Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky (1892 - 1968) ya zama shahararren adabin Rasha a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ayyukansa sun kasance cikin tsarin karatun adabin makaranta a matsayin misalai na rubutun wuri. Littattafan Paustovsky, litattafai, da gajerun labaru sun sami farin jini sosai a Tarayyar Soviet kuma an fassara su zuwa yarukan waje da yawa. An buga sama da dozin ayyukan marubuci a Faransa kawai. A cikin 1963, bisa ga binciken da ɗayan jaridu suka yi, an amince da K. Paustovsky a matsayin mashahurin marubuci a cikin USSR.
Zamanin Paustovsky ya wuce zaɓi mafi wuya na halitta. A cikin juyi guda uku da yaƙe-yaƙe biyu, mafi ƙarfi da ƙarfi ne kawai suka rayu. A cikin littafin tarihin rayuwa, marubucin, kamar yadda yake, a hankali har ma da wani irin yanayi na rashin hankali, ya yi rubutu game da kisa, yunwa da wahalar gida. Shafuka biyu kawai ya keɓe don yunƙurin kisan nasa a Kiev. Tuni a cikin irin waɗannan yanayi, zai zama alama, babu lokacin waƙoƙi da kyawawan dabi'u.
Koyaya, Paustovsky ya ga kuma ya yaba da kyawun yanayi tun yana ƙarami. Kuma tun da ya riga ya saba da Rasha ta Tsakiya, ya kasance mai haɗuwa da ranta. Akwai wadatattun masanan wurare a cikin tarihin adabin Rasha, amma ga yawancinsu yanayin shimfidar wuri hanya ce kawai don ƙirƙirar yanayin da ya dace a cikin mai karatu. Yankin Paustovsky mai zaman kansa ne, a cikinsu dabi'a tana rayuwar kanta.
A cikin tarihin KG Paustovsky akwai guda ɗaya, amma ƙwarewar gaske - rashin kyaututtuka. Marubucin ya kasance da son rai, an bashi kyautar Lenin, amma ba a ba Paustovsky kyautar Lenin, Stalin, ko ta jihar ba. Yana da wahalar bayyana wannan ta hanyar gallazawa akida - marubutan sun zauna kusa da wadanda aka tilasta musu fassara don su sami akalla gurasa. Paustovsky baiwa da farin jini kowa ya san shi. Wataƙila saboda rashin ladabi ne na marubuci. Writungiyar Marubuta ta kasance rami ne. Ya zama dole ayi rikici, a shiga wasu kungiyoyi, a zauna akan wani, a fadanci wani, wanda hakan bashi da karbuwa ga Konstantin Georgievich. Koyaya, bai taɓa yin nadama ba. A cikin ainihin aikin marubuci, Paustovsky ya rubuta, "babu wata cuta ta karya, ko kuma wayewar kai daga marubucin rawar da ya keɓe."
Marlene Dietrich ta sumbaci hannayen marubuciyar da ta fi so
1. K. Paustovsky an haife shi cikin dangin masu ilimin lissafin jirgin kasa a Moscow. Lokacin da yaron ya kasance ɗan shekara 6, dangin suka koma Kiev. Sannan, da kansa, Paustovsky ya yi kusan kusan duk kudancin Rasha a wancan lokacin: Odessa, Batumi, Bryansk, Taganrog, Yuzovka, Sukhumi, Tbilisi, Yerevan, Baku har ma ya ziyarci Farisa.
Moscow a ƙarshen karni na 19
2. A 1923 Paustovsky daga karshe ya sauka a Moscow - Ruvim Fraerman, wanda suka hadu da shi a Batumi, ya sami aiki a matsayin edita a ROSTA (Kamfanin Telegraph na Rasha, wanda ya gabaci TASS), kuma ya sanya wata kalma ga abokin nasa. Wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya na "A Day in Growth", wanda aka rubuta yayin aiki a matsayin edita, mai yiwuwa Paustovsky shine farkon sa a wasan kwaikwayo.
Reuben Fraerman ba kawai ya rubuta "Wild Dog Dingo" ba, har ma ya kawo Paustovsky zuwa Moscow
3. Paustovsky yana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, waɗanda suka mutu a rana ɗaya a gaban Yakin Duniya na ,aya, da kuma ’yar’uwa. Paustovsky da kansa shi ma ya ziyarci gaban - ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsari, amma bayan mutuwar 'yan'uwansa an kore shi.
4. A cikin 1906, dangin Paustovsky sun rabu. Mahaifina ya sami sabani da shugabanninsa, ya ci bashi kuma ya gudu. Iyali sun rayu ta hanyar siyar da abubuwa, amma sai wannan hanyar samun kudin shiga suma ta bushe - an bayyana dukiyar don bashi. Mahaifin a ɓoye ya ba ɗansa wasiƙa inda ya bukace shi da ya zama mai ƙarfi kuma kada ya yi ƙoƙari ya fahimci abin da ba zai iya fahimta ba tukuna.
