawarwari. Anyi bikin cika shekaru 65 na masanin tare da nuna farin ciki. A lokaci guda, Tsiolkovsky ya kasance mai ladabi sosai a cikin ɗabi'a da rayuwar yau da kullun. Ko ta yaya aka shawo kansa ya je Moscow don bikin, amma lokacin da A.M. Gorky ya rubuta wa Tsiolkovsky cewa zai so ya zo wurinsa a Kaluga, masanin ya girmama cikin ladabi. Ba shi da sauƙi ya karɓi babban marubucin a ofishinsa, wanda ya kira "haske".
25. Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1935 daga mummunan ciwon ciki. Dubun dubatar mazauna Kaluga da baƙi daga wasu biranen sun zo don yin ban kwana da babban masanin. An saka akwatin gawa a zauren Fadar Majagaba. Jaridu na tsakiya sun ba da cikakkun shafuka ga Tsiolkovsky, suna kiran shi mai neman sauyi na kimiyya.