5. Aikin farko da aka buga na Paustovsky labari ne wanda aka buga a mujallar Kiev "Knight".
6. Lokacin da Kostya Paustovsky ta kasance ajin karshe na gidan motsa jiki na Kiev, sai kawai ta cika shekaru 100 da haihuwa. A wannan lokacin, Nicholas II ya ziyarci gidan motsa jiki. Ya girgiza hannu tare da Konstantin, wanda ke tsaye a gefen hagu na samuwar, ya kuma tambaya sunansa. Paustovsky shima ya kasance a gidan wasan kwaikwayon a maraice, lokacin da aka kashe Stolypin a wurin a gaban idanun Nikolai.
7. Samun kudin shiga mai zaman kansa na Paustovsky ya fara ne da darussan da yayi a matsayin dalibin makarantar sakandare. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin madugu da direban tarago, mai neman harsashi, mai taimaka masunta, mai karantawa, kuma, ba shakka, ɗan jarida.
8. A watan Oktoba 1917, Paustovsky ɗan shekara 25 yana Moscow. A yayin fadan, shi da sauran mazauna gidansa a cikin gari sun zauna a dakin maigadin. Lokacin da Konstantin ya je gidansa don gasa burodi, sai ma'aikatan juyin juya halin suka kama shi. Kwamandan nasu ne kawai, wanda ya ga Paustovsky a gidan jiya kafin ranar, ya ceci saurayin daga harbinsa.
9. Malami na farko kuma mai ba da shawara ga Paustovsky shi ne Isaac Babel. Daga gare shi ne Paustovsky ya koyi rashin tausayin "matse" kalmomin da ba dole ba daga rubutun. Nan da nan Babel ya yi rubutu a takaice, kamar dai da gatari, yanke jimloli, sannan kuma ya wahala na dogon lokaci, yana cire abubuwan da ba dole ba. Paustovsky, tare da waƙinsa, ya sauƙaƙa gajarta rubutun.
An kira Isaac Babel jarumin jarumi na wallafe-wallafe saboda jarabar sa da nuna ƙarfi
10. Kundin tarihi na farko wanda marubuci ya fito "Jirgin ruwa mai zuwa" an buga shi a shekarar 1928. Littafin farko na "Girgije Mai Haske" - a cikin 1929. Gaba ɗaya, K. Paustovsky ne ya wallafa ayyukan da yawa. An buga cikakkun ayyukan cikin kundin 9.
11. Paustovsky ya kasance mai tsananin son kamun kifi kuma babban masani ne game da kamun kifi da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da shi. An dauke shi masunci na farko a tsakanin marubuta, kuma masunta suka amince da shi a matsayin marubuci na biyu a tsakanin masunta bayan Sergei Aksakov. Da zarar Konstantin Georgievich ya yi yawo cikin Meshchera da sandar kamun kifi na dogon lokaci - bai ciji ko'ina ba, har ma inda, bisa ga dukkan alamu, akwai kifi. Nan da nan, marubucin ya gano cewa masunta da yawa suna zaune a kusa da ɗayan ƙaramin tabkin. Paustovsky ba ya son tsoma baki a cikin aikin, amma sai ya kasa jurewa ya ce babu kifi a cikin wannan tafkin. An yi masa dariya - cewa kifin ya kasance a nan, ya rubuta
Paustovsky da kansa
12. K. Paustovsky ya rubuta kawai da hannu. Bugu da ƙari, bai yi haka ba saboda tsohuwar ɗabi'a, amma saboda ya ɗauki kerawa a matsayin abu na kusanci, kuma injin a gare shi ya kasance kamar mashaidi ne ko matsakanci. Sakatarori sun sake buga rubutun. A lokaci guda, Paustovsky ya yi rubutu da sauri - an rubuta cikakken labarin “Colchis” a cikin wata ɗaya kawai. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi a ofishin edita tsawon lokacin da marubucin ya yi aiki a kan aikin, wannan lokacin ya zama kamar ba a girmama shi ba, kuma ya amsa cewa ya yi aiki na tsawon watanni biyar.
13. A Cibiyar Adabi, kai tsaye bayan yakin, an gudanar da taron karawa juna sani na Paustovsky - ya dauki rukuni na sojojin jiya ko wadanda suka kasance a cikin mamayar. Dukan galaxy na shahararrun marubuta sun fito daga wannan rukunin: Yuri Trifonov, Vladimir Tendryakov, Yuri Bondarev, Grigory Baklanov, da dai sauransu. da dai sauransu bisa ga tunanin da ɗalibai suka yi, Konstantin Georgievich ya kasance mai iya daidaitawa. A lokacin da matasa suka fara tattauna ayyukan 'yan uwansu da karfi, bai katse tattaunawar ba, koda kuwa sukar ta zama mai kaifi. Amma da zarar marubucin ko abokan aikinsa masu sukar sa sun zama na sirri, an katse tattaunawar cikin rahama, kuma mai laifin zai iya barin masu sauraro cikin sauƙi.
14. Marubuci ya kasance mai tsananin son tsari a dukkan bayyanannunsa. Koyaushe yana yin sutura da kyau, wani lokacin tare da wani yanayi. Cikakken tsari koyaushe yana sarauta a wurin aikinsa da gidansa. Daya daga cikin kawayen Paustovsky ya kare a sabon gidansa a wani gida da ke kan titin Kotelnicheskaya a ranar tafiya. Tuni aka shirya kayan daki, amma katuwar takardu na kwance a tsakiyar daya daga cikin dakunan. Washegari, akwai kabad na musamman a cikin dakin, kuma an kwashe dukkan takardu kuma an jera su. Ko a shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa, lokacin da Konstantin Georgievich ba shi da lafiya mai tsanani, koyaushe yakan fita zuwa ga mutane masu tsafta.
15. K. Paustovsky ya karanta dukkan ayyukansa da babbar murya, musamman ga kansa ko kuma ga danginsa. Bugu da ƙari, ya karanta kusan kwata-kwata ba tare da wata magana ba, ba tare da hanzari ba da kuma ɗoki, har ma da raguwa a mahimman wurare. Dangane da haka, bai taɓa son karanta ayyukansa da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ke yi a rediyo ba. Kuma marubucin ba zai iya tsayawa da daukaka muryar 'yan mata ba kwata-kwata.
16. Paustovsky ya kasance mai ba da labari mai kyau. Yawancin kawayen da suka saurari labaran nasa daga baya sun yi nadamar rashin rubuta su. Sun yi tsammanin Konstantin Georgievich zai buga su nan ba da daɗewa ba. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan tatsuniyoyin (Paustovsky basu taɓa faɗin gaskiyar su ba) da gaske sun bayyana a cikin ayyukan marubucin. Koyaya, yawancin aikin baka na Konstantin Georgievich ya ɓace babu makawa.
17. Marubuci bai kiyaye rubuce rubucen sa ba, musamman na farkon. Lokacin da daya daga cikin magoya baya dangane da shirin da aka shirya na tara na gaba ya sami rubutun daya daga cikin labaran motsa jiki, Paustovsky ya sake karanta aikinsa a hankali kuma ya ki sanya shi a cikin tarin. Labarin kamar yana da rauni a gareshi.
18. Bayan wani abu daya faru a wayewar garin aikin sa, Paustovsky bai taba hada kai da yan fim ba. Lokacin da aka yanke shawarar yin fim ɗin "Kara-Bugaz", 'yan fim ɗin sun jirkita ma'anar labarin sosai tare da saka abubuwan da suka sa marubucin ya firgita. Abin farin, saboda wasu matsaloli, fim ɗin bai taɓa shiga fuska ba. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Paustovsky ya ƙi yarda da fim ɗin sauyawa na ayyukansa.
19. 'Yan fim, ba su yi fushi a Paustovsky ba, kuma a cikin su ya ji daɗin girmamawa sosai. Lokacin da a ƙarshen 1930s Paustovsky da Lev Kassil suka sami labarin halin da Arkady Gaidar ke ciki, sai suka yanke shawarar taimaka masa. A wancan lokacin Gaidar bai karɓi kyautar littattafansa ba. Hanya guda daya da za a hanzarta inganta tattalin arzikin marubuci shi ne yin fim din aikinsa. Darakta Alexander Razumny ya amsa kiran Paustovsky da Kassil. Ya ba Gaidar umarnin rubutawa kuma ya shirya fim din "Timur da Tawagarsa". Gaidar ya karɓi kuɗi a matsayin marubucin allo, sannan kuma ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna iri ɗaya, wanda a ƙarshe ya magance matsalolinsa na kayan aiki.
Fishi tare da A. Gaidar
20. Dangantakar Paustovsky da gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba kamar na fim ba, amma kuma yana da wuya a kira su da kyau. Konstantin Georgievich ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo game da Pushkin (Zamaninmu) wanda gidan wasan kwaikwayon Maly ya bayar da umarni a cikin 1948 da sauri. A cikin wasan kwaikwayon, an sami nasara, amma Paustovsky bai yi farin ciki da gaskiyar cewa darektan ya yi ƙoƙari ya sa aikin ya kasance mai ƙarfi ba bisa la'akari da zurfin kwatancin halayen.
21. Marubucin yana da mata uku. Tare da na farko, Catherine, ya sadu a cikin motar motar daukar marasa lafiya. Sun yi aure a 1916, sun rabu a 1936, lokacin da Paustovsky ya sadu da Valeria, wacce ta zama matarsa ta biyu. Paan Paustovsky daga auren farko, Vadim, ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa gabaki ɗaya don tarawa da adana kayan aiki game da mahaifinsa, wanda daga baya ya sauya zuwa Cibiyar Tarihi ta K. Paustovsky. Auren tare da Valeria, wanda ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru 14, ba shi da ɗa. Matar ta uku ta Konstantin Georgievich ita ce shahararriyar ’yar fim Tatyana Arbuzova, wacce ke kula da marubucin har zuwa mutuwarsa. Froma daga wannan auren, Alexei, ya rayu shekaru 26 ne kawai, kuma 'yar Arbuzova Galina tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da Gidan Marubuta na Gidan Tarihi a Tarusa.
Tare da Catherine
Tare da Tatiana Arbuzova
22. Konstantin Paustovsky ya mutu a Moscow a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1968 a Moscow. Shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa sun kasance masu wahala. Ya dade yana fama da cutar asma, wanda ya saba yin yaƙi da taimakon inhalers na gida. Bugu da ƙari, zuciyata ta fara mugunta - bugun zuciya uku da gungun ƙananan hare-hare. Duk da haka, har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa, marubucin ya kasance cikin sahu, ya ci gaba da aikinsa na ƙwarewa kamar yadda ya yiwu.
23. loveaunar ƙasar ga Paustovsky ba ta nuna ta miliyoyin kofe na littattafansa ba, ba layukan biyan kuɗi da mutane ke tsayawa a cikinsu da dare ba (eh, irin waɗannan layukan ba su bayyana tare da iPhones ba), kuma ba lambobin jihohi ba (Umarni biyu na Red Banner of Labour da Order of Lenin). A cikin ƙaramin garin Tarusa, wanda Paustovsky ya zauna tsawon shekaru, dubun, idan ba dubun dubatar mutane ba sun je ganin babban marubucin a tafiyarsa ta ƙarshe.
24. Abin da ake kira "masu ilimin dimokiradiyya" bayan mutuwar K. Paustovsky ya tashi don sanya shi ya zama gunkin narkewa. A cewar katechism na mabiyan "narke", daga 14 ga Fabrairu, 1966 zuwa 21 ga Yuni, 1968, marubucin ya tsunduma ne kawai kan sa hannu kan nau'ikan koke-koke, koke-koke, shaidu da kuma rubuta takardu. Paustovsky, wanda ya gamu da bugun zuciya sau uku, yana fama da mummunar cutar asma a cikin shekaru biyu na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya zama ya damu da gidan A. Solzhenitsyn na Moscow - - Paustovsky ya sanya hannu kan takardar neman irin wannan ɗakin. Bugu da ƙari, babban mawaƙin yanayin Rasha ya ba da kyakkyawar kwatancen aikin A. Sinyavsky da Y. Daniel. Konstantin Georgievich shima ya damu matuka game da yiwuwar gyaran Stalin (ya sanya hannu kan "Wasikar 25"). Ya kuma damu da adana wani wuri ga babban daraktan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Taganka, Y. Lyubimov. Duk wannan, gwamnatin Soviet ba ta ba su kyaututtukansu kuma ta toshe kyautar ta Nobel. Dukansu suna da ma'ana sosai, amma akwai rikicewar hujjoji na gaskiya: Marubutan Poland sun zaɓi Paustovsky don kyautar Nobel a 1964, kuma ana iya bayar da kyaututtukan Soviet a baya. Amma a gare su, a bayyane yake, an sami ƙarin abokan aikin wayo. Fiye da duka, wannan “sanya hannu” yana kama da amfani da ikon wanda ke fama da cutar ajali - ba za su yi masa komai ba, kuma a Yammacin sa hannun marubucin yana da nauyi.
25. Rayuwar makiyaya ta K. Paustovsky ya bar alama a kan dawwamar da ƙwaƙwalwar sa. Gidajen marubutan-gidajen adana kayan tarihi suna aiki a Moscow, Kiev, Crimea, Tarusa, Odessa da ƙauyen Solotcha a yankin Ryazan, inda Paustovsky shima ya zauna. An gina abubuwan tarihi ga marubucin a Odessa da Tarusa. A cikin 2017, bikin cika shekaru 125 da haihuwar K. Paustovsky ya yadu, an gudanar da abubuwa sama da 100 a duk faɗin Rasha.
Gida-Gida na K. Paustovsky a Tarusa
Abin tunawa a Odessa. Hanyoyin jirgin sama na kirkirar tunani hakika ba za a iya tantance su ba
